Field training

Prepared by: Safa Al-Zamel

ID.NO:201810267
Supervised by: Dr. Mutasem Al-Shanaq

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What is a volcano?
The volcano is an opening in the earth's crust. When the volcano explodes, hot gases and
molten rocks from deep in the earth find their way to the surface, and this material may
flow slowly from an incision or crack into the ground or may suddenly explode into the
air. Volcanic eruptions may be very destructive, but they also create new terrain when
they explode. There are more than 1,500 active volcanoes in the world today!
Volcanic eruptions
During a volcanic eruption, hot molten rocks called magma seep from a hole or gap in the
Earth's surface or crust. The magma erupting from the volcano is known as lava, and the
temperature of fresh lava ranges from 1,300 to 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit (700 to 1,200
degrees Celsius). This lava glows in red as it flows from the crater and when it cools it
turns into a rock.Powerful volcanic eruptions throw parts of magma into the air and when
these pieces cool they turn into small pieces of rock called volcanic dust or volcanic ash.
The wind can carry volcanic dust thousands of miles away and volcanic ash can cover the
earth for miles around the volcano. Some steam and toxic gases also leak from volcanoes
and these gases may sometimes mix with ash and other hot residues. This mixture moves
outwards in destructive fire clouds called lava flows. And it comes out of volcanoes when
it erupts, solid rock debris, molten materials(magma) and gases..
Rock debris: Solid rock debris of various species and sizes usually emerges as a result of
volcanic eruptions in the first period of the volcanic eruption. The rock debris is derived
from the hardened crust extracted from the neck walls as a result of the push of lava and
gaseous materials released from the magma forcefully and violently and the rock debris is
concentrated from materials of varying sizes including rock masses, shells and embers,
sand and volcanic dust.

Gases: They emerge from volcanoes while they are active, and they emit great amounts
of water vapor, forming a massive clouds mixed with dust and other gases. These fumes
condense, causing heavy rains to fall in the vicinity of the volcano. Explosions and
rainfall are accompanied by electrical lights arising from the friction of volcanic ash
granules and as a result of atmospheric disturbances with the exception of very hot water
vapors , the volcano emits multiple gases, the most important of which are hydrogen,
chlorine, Sulphur, nitrogen, carbon compounds and oxygen..

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Lava: Lava: It is a liquid mass ejected by volcanoes, and its temperature is between
800°C and 1200°C. The lava emanates from the crater of the volcano, as it erupts through
cracks and fractures in the sides of the volcanic cone, those fractures created by eruptions
and pressure of the magma blocks, and the nature and appearance of the lava depends on
the chemical composition of the magma blocks that emit, and they are of two types.
Light and light-colored lava: it is distinguished by its viscosity, and therefore slow-
flowing, and like the lava that erupted from the Pele volcano (in Martinique in the
Caribbean) in 1902, it was. Thick and viscous, unable to move, it began to pile up and
rise to form a tower over the crater, reaching a height of about 300 m, and a little later it
was broken and destroyed by the eruptions they caused. Exit of gases.
Dense dark lava: It is basaltic lava characterized by being liquid and highly mobile and
flowing in the form of streams on the slopes of the volcano, when this lava emerges
through fractures of great extension, it spreads over huge areas forming vast plateaus,
such as the Abyssinia plateau, the Deccan plateau in India, and the Columbia plateau in
North America.
Volcanic materials
Solid volcanic materials: whose parts consist of igneous rocks, which are:
Volcanic extrusion: is the solidification of magma and lava ejected at the surface
Pumice (from igneous rocks): Light-colored igneous rocks. It consists of gas-filled lava.
Lava is released into the air during an eruption of a volcano. When this lava is in the air,
it cools and releases gases, resulting in boulders filled with holes.
Pumice rocks are so light that they float on the surface of the water. Huge lumps of
pumice were seen floating on the ocean after large volcanic eruptions. Some of these
blocks are large enough to accommodate small animals. Today, pumice is used to make
soaps, detergents, and paints.
Volcanic ash: resulting from the disintegration and scattering of the frozen magma
summit in the neck of the volcano under the influence of pressure and steam, and it
hardens rapidly.
Liquid volcanic materials magma and lava: It consists of liquid materials of lava that
flows burning from the crater of the volcano for long distances sometimes, and the extent
of the lava's fluidity is subject to several factors. Such as the slope of the earth, the nature

