2nd Trimester Math Reviewer (Part 1)

Polynomial Functions

• Exponent of a variable should not be negative or has a fraction

• All coefficients are real numbers
• n or the exponent must be a positive integer
• Degree of the polynomial is always the largest power on any variable

A polynomial function of a degree is a function defined by:

• 𝑛 is the non-negative integer

• 𝑎0 is the constant term
• 𝑎2 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎0 are real numbers
• 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 is the leading coefficient
• 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 is the leading term

𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 1

−3 is the numerical coefficient

𝑥 is the base/literal coefficient
−3 is the leading coefficient
−3𝑥 5 is the leading term
5 is a degree
1 is the constant

Domain is the set of all real numbers in a polynomial function.

Domain = 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
Range = 𝑦 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

Type of Polynomial Functions

0 – Constant
2 – Quadratic
3 – Cubic
4 – Quartic
5 – Quintic
𝑛 – 𝑛𝑡ℎ degree

Example: 𝑦 = −2𝑥 8 + 6𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 2 − 9

Degree = 8
Type = 8𝑡ℎ degree
Constant = −9
 Leading Coefficient = −2
Leading Term = −2𝑥 8

*Always arrange your function in descending order according to their degree to help with solving.

Roots and Zeroes

• They are domains that, when substituted to polynomial functions, should always equate
to zero (0).

Example from the book:

A manufacturer of carry-on luggage ensures that the sum of the length, width, and depth does not
exceed 40 inches to comply with airline regulations. Popular models of luggage have a length of
10 inches greater than their depth.

Assume that the sum of the length, width, and depth is 40 inches, and its volume is approximately
2016 cubic inches. Find the dimensions of the luggage.

𝑮: 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ; 𝑥 + 10 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ; 40 − (𝑥 + 𝑥 + 10) = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2016

𝑨: 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ =? ; 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =? , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ =?
𝑭: 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ×
𝑺: 2016 = (𝑥)(𝑥 + 10)[40 − (2𝑥 + 10)]
2016 = (𝑥)(𝑥 + 10)[30 − 2𝑥]
2016 = (𝑥 2 + 10𝑥)(30 − 2𝑥)
2016 = −2𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 2 + 300𝑥
−2𝑥 3 +10𝑥 2 +300𝑥
=0
2
𝑨: 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 2 − 150𝑥 + 1008 = 0 – evaluate further using trial and error
3

Try x =1 – domain/input

𝑝(1) = (1)3 − 5(1)2 − 150(1) + 1008

= 1 − 5 − 150 + 1008
= 854 ≠ 0
𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒂 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒑(𝒙)

Try x =8 – domain/input

𝑝(8) = (8)3 − 5(8)2 − 150(8) + 1008

= 512 − 320 − 1200 + 1008
=0=0
𝟖 𝑰𝑺 𝒂 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒑(𝒙)
 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 = 8
𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 = 8 + 10 = 18
𝑾𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 = 40 − (8 + 8 + 10) = 40 − 26 = 14

Example 2 (imaginary numbers):

• Imaginary numbers can also be part of the domain, and its exponential values would be the
following:

𝒊 = √−1 𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 𝒊
𝟐
𝒊 = 𝑖 × 𝑖 = (√−1)(√−1) = √(−1)2 = −𝟏
𝒊𝟑 = 𝑖 2 × 𝑖 = −1 × 𝑖 = −𝒊
𝒊 = 𝑖 2 × 𝑖 2 = −1 × −1 = 𝟏
𝟒

Let −𝑖 be your domain or input

𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 2
𝑝(−𝑖) = (−𝑖)4 + 5(−𝑖)3 − (−𝑖) + 2
= 1 − 5𝑖 + 𝑖 + 2
= −4𝑖 + 3 ≠ 0

−𝒊 𝒊𝒔 𝑵𝑶𝑻 𝒂 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒓 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒑(𝒙)

Factors and Long Division on Polynomials

• In a nutshell, division on polynomials is just like division in whole numbers.

