READING AND WRITING

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Christian Danielle C. Cañares| Module 2 | Second Semester

 At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to:

• Distinguish between and among the patterns of development in

writing across discipline- narration, description, definition,
classification, analysis, comparison and contrast, problem-solution
etc.; and
• Write a composition using any of the wring patterns of development.
•
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT

Academic writing comes in various forms. The most common form is

the essay form inasmuch as subjective or essay tests form part of quizzes
and examinations, which are graded student activities. The essays are
written according to their respective patterns of development. The patterns
are found below,

what is this house plant? __________________________________.

DEFINITION PARAGRAPH
• Tells the reader what term or concept is being defined.
• May be formal or informal in giving definition of a term or concepts.

Common signal words:

• Is defined as, means, refers to, to define, to illustrate

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 GUIDE OR PROBING QUESTIONS FOR DEFINITION PATTERN:
1. What is it ?
2. What are its limits?

DEFINITION PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE:

Social engineering is defined as any method which tricks people to

share personal information through the use of technology. The ‘social’
component in this scheme means that there is reliance on various
psychological tricks and on gullibility of users rather than technical hacking.
Social engineering also refers to various malicious acts online such as
phishing and spamming.

EXEMPLIFICATION PATTERN:
• Presents the general statement and provides specific and concrete
examples to expound on the main idea.
• Spider map graphic organizer is useful for this pattern.

Common signal words:

• After all, as an example, in other words, in short, for example, in
particular, to clarify etc…

GUIDE OR PROBING QUESTIONS FOR EXEMPLIFICATION

PATTERN:
• What are some typical cases or example of it?

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 EXEMPLIFICATION PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE:

While the internet offers so many benefits to man, it also has

its downsides. One of these is phishing which refers to the act of
obtaining personal information, such as passwords and credit card
details. Through online means. In other words, phishing is a form of
cybercrime. As an example, let us consider the case of Mr. Z. he
received an email stating that his Gmail account has been
compromised and that he needed to click a link to update personal
information. If Mr. Z clicks on the link, his personal information
will be illegally acquired by cybercriminals.

CHRONOLOGY/ PROCEDURE PATTERN:

• Organizes ideas or events according to time.
• Can either be in the form of narration or a process.
• Some writers consider this also as a narration pattern.

Common signal words:

• First, second, next, then, soon, finally, eventually, etc.

NARRATION PARAGRAPH EXAMPLE:

Last night, I was walking on my way home when suddenly rained. I

forgot to bring my umbrella, so I ran to avoid getting completely soaked in
the rain. Not seeing where I was going, I fell into paddle of water. Then a guy
helped me stand up. When I looked up, I recognized him. Momentarily, I
forgot I was soaking wet and that I was very cold, he offered to walk me
home, and I just nodded. The next day, he and I saw other at school. At last
we talked like old friends.

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 DESCRIPTION PATTERN:
• Gives information of what a person, an object , a place or situation is
like.
• Appeals to the reader’s senses.
• Should have concrete and specific details.
• Literary analyses, descriptive essays, business plan, laboratory
reports, research paper are some example of it.

GUIDE OR PROBING QUESTIONS FOR DESCRIPTION PATTERN:

• What does it look like?
• What are its characteristics?
Common signal words:
• Above, across, amidst, near, off, on, onto, over, down, here, inside, in
front of, etc.

DESCRIPTION PATTERN EXAMPLE:

The tarsier has soft, grayish fur. It has bat-like ears a long, rat-like
tail. It only stands about 100 millimeters. It feeds on insects like crickets,
beetles, and termites; and on small animals, too, like lizards, frogs, and
small birds. Also capable of turning its head 180 degrees and jumping
backward with accuracy.

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST PATTERN

• Is where the similarities and differences of two or more things are
explored.

Common signal words:

• Also, as, both, to, but, still, otherwise, despite, in the same way,
likewise, meantime, etc.

Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo are regarded as two of the greatest artist
from the renaissance. Both were geniuses; they mastered techniques that made them
superior to their contemporaries, also they were similarly interested in anatomy,
which helped them produce highly realistic works. However, they each had distinct
style. Da vinci developed a style that was feminine and full of light. On the bother
hand, Michelangelo preferred his works to be masculine and dark.
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CAUSE- EFFECT PATTERN- focuses on the cause, reason and
the result or consequences of a certain phenomenon.

