MAGNETISM

INTRODUCTION
 The word magnet is derived from the name of an island in Greece
called where magnetic ore deposits were found.

 The earth behaves as a magnet with the magnetic field pointing

approximately from geographic south to the north.

 When a bar magnet is freely suspended, it points in the north-

south direction.

 There is a repulsive force when like poles are brought close

together. Conversely, there is an attractive force between north
pole of one magnet and south pole of the other
 MAGNETIC POLES

o
 COULOMB’S LAW

 The force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic

poles is directly proportional to the product of their pole
strengths and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.
 MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY

 It is the degree or extent to which magnetic lines of force

can pass enter a substance. ( µ )

 Its SI unit is T m A-1 or wb A-1m-1 or H m-1

( µ r ) : The ratio of
absolute permeability of the material to that in vacuum
or
The ratio of magnetic flux in a material to that in vacuum
 MAGNETIC FIELD
 Magnetic field is the region around a magnetic material or a
moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism
acts

 Magnetic field lines never cross each other

 Magnetic field lines always make closed loops

 Magnetic field lines always emerge from the north pole and
terminate at the south pole.
 FLUX AND FLUX DENSITY

() is defined as the number of magnetic

lines of force passing normally through a surface.
 Its SI unit is weber (wb)

( B ) is the number of magnetic lines

of force passing normally through a unit area of substance.

B= µ H ( where, H → magnetizing force )

 Its SI unit is Tesla ( T ) or weber- m-2
 MAGNETIC INDUCTION

 Magnetic fields can be used to induce electric

currents.
WEBBER AND TESLA
 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
 Intensity of Magnetisation (I)

 Magnetic Field (H) or Magnetic intensity

 Magnetic susceptibility

 Retentivity : the ability of a material to retain or resist

magnetization.

 Coercivity : the ability to withstand the external magnetic

field without becoming demagnetised.
 INTENSITY OF MAGNETIZATION

 It is the degree to which a substance is magnetized when

placed in a magnetic field.
or
it is defined as the magnetic dipole moment (M) acquired
per unit volume of the substance (V)
or
it can also be defined as the pole strength (m) per unit
cross sectional area (A) of the substance.

I=M/V
I = m.(2l) / A.(2l) = m / A
 TYPES OF MANGNETIC MATERIALS
DIA PARA FERRO
1. Diamagnetic Paramagnetic substances Ferromagnetic
substances are those which are feebly attracted substances which are
substances which are by a magnet. strongly attracted by a
feebly repelled by a magnet.
magnet. Eg: Aluminium,
Chromium, Alkali and Eg: Iron, Cobalt, Nickel,
Eg : Antimony, Alkaline earth metals, Gadolinium, Dysprosium,
Copper, silver, Gold, Platinum, Oxygen, etc. etc.
Water, Air, Bismuth,
Quartz, etc.

2. When placed in magnet The lines of force prefer The line of force tend to
field, the lines of force to pass through the crowd into the specimen.
tend to avoid the substance rather than air.
substance.
3. When placed in When placed in non- When placed in non-
non- uniform uniform magnetic uniform magnetic
magnetic field, it field, it moves from field, it moves from
moves from strong to weaker to stronger weaker to stronger
weaker field (feeble field (feeble field (strong
repulsion). attraction). attraction).

4. When a When a paramagnetic When a ferromagnetic

diamagnetic material material is placed in a material is placed in a
is placed in a magnetic field, it is magnetic field, it is
magnetic field, it is weakly magnetised in strongly magnetised
weakly magnetised in the direction of the in the direction of the
the direction opposite inducing field. inducing field.
to the inducing field.

5. Induced dipole Induced dipole Induced dipole

moment (M) is a moment (M) is a moment (M) is a
small – ve value. small + ve value. large + ve value.
6. Intensity of Intensity of Intensity of
magnetisation (I) has magnetisation (I) has magnetisation (I) has
a small – ve value. a small + ve value. a large + ve value.

7. Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic

permeability µ is permeability µ is permeability µ is
always less than more than unity. large i.e. much more
unity. than unity.

8. Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic

susceptibility cm has susceptibility cm has susceptibility cm has
a small – ve value. a small + ve value. a large + ve value.
 MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
 It is the property of the substance which shows how easily
a substance can be magnetized. The ratio of intensity of
magnetization (I) in a substance to the magnetic intensity
(H) applied to the substance.

cm = I / H

Relation between
permeability (µr ) & Susceptibility (cm) : µ r = 1 + cm
 HYSTERESIS

 Hysteresis is characterized as a lag

of magnetic flux density (B) behind
the magnetic field strength (H)
 All the ferromagnetic materials
exhibit the phenomena
 The magnetic flux density (B) is increased when the
magnetic field strength(H) is increased from 0 (zero).
 With increasing the magnetic field there is an increase in
the value of magnetism and finally reaches point A which
is called saturation point where B is constant.
 With a decrease in the value of the magnetic field, there is
a decrease in the value of magnetism. But at B and H are
equal to zero, substance or material retains some amount
of magnetism is called retentivity or residual magnetism.
 When there is a decrease in the magnetic field towards the
negative side, magnetism also decreases. At point C the
substance is completely demagnetized.
 The force required to remove the retentivity of the
material is known as Coercive force (C).
 In the opposite direction, the cycle is continued where the
saturation point is D, retentivity point is E and coercive
force is F.
 Due to the forward and opposite direction process, the
cycle is complete and this cycle is called the hysteresis loop.