• 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 ÷ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 = 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
• Always apply the law of exponents
• Remember the DMSB rule (Daddy, Mommy, Sister, and Brother) or (Divide, Multiply,
Subtract, and Bring Down)

Example:

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 23, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 + 5. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ.

𝑮: 𝐴 = 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 23, 𝑤 = 𝑥 + 5
𝑨: 𝑙 =?
𝑭: 𝐴 = 𝑙 × 𝑤
𝑺: 2𝑥 − 5
𝑥 + 5√2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 23
−2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥
−5𝑥 − 23
+53 + 25
2
 2
𝑨: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 2𝑥 − 5 + (𝑥+5) 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 23.

*Checking: 𝑝(𝑥) × 𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑟(𝑥)

(𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 − 5) + 2

2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 10𝑥 − 25 + 2

2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 23

Synthetic Division

• The process of synthetic division makes long division of polynomials seem tedious, so it
is preferred to do this instead.

Examples from Groupwork Number 2:

14. (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5) ÷ (𝑥 − 1) 15. (6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 7) ÷ (𝑥 + 5)

𝑥−1 =0 Rearranged: 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 7
𝑥=1
𝑥+5 =0
1 1 −4 −2 5 𝑥 = −5
1 −3 −5
1 −3 −5 0 -5 1 6 4 −7
−5 − 5 5
Answer: 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5 1 1 −1 −2
−2
Answer: 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥+5

Example from Mini Task 1 (Word Problem):

𝑃
The voltage 𝑉 is related to current I and power 𝑃 by the equation 𝑉 = 𝐼 . The power of a generator
is modeled by 𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 + 9𝑡 2 + 26𝑡 + 24. If the current of the generator is 𝐼 = 𝑡 + 5, write an
expression that represents the voltage.
𝑃 𝑡 3 +9𝑡 2 +26𝑡+24.
𝑉= 𝑉=
𝐼 𝑡+5

𝑡+5=0
𝑡 = −5
 -5 1 9 26 24
𝟔
−5 − 20 − 30 𝑽 = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟔 + 𝒕+𝟓
1 4 6 6

Remainder and Factor Theorems

In summary:

• It is a factor if the remainder is 0.

• It is not a factor if there is a remainder.
• You may validate these theorems using the process of (1) substitution method and (2)
synthetic division.

Examples from Seatwork No. 5:

Use the remainder theorem and synthetic division to find 𝑃(−2) if 𝑃(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 3 − 10.

𝑃(𝑥) = −3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 10

𝑃(−2) = −3(−2)3 + 4(−2) − 10

𝑃(−2) = 24 − 8 − 10
𝑃(−2) = 𝟔

-2 −3 = 0 = −14 = −10
−3 = 6 = −12 = −16
2 −3 = 6 = −8 == 1𝟔

Thus, 𝑷(−𝟐) = 𝟔, the remainder.

Rational Roots Theorem

• The degree of the polynomial functions tells you the number of rational real roots.

Examples Degree Real Roots No. of Real Roots

𝒙−𝟖=𝟎 1 𝑥=8 1
(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 − 𝟐) = 𝟎 2 𝑥 = −2,2 2
(𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎 3 𝑥 = −1,1,3 3
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟎 4 𝑥 = −5,0,1,4 4

Multiple Roots
 • Root multiplicity, repeated roots

Example:

(𝑥 − 1)2 = 0

𝒙 = 𝟏 (𝟐 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅)

*Karl Friedrich Gauss (Fundamental Theorem of Algebra); no. of degree = no. of real roots

• Identify factors c (constant) and d (leading coefficient), and divide to know no. of
possible roots.

Example from Seatwork 6:

Solve 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟒 = 𝟎.

𝑐 = −4 → ±1, ±2, ±4
𝑑 = 1 → ±1

𝑐 ±1 ±2 ±4
= , ,
𝑑 ±1 ±1 ±1
𝑐
= ±1, ±2, ±4
𝑑

𝑥 = {−4, −2, −1, 1, 2, 4}

𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 3, 𝑠𝑜 3 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦

*In testing, you may choose to do (1) substitution method or (2) synthetic division.

𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 4

𝑃(−4) = (−4)3 + 4(−4)2 − (−4) − 4 = 0

𝑃(−2) = (−2)3 + 4(−2)2 − (−2) − 4 = 6
𝑃(−1) = (−1)3 + 4(−1)2 − (−1) − 4 = 0
𝑃(1) = (1)3 + 4(1)2 − (1) − 4 = 0
𝑃(2) = (2)3 + 4(2)2 − (2) − 4 = 18
𝑃(4) = (4)3 + 4(4)2 − (4) − 4 = 120

The roots are −𝟒, −𝟏, and 𝟏. Thus, 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟒 = (𝒙 + 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟏).
Descartes Rule of Signs

• Proposed by Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

• This rule will interject before testing the roots, and it would tell you the number of possible
positive and negative roots in the polynomial function.
• Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a polynomial function with real coefficients, a non-zero constant term, and
descending powers of variables:
a. No. of positive zeroes of +(𝑥) is the no. of variations in signs of the terms of +(𝑥) or
is less than this number by an even number which is 2.
b. No. of positive zeroes of −(𝑥) is the no. of variations in signs of the terms of −(𝑥) or
is less than this number by an even number which is 2.
Steps:
1. Find the factors of c and d.
2. Divide the factors.
3. Determine possible roots.
4. Identify degree.
5. Descartes Rule of Signs and determine no. of real zeroes of the 𝑝(𝑥).
6. Test possible roots.

Example from Groupwork Number 3:

Consider 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟖

a. List the integer divisors of 1, the leading coefficient (𝑑).

𝑑 = ±1

b. List the integer divisors of −8, the constant term (𝑐).

𝑐 = ±1, ±2, ±4, ±8

𝑐
c. Give all the possible ratios of a divisor of −8 to a divisor of 1, which is (𝑑).

𝑐 1 2 4 8
= ± 1 , ± 1 , ± 1 , ± 1 == ±1, ±2, ±4, ±8 8 possible roots, but 3 real roots by the given degree
𝑑

d. Find a root of 𝑃(𝑥) = 0 from the rational numbers obtained in letter c.

𝑃(+𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 8
𝟏 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆, 𝒔𝒐 𝒊𝒕 𝒎𝒂𝒚 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔
𝑃(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 + 2(−𝑥)2 − 4(−𝑥) − 8
= −𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8
𝟐 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔, 𝒔𝒐 𝒊𝒕 𝒎𝒂𝒚 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟎 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔
 + −
1 2
0 2
1 0
0 0
𝑖 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
0 3
1 3
2 3
3 3

𝑃(−2) = (−2)3 + 2(−2)2 − 4(−2) − 8

= −8 + 8 + 8 − 8
=0
−𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑(𝒙)

e. Use the synthetic division to find the remaining factors.

Since −2 is a root of 𝑝(𝑥), then it is (𝑥 + 2)

Thus,

𝑥+2 =0 𝑥−2 =0 𝑥+2=0

𝑥 = −2 𝒙=𝟐 𝒙 = −𝟐

-2 12 −4 −8 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠: (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)

−2 0 8
1 0 −4 0

𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑥 2 − 4 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)

f. Give the three roots of the equation. What is the multiple root?

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒/𝑜𝑟 𝑥

= {−2, −2, 2}, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 − 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕 𝑜𝑓 𝑝(𝑥).
g. Write 𝑃(𝑥) as a product of linear factors.

𝑷(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 𝑜𝑟 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟖 = (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐

Graphing Polynomials

• In this, the degree = no. of times the graph touches the x axis
• Characteristics:
- They are continuous and smooth, meaning no breaks, no holes, or gaps. If these are
not evident in the graph, then it must not be a polynomial function.
- End behavior:
a. Description of the values a function has
b. As x approaches positive infinity (𝑥 → +∞) or negative infinity (𝑥 → +∞)
In-depth discussion, with visual aids.