Global Warming
CAUSE: too much carbon dioxide
EFFECT: intense temperatures around the world

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
• Why did it happen?
• What caused it?
• What does it cause?
• What are the effects?
• How is it related to something else?

Common signal words

• As, because, hence, since, therefore, thus, for the reason that,
accordingly, etc..

CAUSE-EFFECT EXAMPLE:

Salmonellosis is a type of blood poisoning caused by salmonelle enterica

bacterium. People who are infected with such illness experience abdominal cramps,
fever, and diarrhea. Consequently, they suffer from severe dehydration, vomiting,
headaches, and body aches. Furthermore, salmonellosis can lead to complication such
as Reiter’s syndrome and focal infection.

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 PROBLEM_SOLUTION PATTERN
• Organizes ideas into problems and offer solutions
• Problems answer the wh-questions
• Solutions present the major effects of the problem.

Common signal words

• But, first, second, nonetheless, the problem, the solution, one
way is, etc.

PROBLEM SOLUTION EXAMPLE:

CLASSIFICATION-DIVISION PATTERN
• Classify- sorting or arranging things.
• Categorize or create divisions-according to common or shared
characteristic.

Common signal words

• Another, another kind, classified as, final type, one kind, category,
the last group, etc.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
• What are its parts or types?
• How can its parts or types be separated or grouped?

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 CLASSIFICATION- DIVISION EXAMPLE:

Earthquakes can be classified into three main types based on the plate
movements, the first type is known as a convergent boundary. Also known as
destructive plate boundary, this type of earthquake happens when two
tectonic plates move toward one another and collide. The second type of
earthquakes is called the divergent boundary. During this type of earthquake,
two plates are forced to moved away from each other resulting in a rift zone.
The last type is called the conservative plate boundary or transform fault.
During this type of earthquakes, two tectonic plates slide past one another.

PERSUATION PATTERN
• Shows how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or
argument.
• Presents the issue, position, supporting evidence.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
• What is the issue?
• What is your position or opinion?
• What is the opposing position/opinion.
• What are some cases or examples that support this?

Common signal words

• Again, accordingly, it is true that, no doubt, true, in short, all in

all, etc.

Immigration contributes to the overall health of the American economy.

Despite recent concerns expressed about illegal and some legal immigration to the
U.S, this country has largely benefited from the skills, talents and ambitions that
immigrants bring with them. American businesses gain from a good source of
affordable labor while towns and cities are revitalized by immigrant families who
strengthen communities through civic participation and to generate new economic
activity. The U.S must continue to welcome new arrivals and help those who are
already here; otherwise the country will lose the advantages it has over other
industrialized countries that complete against us in the global market place and
seek countries that complete against us in the global marketplace and seek to
recruit from a vast pool of unskilled and skilled global workers.

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 ACTIVITY TIME!
Direction: identify the main idea, the pattern of development and
underline the signal words in the paragraph. (15 points)

1. Tsunami sometimes incorrectly referred to as tidal wave, also known

as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a waterbody caused by
the displacement of a large volume of water body in a ocean or a large
lake.

What is the main idea? ____________________________________

What is the main pattern?_________________________________

2. Social engineering is defined as any method which tricks people to

share personal information through the use of technology. The
‘social’ component in this scheme means that there is reliance on
various psychological tricks and on gullibility of users rather than
technical hacking. Social engineering also refers to various malicious
acts online such as phishing and spamming.

What is the main idea? ____________________________________

What is the main pattern?_________________________________

3. First put some uncook rice in a pot. Second, rinse off the rice. Swish
the rice gently with your fingers and rub lightly. Next, pour out the
starchy water. You can repeat it for one to two times, depending on
haw starchy the rice is, after pouring out the water for the last time ,
add clean water to the pot. You can add 1 1/2 to 2 cups of water for
one cup rice, then cover the pot to boil. Lower down the heat after it
boils lastly, let it simmer for 15 minutes.

What is the main idea? ____________________________________

What is the main pattern?_________________________________

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 WRITING ACTIVITY:
Direction: Observing the narrative pattern of development, write an
article about the Black Nazarene Procession. (50 points)

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