Photosynthesis & cellular respiration

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Energy management of the plant

 Photosynthesis
Fotosynthese: production of PGAL  sucrose/starch

 Cellular
Cellulaire respiratieRequires oxygen  aerobic process
respiration:
CO2 produced

Overall reaction:
Glucose + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

PGAL = fosfoglyceraldehyde-3-fosfaat, ontstaat tijdens de Calvin cyclus

Mitochondrion – organel of
respiration
Mitochondrion – organel of respiration

Mitochondrial matrix = inner space

Respiration – energy production

 Glucose + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

 3 processes:
● Glycolysis
● Citric acid cycle
● Electron transport chain

Citroenzuurcyclus wordt ook de Krebs cycle genoemd

Overview of respiration
glycolysis Citric acid cycle electron transport
chain

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Glycolysis in the cytosol

 glyco-  means ‘sweet’ and refers to sugars

 -lysis  means ‘degradation’

Cytosol = cytoplasma between organelles

Glycolysis in the cytosol

Preparatory phase  uses 2 ATP

(= energy investment)

Payoff phase
(energy yield  4 ATP & 2 NADH)

Result: Glucose  2 pyruvate

2 ATP & 2 NADH
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NADH = energy rich (as NADPH in photosynthesis)

Respiration – energy production

 Glycolysis
● glucose  2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH
● NADH = energy-rich co-enzyme similar with NADPH
● No oxygen required = anaerobic proces

 Citric acid cycle

● What happens with the 2 pyruvate molecules?

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Citroenzuurcyclus wordt ook de Krebs cycle genoemd
Co-enzym = co-factor betrokken bij enzymatische reacties
Pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle when O2 is
present

NADH

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the citric acid cycle is also called Krebs cycle

The citric acid cycle

 Pyruvate is first converted to Acetyl

co-enzyme A (Acetyl CoA)

 This generates 2 NADH

 Acetyl CoA is beginning and end of

the cycle

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Pyruvate  acetyl co-enzyme A

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Co-enzym = co-factor betrokken bij enzymatische reacties
NADH = energie rijk co-enzym gelijkend aan NADPH (fotosynthese college)
Citric acid cycle

 Beginning and end: acetyl CoA

 Production of:
 2 ATP
 6 NADH & 2 FADH2

 CO2 released as byproduct

 Note: molecule numbers per 1 glucose molecule;

per pyruvate molecule these should be halved.

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The citric acid cycle
 The citric acid cycle is central to the production of:
● Respiration  sugar conversion to ATP
● Organic molecules  proteins, sugars, lipids

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Respiration – energy production

 Glycolysis
● glucose  2 pyruvate + 2 ATP

 Citric acid cycle

● Pyruvate  acetyl CoA + 2 NADH
● 2 ATP & 6 NADH & 2 FADH2
● Central to metabolism of the plant

 Electron transport chain

● Greatest ATP production of cellular respiration

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Citroenzuurcyclus wordt ook de Krebs cycle genoemd

Electron transport chain

 NADH & FADH2 are energy-rich co-enzymes which

contain energy-rich electrons

 Oxidation = release of energy-rich electrons

 Reduction = uptake of energy-rich electrons

OILRIG = Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain

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 Electron-donors produced in
NADH
glycolysis and citric acid cycle
FADH2

O2 = terminal electron
acceptor

OILRIG = oxidation is loss, reduction is gain

Electron transport chain

 Stepwise oxidation of NADH & FADH2

 Location: inner membrane mitochondrion

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Electron transport chain

 Transport of energy-rich electrons via enzymes in membrane

 Proton (H+) transport across inner membrane
● From matrix  space between the membranes
 Generation of electrochemical gradiënt

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ATP synthase synthesizes ATP

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ATP synthase = ATPase

Co-enzyme Q is also called ‘ubiquinone’
because it occurs in all eukaryotic cells
Chemi-osmotic synthesis of ATP: oxidative phosphorylation

 Chemi-osmosis = translocation of ions over a

membrane down the electrochemical gradient

 oxidative phosphorylation
● Oxygen required
● Formation of ATP

1. Oxidation of NADH & FADH2

2. Proton gradient
3. Synthesis ATP via ATPase

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ATP synthase = ATPase

oxidative phosphorylation photophosphorylation
mitochondrion chloroplast

 ATPase generates ATP from proton gradient

 Mitochondrion
● Protons from space between membranes  matrix
 Chloroplast
● Protons van thylakoid lumen  stroma
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Mitochondrial matrix = inner space of mitochondrion

Thylakoid lumen = inner space of chloroplast
Stroma = space in which thylakoid membranes are placed
ATP production with the help of NADH and FADH2

NADH
Electron
carriers FADH2

NADH

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Maximum energy yield of cellular respiration from
one glucose molecule

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Maximum energy yield of cellular respiration
from one glucose molecule

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 Maximum energy yield of cellular respiration
from one glucose molecule

1 molecule glucose 

Overall reaction:
Glucose + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP 28
 Aerobic & anaerobic processes

 The terminal acceptor in the electron transport chain is O2

 What happens in the (partial) absence of O2 ?

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Aerobic & anaerobic processes

 3 processes:
● Glycolysis anaerobic
● Citroenzuurcyclus aerobic
● Elektronen transport keten aerobic

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Citroenzuurcyclus wordt ook de Krebs cycle genoemd

Glycolysis without oxygen

 NAD+  NADH
 NADH  electron transport chain
 ATP + NAD+
 Without O2 no NAD+ recycling

 Glycolysis may be stopped!

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Solution: fermentation

 NAD+ is recycled by the fermentation

 Glycolysis can keep converting glucose to ATP
 Yield: 2 ATP per glucose molecule
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Solution: fermentation

Already known by ancient Egyptians, 5000 years ago

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Solution: fermentation

Animal cells Plant cells

Bacteria Yeast
Fungi

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Glucose  ATP

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Citroenzuurcyclus wordt ook de Krebs cycle genoemd

Metabolism = catabolism and anabolism

 catabolism = degradation
● lipids  fatty acids 
Acetyl CoA

 Anabolism = synthesis
● Acetyl CoA  amino
acids  proteins

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 Some curious uses of ATP

“Hot-blooded” plant: Symplocarpus Bioluminescence: ATP converted to

foutidus; maintains an internal light; here in the mushroom
temperature of 22° C; ATP is Mycena lux-coeli.
converted to heat
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