Examples:

1. 𝑃(𝑥) = −4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6

𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒅 < 𝟎, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝟑(𝒐𝒅𝒅), 𝒂𝒔 𝒙 → +∞, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑷(𝒙) → −∞. 𝑾𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒆
𝒙 → −∞, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏𝑷(𝒙) → +∞ .

2. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 6 − 7𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 − 2

𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒅 > 𝟎, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝟔(𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏), 𝒂𝒔 𝒙 → +∞, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑷(𝒙) → +∞. 𝑾𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒆
𝒙 → −∞, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏𝑷(𝒙) → +∞ .

3. 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 1

𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒅 > 𝟎, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝟓(𝒐𝒅𝒅), 𝒂𝒔 𝒙 → +∞, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑷(𝒙) → +∞. 𝑾𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒆
𝒙 → −∞, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏𝑷(𝒙) → −∞ .

4. 𝑃(𝑥) = −3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1
 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒅 < 𝟎, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝟐(𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏), 𝒂𝒔 𝒙 → +∞, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑷(𝒙) → −∞. 𝑾𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒆
𝒙 → −∞, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏𝑷(𝒙) → −∞ .

Steps in Graphing:

1. Find the real roots (zeroes). [Culmination of all steps, lessons, theorems, and concepts]
2. Find the relative maximum and relative minimum points.
3. Find the y-intercept.
4. Identify end behavior.
5. Sketch the graph.

Main example from Performance Task 1:

Polynomial Function in Expanded Form:

𝐼(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 23𝑥 3 + 177𝑥 2 − 505𝑥 + 350

Step 1: Rational Root Theorem

Factors of constant:

𝒄 = ±1, ±2, ±5, ±7, ±10, ±14, ±25, ±35, ±50, ±70, ±175, ±350

Factors of leading coefficient:

𝒅 = ±1

Possible Zeroes:
𝒄 1 2 5 7 10 14 25 35 50 70 175 350
= ±1,±1,±1,±1,± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,± ,±
𝒅 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

= ±1, ±2, ±5, ±7, ±10, ±14, ±25, ±35, ±50, ±70, ±175, ±350

There are 24 possible roots, however, the degree is 4, thus, there must be 4 real roots.

Testing the possible roots:

𝐼(+𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 23𝑥 3 + 177𝑥 2 − 505𝑥 + 350

There are 4 changes, so there may be 4, 2, or 0 possible positive roots.

𝐼(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)4 − 23(−𝑥)3 + 177(−𝑥)2 − 505(−𝑥) + 350

= 𝑥 4 + 23𝑥 3 + 177𝑥 2 + 505𝑥 + 350
There is no change, so there may be 0 possible negative roots.

+ − 𝑖 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
4 0 0 𝟒
2 0 2 𝟒
0 0 4 𝟒
*We start with the positive, since there are no possible negative roots, thus, also eliminating the negative
counterpart of the possible roots.

+1 1 − 23 177 − 505 350

1 − 22 155 − 350 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝟎, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕
1 − 22 155 − 350 0

𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑥 3 − 22𝑥 2 + 155𝑥 − 350

𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠:   ± 1, ±2, ±5, ±7, ±10, ±14, ±25, ±35, ±50, ±70, ±175, ±350

+2 1 − 22 155 − 350
2 − 40 230 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 +
𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝑵𝑶𝑻 𝒂 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕
1 − 20 115 − 120

+5 1 − 22 155 − 350
5 − 85 350 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝟎, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 + 𝟓 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕
1 − 17 70 0

𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 70

𝑐 = ±1, ±2, ±5, ±7, ±10, ±14, ±35, ±70

𝑑 = ±1
𝑐 1 2 5 7 10 14 35 70
= ± , ± , ± , ± , ± , ± , ± , ±
𝑑 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ±1, ±2, ±5, ±7, ±10, ±14, ±35, ±70