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of magma and lava (viscous or liquid), and the percentage of viscosity depends on the
percentage of silica, and on the strength of the volcano
Gaseous volcanic materials: Among the most important gases emitted by volcanoes are
the following: water vapor / hydrocarbons / sulfur dioxide.
Where do volcanoes form?
The Earth's crust consists of huge rock pieces called plates, these plates move slowly over
the crust and most volcanoes are located along the boundary between these plates.
Some of the most violent explosions occur when the edge of one panel rushes under
another, forcing magma to rise to the surface. The hot gases in magma make these
volcanoes highly explosive, and most volcanoes of this kind have been found around the
edges of the Pacific Ocean and this huge circle of volcanoes is known as the Ring of Fire.
Volcanoes also form in places where two plates slowly separate. Molten rocks rise
between plates as they move away from each other, causing the incision to erupt as lava
flows into the ground. This type of volcano is common along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Chain, a mountain range under the Atlantic Ocean, and volcanoes in the northern part of
these highlands have formed the island of Iceland. There are a few volcanoes that do not
exist along the edges of the plates but form in the "hot spots" of the Earth's crust, and
molten rocks rise in the hot spot from the depths of the crust. Hawaiian volcanoes are the
best examples of hot spot volcanoes.
Volcanic terrain
Volcanic eruptions create new terrain, also called volcanoes, the two most common types
are stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes. Stratified volcanoes, also called compound
volcanoes, are cone-shaped mountains that have a narrow summit with steep sides and a
broad bottom, usually a crater or bowl-shaped crater at the top. Stratified volcanoes
consist of layers of solid lava and ash, and thousands of eruptions left these layers over
millions of years. Did you know that Mount Fuji in Japan is a stratovolcano?
Shield volcanoes are dome-shaped mountains formed by lava flows. They are not as steep
as stratovolcanoes but can be quite large. Some shield volcanoes that erupt under the sea
grow so high that they help form islands, one of the examples of shield volcanoes being
Hawaii. Sometimes the top of the volcano collapses and forms a crater (caldera) that is
larger than the crater, and some calderas may fill with water to form lakes. Soma volcano

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forms when a new volcanic cone partially fills a caldera. A complex volcano has more
than one vent. This happens when two cones overlap each other or during an eruption
where new vents can be formed by the volcano.
Hot springs, fountains, volcanic outlet: springs, hot fountains and volcanic outlets are
other types of volcanic activity. These activities occur in places where groundwater is
heated. Hot spring is where warm water comes out across the ground. Hot fountains are a
type of hot spring that releases water and steam into the air. As for the volcanic outlets,
they are outlets that emit gas and steam.
Volcanology Study
Volcanology is a branch of geology that focuses on volcanoes. Many volcanologists work
at observatories where they track earthquakes and other signs of volcanic activity, while
others venture out into the slopes and craters for a closer look and try to predict (based on
what they measure and see) The date of a new eruption, its severity, and the places that
will be in the danger zone. Their job is very important because it is difficult or impossible
to get out of a major explosion path once it begins.
Uses of volcanoes
The effects of volcanoes are not entirely harmful. The soil of volcanic ash called
(andisol) is good for growing crops. Obsidian has been used by many peoples of the
world to make weapons, tools and ornaments. In addition, people also use a volcanic
stone called pumice to clean wood, metal, and other surfaces, and in the production of
building materials. The heat inside the Earth that escapes from volcanoes is an enormous
source of energy. It is difficult for people to control this energy, which is called
geothermal energy, but nevertheless, hot water and steam trapped under the earth's
surface have been used to heat homes and farmland and produce electrical energy in
many countries including Italy, New Zealand, Japan, Iceland and the United States.
The meaning of a volcano
The word volcano comes from the name of Vulcan, the god of fire and ancient Roman
metallurgical industries. The Romans believed that volcanic eruptions resulted when
Vulcan made lightning strikes and weapons for the gods, while other cultures interpreted
volcanoes as tantrums from a god or goddess. Pelé was the name of the volcano goddess
for native Hawaiians.

