 Dynamics is a branch of mechanics

which deals with the motion of bodies

under the action of forces.
Intr d ti n
Introduction  The study of dynamics in engineering
usually follows the study of statics,
which deals with the action of forces on
By: Yidnekachew Messele bodiess at rrest.
st.

 Dynamics has two distinct parts:  Dynamics is a relatively recent subject as

 Kinematics compared with statics.
 Kinetics  The understanding of dynamics was started
about in 16th centuries,
centuries and which is credited
 Kinematics- which is the study of to Galileo.(showed that heavy and light
motion without reference to the forces objects accelerated at the same constant
which cause motion. rate as they fall)
 Kinetics- which relates the action off
K  Following
Follow ng Gal
Galileo,
leo, important
mportant contr
contributions
but ons to
forces on bodies to their resulting mechanics were made by, Newton's, Euler,
motion. D’Alembert, Lagrange, Laplace, Einstein, ...and
others.

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 The rapid technological developments of Area of Application
the present day requires increasing  Analysis and design of moving
structures.
pp
application of the p principles
p of  Fixed structure subjected
j to shock load.
mechanics, particularly dynamics.  Robotic systems
 Automatic control system
 Rockets
 Missiles and spacecraft
 Transportation vehicle
 Machinery of all types, such as turbines,
pumps, etc.

Basic Concepts and Terms Newton’s Laws

 Space – the geometric region occupied by bodies.  Law I – A particle remains at rest or continuous to move in a
 Position in space is determined relative to some geometric reference straight line with a constant velocity if there is no unbalanced
system by means of linear and angular measurement.
force acting on it.
 Time
me – iss a measure of the success
succession
on of events and iss cons
considered
dered  Law II –TheThe acceleration
accelerati n off a particle is proportional
pr p rti nal tot the
an absolute quantity in Newtonian mechanics. resultant force acting on it and is in the direction of this force.
 Mass – is the quantitative measure of inertia or resistance to  Newton’s second law forms the basic for most of the analysis in
change in motion of a body. dynamics. For a particle of mass m subjected to a result force
 Force – vector action of one body on another. F, the law may stated as
 Particle – a body of negligible dimensions.
 Whenn the
Wh th dimension
dim nsi n off a body
b d are irrelevant
i l nt to t the
th description
d s ipti n off its motion
m ti n or F  ma
the action of force on it, the body may be treated as a particle.
 Rigid body – is a body whose changes in shape are negligible  Law III –The force of action and reaction between interacting
compared with the over all dimensions of the body or with the bodies are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and
changes in position of the body as a whole. collinear.

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Units Gravitation
 The four fundamental quantities of mechanics  Newton states that two particles of masses m1 and m2 at a
distance r from each other attract each other with equal and
and their units & symbols are summarized as opposite forces F and - F directed along the line joining the
Quantity Symbol SI – units US – units particles
i l isi given
i b
by:
m m
F = G 12 2
Mass M Kg slug r
 Where:

Time L s sec  F= the mutual force of attraction between two particles.

Length T m ft  G= Universal constant = 6.673x10-11 m3/kg-s

g 2

 m1,m2 = the masses of the two particles

Force F N lb
 r = the distance between the centers of the particles.

 The only gravitational force of appreciable magnitude  In almost all engineering problems where measurements are made on
is the force due to the attraction of the earth. the surface of the earth, the effects of local vibration are neglected,
 The acceleration due to gravity is derived from the and 9.81m/s2 in SI unit is used for the sea level value of g.
combining of the above two equation;  The variation of g with altitude is easily determined by the
F  ma  gravitational law. If go represents the absolute acceleration due to
 Gme
mm  g  gravity at sea level, the absolute value at an altitude h is;
F =G 12 2  R2
r 
 Where
 Where  go -Absolute acceleration due to gravity at sea
 Me = mass of the earth (5.976x10
(5 976x10 24 kg) R2 l l
level
g = g0
 R= radius of the earth (6.371x10 6m) ( R  h) 2  h- altitude
 R- radius of earth

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Weight
 If the gravitational force of attraction or true
weight of the body is W, then, because the body falls
with an absolute acceleration g,
W  mg
g
1.At what altitude h above the north pole is the
weight of an object reduced to one-half of its
earth-surface value? Assume a spherical earth of
radius R and express h in terms of R.
E
Examples
l
2. Calculate the distance d from the center of the earth
at which a particle experiences equal attractions from
the earth and from the moon. The particle is restricted
to the line through the centers of the earth and the
moon. Justify the two solutions physically.
(Take rEM  384398km and mm / mE  0.0123)