+7 1 − 17 70
7 − 70 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝟎, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 + 𝟕 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕
1 − 10 0

𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑥 − 10

𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦:

𝑥 − 10 = 0
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎
Rational Zeroes:
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑰(𝒙) = {𝟏, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟏𝟎}

Step 2: Other points in the function

0 𝟏 2 3 4 𝟓 6 𝟕 8 9 𝟏𝟎

1+5 6
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡1 = = =3
2 2

5 + 7 12
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡2   = = =6
2 2
7 + 10 17
  𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡3 = = = 8.5
2 2

𝐼(1) = 0 𝐼(5) = 0 𝐼(7) = 0 𝐼(10) = 0 𝐼(3) = −112 𝐼(6) = 20 𝐼(8.5) = −59.0625

𝐼(3) = (3)4 − 23(3)3 + 177(3)2 − 505(3) + 350

= 81 − 621 + 1593 − 1515 + 350
= −112 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕

𝐼(6) = (6)4 − 23(6)3 + 177(6)2 − 505(6) + 350

= 20 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕

𝐼(8.5) = (8.5)4 − 23(8.5)3 + 177(8.5)2 − 505(8.5) + 350

= −59.0625

𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔

x 1 5 7 10 3 6 8.5 0
y 0 0 0 0 -112 20 -59.0625 350

Coordinates: Coordinates:

(6, 20) 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 (3, −112) 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕

Step 3: y-intercept of the f(x) Coordinates of the y-intercept:

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡
𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 350 (0, 350)
Step 4: End Behavior of the f(x)

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒  deg 𝑟 𝑒𝑒 = 4 (𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛).   𝐴𝑠 𝑥 → +∞,  𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼(𝑥) → +∞.   𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑥 → −∞,  𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼(𝑥)
→ +∞.

Step 5: Graph with Label

Graph 1.1. Working Polynomial Function

 2nd Trimester Math Reviewer (Part 2)

Parts of A Circle

• Undefined terms:

1. Point – Point A or ∙ 𝐵
2. Line –
A B
3. Line Segment –
C D
4. Ray –
E F

5. Plane – 3 noncollinear points

• The circle is always named after its centerpoint. (∙ 𝐴)

• Points:

1. Interior point – ∙ 𝐵
2. Exterior Point – ∙ 𝐶 C
3. Point on the Circle - ∙ 𝐷

A D

• Radius – the connection of the centerpoint towards the point on the circle (line segment)
• Chord – 2 points on the circle (line segment)
• Diameter – it is a chord that passes through the centerpoint
• Characteristics:
- 𝑟 = 0.
- 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 +.
- Radii for plural.
- 2 radius is a diameter or 𝑑 = 2𝑟.
- The diameter is the longest chord.
• Secant – a line the intersects a circle in exactly two points.

• Tangents – a line that intersects a circle in exactly one point.

*The point of tangency is where the line touches the circle.

• Circumference – perimeter or total distance around a circle.

- Formula: 𝑪 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓

• Arc – portion of the circumference of a circle/

- Marked as “arc AB” or 𝐴𝐵 ̂

Types:
1. Minor arc (two capital letters) – > 180° (yellow)
2. Major arc (three capital letters) – < 180° (orange)
3. Semicircle (three capital letters) – = 180° (red)

• Sectors – when two radii are formed and meet at the center. It should be shaded, and has
an angle.

Types:
1. Minor arc – > 180°
2. Major arc – < 180°
3. Semicircle – = 180°

𝜽
- Area of a Sector: × 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝟑𝟔𝟎
- 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
• Segment of a circle – region bounded by a chord and the intercepted arc.
• Intercepted arc – arc formed when two different chords or line segments cut across a
circle and meet at a common point called a vertex.

Intercepted arc
Minor Segment

Major Segment

• Pairs of Circle:

1. Tangent circles – intersects at one point.

2. Concentric circles – two or more circles that have the same center but different radii.

3. Congruent circles – two or more circles with the same radius but different centers.
Central Angle

• The vertex of a central angle is at the centerpoint.