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Most famous volcanic disasters
The volcanoes have a long history of destruction. The eruption of Mount Vesuvius
destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in 79 B.C., as did two of the
bloodiest volcanic eruptions in 1815 and 1883 on islands now known as Indonesia. In
1815, Mount Tambora released a lot of ash into the air, blocking large amounts of
sunlight and reducing temperatures around the world for months afterwards, making 1816
a "year without summer." In 1883, the Krakatoa volcano erupted and collapsed, causing a
massive sea wave known as the tsunami, which killed tens of thousands of people.
On May 8, 1902, Mount Pelé broke out on the Caribbean island of Martinique. Despite
the flow of very little lava, an unstoppable black cloud of hot gases and ash swept
through the city of Saint-Pierre, killing nearly all of its 30,000 inhabitants. A volcano was
born between 1943 and 1952 when a smoke hole exploded in a Mexican farm corn field,
creating a new mountain called Paricotin, which reached an altitude of 1,400 feet (425
meters) above ground level. Another notable event in 1963 was the emergence of a new
volcanic island called Surtsi from the Atlantic Ocean near Iceland, which within a few
years rose over an area of one mile (2.5 square kilometers) with a peak of more than 560
feet (170 meters) above sea level. The eruption of Mount Saint Helens in 1980 in the
United States state of Washington was one of the largest volcanic eruptions in North
America, and the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991 was the largest in
the twentieth century. Although these explosions killed fewer people than previous
volcanoes, they destroyed many properties. In 2010, another volcano erupted in Iceland
and caused major problems for travelers around the world as the volcano unleashed a
huge ash cloud that extended to the east and caused the closure of many airports in
Europe because it was too dangerous to fly planes through ash.
What type of rocks are produced by erupting volcanoes?
When lava comes out to the Earth's surface through volcanoes or through large cracks,
the rocks that form when this lava cools and solidifies is called igneous rock. Some of the
most common types of igneous rocks are lava, embers, pumice, obsidian, volcanic ash,
and dust.Can we expect volcanic eruptions?
Volcanoes give some warning signs as their eruption approaches, making it necessary for
scientists to closely monitor any volcanoes near large population centers. Warning signs

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include small earthquakes, swelling or bulges on the sides of the volcano and increased
emission of gases from its openings. None of these signs may necessarily mean that an
eruption is imminent, but it can help scientists assess the state of the volcano when
magma forms. However, it is impossible to determine exactly when or even if any
volcano will explode because volcanoes do not run on a timetable like a train.
Active, dormant or extinct volcanoes
Volcanoes can be active, dormant or extinct. An active volcano is a volcano that has
erupted over the past 10,000 years or has some kind of activity, this activity can be
anything from gas release or even earthquakes around it. The dormant volcano is the
volcano that has not been raised in the past 10,000 years but is likely to explode at some
point. The extinct volcano is the one that has not been raised for the past 10,000 years
and is unlikely to erupt in the future. The number of volcanoes is currently estimated at
about 500, and these volcanoes are distributed in many parts of the world, but three
quarters of them are located in the Pacific Ring of Fire area. Scientists show that the
volcano is the emission of lava or volcanic ash from the raging underground, and these
molten materials rush from the ground through craters and cracks, and when they come
out to the surface of the earth flow and form over time conical hills and volcanic
mountains
Benefits of volcanoes:
In general, volcano damage is numerous, history is full of multiple accidents of cities
where life has been buried and destroyed by volcanoes, and volcanic ash emitted by
volcanoes is causing severe climate changes that may cause the elimination of many
living organisms. Despite these serious damages, the volcanoes have various benefits,
the most important of which is:
Regeneration of the earth's crust, where the eruption of lava leads to the formation of
volcanic hills and mountains. Maintaining the earth's balance from the inside by relieving
internal pressure and heat. Improving soil fertility, as lava contains chemical compounds,
minerals and elements to raise agricultural soil fertility. Knowing the internal
composition of the earth's crust as well as the outer part of the Earth's atmosphere, as lava
originates from a depth of about 450 kilometers. Some islands form in the oceans and the
emergence of new lands that may be inhabited by humans or become havens,

