A.
Sharing of Social and Cultural
Backgrounds of Students as Acting
Subjects or Social Actors, Agents, Person
Gender
-The range of characteristics pertaining to,
and differentiating between masculinity and
femininity
Socioeconomic status (SES)
-Is an economic and sociological combined
total measure of a person’s work experience
based on income, education and occupation
Ethnicity
-Refers to cultural traits that are shared by
a category of people such as language,
religion, or national origin.
Religion
-Unified system of beliefs and practices
related to sacred things- beliefs and
practices which unite into one single moral
community
Identity
-Refers to distinctive characteristics that
define an individual
B. Observations about Social, Political
and Cultural Behavior and Phenomena
Food Taboos
-Ex. Muslims- eating of pork
-Understand their culture rather regarding
them as ‘weird’
Istambays
-Usually regarded as unruly, thefts, and
other misdemeanors
Political Dynasties
-Refers to a group who are involved in
politics. It can be seen in families that have
been part of the government for several
generations
Elections
-A formal decision making process by
choosing an individual to hold public office
- May fill in the legislature, sometimes in the
executive and judiciary, and for regional and
local government.
C. Observations on Social, Political and
Cultural Change
Social Change
-Refers to transformations that alter the
roles and status of people as well as the
structure and organization of society and its
institutions
Political Change
-Occurs when there is an alteration in the
way power and authority are exercised in a
particular state
-Examples of these changes:
•Texting
•Transnational families
•Local public services
•Youth volunteerism
D. Definition of Anthropology, Political
Science and Sociology
A. Anthropology (anthropos-man, logos-
study)
-Systematic study of the biological, cultural,
and social aspects of man
-Significant branch of knowledge because it
integrates from the biological sciences and
humanities to fully comprehend the complex
human species, including their past practices,
and social patterns across diverse cultures
-Edward Burnett Taylor, Franz Boas, Alfred
Kroeber, Bronislaw Malinowski, Clifford
Geertz, and Margaret Mead
(Anthropologists)
Different Types of Anthropology
•Social Anthropology
◈Studies how social pattern and
practices and cultural variations develop
across different societies
•Cultural Anthropology
◈Studies cultural variation across
different societies and examines the need to
understand each culture in its own context
•Linguistic Anthropology
◈Studies language and discourse and
how they reflect and shape different aspects
of human society and culture
•Biological Anthropology
◈Studies the origins of humans as
well as the interplay between social factors
and the processes of human evolution,
adaptation, and variation over time.

B. Political Science
-The systematic study of politics, which
Andrew Heywood describes as the “the
activity through which people make, preserve
and amend the general rules under which
they live”
-It focuses on the fundamental values of
equality, freedom and justice and its
processes are linked to the dynamics of
conflict, resolution, and cooperation

C. Sociology
-Is defined by Anthony Giddens as “the study
of human social life, groups, and society”
-It is an academic discipline that attempts to
provide a deeper assessment of individual of
individual and group behavior, as well as the
phenomena, by examining the interplay
between economic, political and social
factors