• The sides are made of 2 radii.

Recall: What are angles?

- Two rays from the same point or vertex

̂ 𝒊𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒓𝒄
𝑩𝑪
C ෣ 𝒊𝒔 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒓𝒄
𝑩𝑫𝑪

• Theorem 1: Central Angle – Intercepted Arc Postulate (CAIAP)

- The measure of a central angle is equal to the measure of its intercepted arc.
- ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 ≅ 𝐵𝐶̂

• Adjacent Arcs – arcs of the same circle that intersect at exactly one point.

S ̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑇
𝑅𝑆 ̂ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

• Arc Addition Postulate

- The measure of an arc formed by two adjacent nonoverlapping arcs is equal to the
sum of the measures of these two arcs.
- 𝑚𝑅𝑆̂ + 𝑚𝑆𝑇 ̂ = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 ̂
- If less than 180°, two named points, if more than 180°, three name points

• Sector – it is a part of the circle bounded by 2 radii and an arc.

𝑚
Area of a Sector = 360° × 𝜋𝑟 2

Where 𝑚 = 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, and 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

Inscribed Angles
120°
• The vertex is on the circle and is formed by two chords.

• Inscribed Angle Theorem 60°

- The measurement of the inscribed angle is half the
Measurement of its intercepted arc or central angle.
- The measurement of the intercepted arc and central angle is double the measurement
of the inscribed angle.

• Corollary 3 on Inscribed Angles

- An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.

• Corollary 4 on Inscribed Angles

- An angle inscribed in the same arc are congruent.

• Corollary 5 on Inscribed Angles

- Opposite angles of an inscribed quadrilateral are supplementary, or sum is = 180°.

45° 115°

65° 135°
Arcs and Chords

• Chords – 2 points on a circle are endpoints of a line segment

• Subtended – opposite to, of angles and sides, in geometry
• Congruent Arcs in Equilateral and Equiangular Triangles:

60°

60°

60°

60°

60°

60°

*If the arcs are congruent, then chord subtended are congruent, and vice-versa.

• Arc – Chord Theorem (A.C.T)

- If two chords are congruent, then their corresponding minor arcs are also congruent
- If two minor arcs are congruent, then their corresponding chords are congruent.

• Perpendicular Bisector of a Chord Theorem (P.B.C.T)

- If the diameter of a circle is perpendicular to a chord, then the diameter bisects the
chord and its arc.
 • Chord Equidistant from the Center of a Circle (C.E.C.C.T)
- In a circle or in congruent circles, two chords are congruent if and only if they are
equidistant from the center.

Examples:

1. 𝐵𝐷 = 12 and 𝐴𝐶 = 3in ⨀𝐴. Find the radius.

Following PBCT, then 𝐵𝐶 = 6.

Zooming in, there is a right triangle. 𝐴

?

𝐵 𝐷
𝐶

? 3

6
Let us recall Pythagorean theorem (𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ).

𝑐 2 = 32 + 62
𝑐 2 = 9 + 36
√𝑐 2 = √45
𝒄 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝟖 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

2. Find 𝑥.

Following CECCT,

6𝑥 − 7 = 35
6𝑥 = 35 + 7
6𝑥= 42 𝒙=𝟕
35 6𝑥 − 7
 3. 4𝑥 + 3 = 7𝑥 − 6
16
6 + 3 = 7𝑥 − 4𝑥
9 = 3𝑥 4𝑥 + 3
𝟑=𝒙

4(3) + 3 = 15
7𝑥 − 6
Pythagorean Theorem 16

𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝒄𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝟐
𝑐 2 = 225 + 256
√𝑐 2 = √481
𝒄 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟗𝟑𝟐 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

Tangents

• a line that intersects a circle at exactly one point

• point of tangency is where the point intersects

• Theorem 1 on Tangents
- if a line in the plane of a circle is perpendicular to a radius at its endpoint on the circle,
then the line is tangent to the circle.