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environments and habitats for many living organisms. Lava, which is molten rocks, is a
rocky and mineral revolution, where diamonds form within volcanic mountains and these
diamonds are in fact carbon affected by high heat and extreme pressure and turned into
diamonds, as well as volcanic rocks, the most important of which are basalt and Rhyolite
are used for construction purposes, tiling floors and paving roads, some of which are used
as decorative stones, and one of the most important metals that can be found in places of
volcanoes is gold, mercury, sulfur, garnet and other important metals. A source of hot
mineral water, where many inert volcano craters collect rainwater or emit hot water rich
in sulfur or some other elements that are used in the treatment of many skin diseases such
as psoriasis, eczema, some joint diseases, rheumatism, respiratory tract, circulatory
activation and other diseases. An important source of energy production, as volcanic
areas are suitable for the production of what is known as geothermal energy, which is
used to generate electricity and heat houses and fish farms in cold areas.
Volcano damage to the environment
Volcanic eruptions can be very destructive to the environment, especially because of a
number of toxic gases that can be present in thermal plastics, usually consisting mainly of
water vapor, but also contains carbon dioxide and Sulphur dioxide gas, other gases
commonly found in volcanic ash are hydrogen sulfide,, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
fluoride, carbon monoxide, and volatile metal chloride..
When volcanoes explode, they emit a combination of gases and particles in the air, some
of which, such as ash and Sulfur dioxide, have a cooling effect, because they or the
materials they cause reflect sunlight away from Earth. Others, such as carbon dioxide,
increase the impact of global warming. Volcanic gases may change atmospheric
chemistry. Apart from the direct addition of volcanic gases to the atmosphere, volcanic
hydrogen chloride may affect the ozone layer on Earth, the 1991 eruption of Mount
Pinatubo in the Philippines led to a measurable reduction in ozone content in the
atmosphere, although fluorescent carbon compounds and related chemicals are a more
effective force in causing ozone depletion. Carbon dioxide emitted by volcanoes adds to
the effect of natural global warming, Sulphur dioxide causes environmental problems,
because it turns into sulfuric acid in the stratosphere, the main cause of acid rain,
moreover, in addition sulfate aerosols, which reflect solar radiation and absorb heat, thus

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cooling the Earth, also participate in the sulfate aerosol in chemical reactions, to form an
ozone-destroying substance. Regardless of the significant and obvious risks to the
environment, there may be long-term health risks to humans, animals and plants in
volcanic areas that can leak corrosive trace components of volcanic ash, such as hydrogen
fluoride, can leach into streams and groundwater with toxic effects, or cause respiratory
damage when inhaled with airborne ash for long periods, free silica (quartz) in volcanic
ash may also be a long-term health hazard. Airborne ash can cause respiratory diseases,
irritation or damage to the eye and mucous membranes. Damage can result from direct
mechanical irritation due to ash itself, or acid compounds found in ash, insects are prone
to ash due to the erosion of their waxy skin. Ash thick enough can block lung passages
and cause suffocation even at large distances from the volcano. Ash in water may have
serious effects on aquatic ecosystems, dense ash can suffocate organisms living at the
bottom, if suspended ash is thick enough, may be harmful even to active swimmers,
dense ash suspended in water can prevent light on aquatic plants and microorganisms.
An example of the volcanic eruption that caused significant environmental damage is the
explosion of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.
Climate impacts of volcanoes
The characteristics of the ash cloud largely determine whether or not the volcanic
eruption affects the climate, one important factor is how high it is in the atmosphere,
another important factor in whether volcanic impulsivity affects the climate is the amount
of sulfur dioxide found in the dust cloud. And the quantities can be huge.
Tropical rainfall
Volcano eruptions can affect more than just temperature. Recent research suggests that
eruptions could affect the location of the Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a huge belt
of low pressure that is the main source of rain in most parts of Africa, this has
implications for the weather in the Atlantic Ocean.
Cooling effect
Volcanic eruptions can affect the climate in two main ways:
First, the release of carbon dioxide to greenhouse gases, which contributes to the
warming of the atmosphere, but the effect is very small, it is believed that emissions from
volcanoes since 1750 are at least 100 times smaller than those caused by the burning of