• Radius – Tangent Theorem

- If a line is tangent to a circle, then the line is perpendicular to the radius at the point of
tangency.

• Corollary 1 on Tangents
- Two tangent segments coming from a common external point are congruent.
 • Corollary 2 on Tangents
- A ray coming from the external point going to the center point will bisect the external
angles by half.

• Circumscribe Angle Theorem

- The measurement of the circumscribed angle is 180° − the central angle that intercepts
the same arc.

Example from Seatwork Number 13:

Following Corollary 2, then:

̅̅̅̅ = 𝟖
𝒎𝑹𝑺

̅̅̅̅ = 𝟏𝟑
𝒎𝑷𝑻

̅̅̅̅ = 𝟓
𝒎𝑷𝑸

Adding all the together, the perimeter should be 21 + 18 + 13

which should be equal to 52 units.
Finding the angles S and P, since this is an isosceles triangle, consider them as x, where both
values should be congruent as base angles:

2𝑥 + 46° = 180°
2𝑥 = 180° − 46°
2𝑥 = 134°
𝒙 = 𝟔𝟕°

Angles S and P are both 67 degrees.

Angles formed by Tangents, Secants, and Chords

• Angles formed on the circles: Secant – Tangent Theorem (S.T.T.)

- Made of a tangent and secant.
𝒂
- 𝒎∠𝒙 = 𝟐, where a is the intercepted arc.

• Angles formed inside the circles:

- Made of two chords that intersect.
𝒂+𝒃
- 𝒎∠𝒙 = 𝟐 , where a is the far arc and b is the near arc.

*If ever the angle being evaluated is in between (y), then remember that its adjacent pair should
be supplementary to its value (180°).

• Angles formed outside the circles:

𝒂−𝒃
- Similar formulas for all conditions 𝒎∠𝒙 = 𝟐 , where a is the far arc and b is the near
arc.
- Condition 1: Two Tangents
-

- Condition 2: Two Secants

- Condition 3: 1 Tangent, 1 Secant

*If needed, play with the formula when the different values are being solved.
Segments formed by Tangents, Secants, and Chords

• Two Chord Power Theorem (2PCT)

- If two chords intersect, then the product of the segment of one chord is equal to the
product of lengths of the segments of the other chord.

𝑨𝑬 ∙ 𝑪𝑬 = 𝑩𝑬 ∙ 𝑫𝑬

- Explanation: By virtue of Vertical Angles Theorem, angles AEB and DEC are
congruents. In the same way, since angles BAC and BDC are inscribed angles that
intercept the same arc, by virtue of Corollary 4 on Inscribed Angles, they must be
congruent. So, following the AA Similarity Postulate, then triangle AED is similar to
𝐴𝐸 𝐷𝐸
triangle BEC. And in proportion, 𝐵𝐸 = 𝐶𝐸 , and cross multiplying, we end up with
𝑨𝑬 ∙ 𝑪𝑬 = 𝑩𝑬 ∙ 𝑫𝑬.
-

• Two Secant Power Theorem (2SCT)

- If two secants intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the product of the lengths of
the secant segment and its external segment part is equal to the product of the lengths
of the other segment and its external segment part.

(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂) = (𝒄 + 𝒅)(𝒅)
 • Tangent – Secant Power Theorem (TSPT)
- If a secant and a tangent intersect in the exterior of a circle, the product of the lengths
of the secant segment and its external segment part is equal to the square of the length
of the tangent segment.

𝑨𝑬 ∙ 𝑩𝑬 = 𝑪𝑬𝟐

or

(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂) = 𝒄𝟐

Examples about Angles and Segments formed by Tangents, Secants and Chords can be found in
the Math Mini Task 02.

Good luck in your Mathematics Periodic Test!

References:

1. Past 2nd Trimester Activities

2. Nivera G., et.al. (2018). Grade 10 Mathematics Patterns and Practicalities. Don Bosco
Press Inc., Makati City