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fossil fuels. Secondly, Sulphur dioxide in the ash cloud can produce a cooling effect,
Sulphur dioxide is quickly converted into Sulfur aerosols, which, together with soft
volcanic ash, is a partial barrier to incoming solar radiation. . Not only are the spectacular
eruptions that can affect the climate, recent research suggests that even small eruptions
can contribute to slowing surface warming in the past 15 years or so, compared to
previous decades
Good impact of volcanoes on the environment
Although volcanoes cause immediate destruction of ecosystems, they can also have
beneficial long-term effects on the environment, volcanic ash rapidly flies and releases
phytonutrients. Globally, volcanoes play a role in recycling carbon dioxide from the
ground into the atmosphere, helping to maintain the earth's natural greenhouse effect.
Providing nutrients for surrounding soil, volcanic ash often contains minerals useful to
plants, and if it is very soft ash, it is able to collapse quickly and integrate into the soil.
Volcanic slopes are often inaccessible, especially if they are steep, and therefore can
provide shelters for rare plants and animals, volcanic gases are a source of all the water
(and most of the atmosphere) we have today. Volcanoes have done wonderful things for
the Earth, helped calm the Earth and remove heat from within, produced volcanic
emissions of the atmosphere and ocean water, volcanoes make islands and add to
continents. Volcanic deposits are also used as building materials, and bat and volcanic
ash are used as abrasive materials, mostly in hand soap and household detergents, as well
as in polishing metal parts before electric paint, and for woodwork the use of pumice and
volcanic ash continues to be used as lightweight marble in concrete, especially precast
concrete blocks. The creation of high mountains may reach thousands of meters, and the
vast plateaus, lakes in the cavities of dormant volcanoes. Diamond formation, carbon
converts under heat and extreme pressure into diamonds. Use of lava-induced rocks in
paving roads. Production of chemicals from Sulfur deposits resulting from the eruption
of the volcano. Improving soil fertility. Helping scientists study the Earth's interior
through the materials ejected by the eruption of the volcano. Improving soil fertility.
Help scientists study the earth's atmosphere through materials projectiles caused by the
eruption of the volcano. The dangers of volcanoes to humans. Volcanoes have
threatened human, animal and vegetation life over the ages, because volcanic eruptions

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go through several stages, usually starting with a wide range of earthquakes and gas
emissions, and then moving into the first steam and ash vent phase, after which lava
domes accumulate together, leading to the collapse of the dome, and form rock eruptions
that release ash, gases and lava that rush very strongly, causing a very high risk, where
volcanoes threaten people's lives, and negatively affect their lives.
Here are the most prominent effects and dangers of volcanoes on humans
Volcanoes pollute drinking water and cause forest fires. Volcanoes release dangerous
gases and highly destructive rock lava. Volcanoes cause respiratory diseases such as
Silicosis and burns. Volcanoes cut off electrical currents and destroy their means of
delivery. Volcanic ash causes a scratch on the front of the eye, because it contains
crystalline silka. Gases emitted by volcanoes lead to a human being exposed to
headaches, dizziness, and swelling of the throat, and can lead to suffocation.
Prepare for volcanoes and the necessary tools warn the authorities of the risk of volcanic
eruption, then start equipping evacuation and sheltering mechanisms for residents and
what comes some of what a person may need during evacuations: flashlights and batteries
First aid box. Water and food, Eye protectors, Respiratory protection, Battery-powered
radio.
The procedures to be followed after the volcano occurs, people must do many things,
to protect themselves and their families after the volcanic eruption, the most
important of which is:
Turn off all heating and air conditioning units, and close windows and doors, to prevent
ash and gas from entering the house. Avoid driving vehicles, as they provoke more ash
that can block engines and disable vehicles. Switch one-time oven filters or clean oven
filters frequently, to avoid being pulled out of emitted gases that can later pose a risk.
Avoid using ash-contaminated water and replace it with bottled water, until checking and
testing the suitability of the water for use. Clean surfaces and shelves from ash, taking
full measures, as the ash is slippery and heavy, and can cause buildings to collapse. Use
goggles, to protect the eyes from ash. Stay away from places where ash falls, covering the
skin completely. Listen to local news updates for information on air quality, drinking
water and road condition

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Problems encountered during the translation process

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Strategies used in translation from English to Arabic

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