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Research Paper G 5
Research Paper G 5
March 2023
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INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In the Philippines, managing solid waste is still a significant concern, particularly in urban
regions like Metro Manila. The main issues in the nation's solid waste management are
improper garbage disposal, ineffective waste collection, and a shortage of disposal facilities.
If these issues aren't resolved, the waste produced by diverse sources will continue to pose a
threat to human health and have a negative influence on the environment, including flooding,
air pollution, disease outbreaks, and poisoning of ground and surface water. One of the most
safeguard the environment and our surroundings has taken precedence above all other
considerations (Michael,2014).
Not only in impoverished countries, but also in rich countries, managing solid waste is a
difficult task. The local government is primarily responsible for managing solid waste, which
is a massive responsibility that requires organizational capacity and collaboration between the
public and private sectors (Michael, 2014). The majority of affluent nations recognize that
waste is an issue that needs to be solved. Accepting trash as a problem does not stop people
from leaving rubbish lying around (Moore, 2012). The growth and development of
communities as well as their financial development have benefited from proper garbage
management. Waste creation is at an all-time high as more people relocate from rural areas to
cities like Los Angeles in quest of a better living and more employment prospects (Yazdani,
et al., 2015).
Algae make an excellent choice for the processing of bioplastics. The use of seaweed
as a substitute for other resources to make biofuels, biochemicals, and food (Sudhakar et al.,
2018). Seaweeds are employed as one of the alternatives for the production of bioplastics due
to their high biomass (Rajendran et al., 2012). Seaweed is frequently utilized in the packaging
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environmentally friendly plastic utilizing seaweed (macroalgae) and supply the biodegradable
alternatives to synthetic plastic. In order to find better and more dependable methods for
producing seaweed-based bioplastic. It will also explore various ways to improve the
The initial goal of this study is to determine whether seaweed may be used to create
an alternative bioplastic. Furthermore, the results and findings of this study will redound to
consumers may be able to determine the kind of Bio-Plastic required for a particular
By doing this, a new material that can benefit the community without adding to global
uncovered. This study can help researchers who plan to investigate a related subject in
the agency's strategic initiatives and policies that support efforts to solve the nation's
footprint while lowering the amount of trash created and reducing reliance on fossil
fuels.
The study mainly focused on testing and using the effectiveness of seaweed as an
alternative bioplastic. The researchers aimed to make a kind of plastic which is made of
This study yearn to develop and produce a plastic that is eco-friendly which can also
manufacturing process.
Effectiveness refers to the extent to which objectives are met ‘doing the right things.
Waste refers to unwanted matter or material of any type, especially what is left after useful
Carrageenan refers to a family of natural linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted
Conceptual Framework
Development
of Macroalgae
Seaweed Bioplstic
Production of
Seaweeds
Figure 1 above shows the conceptual framework of the study. The input of the study
is the seaweed (macroalgae). On the other hand, the process is the development of
macroalgae and the production of seaweed. And the output of this study is the bioplastic.
Seaweed is the name given to the many species of marine algae and plants that grow
in water bodies such as rivers, seas and oceans. They range in colours from red, green, brown
and black and also vary in size, from microscopic to large underwater forests. Seaweed is
found on the shores across the world, but are more commonly a staple in Asian countries. No
matter if you cook it or consume it raw, seaweeds are a power pack of nutrients like iron,
zinc, magnesium, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin A, B, C & K etc. (Bennett, et al., 2021)
To add, Kennedy, (2019) stated that seaweed isn't used to describe a certain species -
it's a common name for a variety of types of plants and plant-like creatures, from tiny
phytoplankton to enormous giant kelp. Some seaweeds are true, flowering plants (an example
of these are seagrasses). Some aren't plants at all but are algae, which are simple, chloroplast-
containing organisms that don't have roots or leaves. Like plants, algae do photosynthesis,
Moreover, Guiry, (2014) also stated that seaweeds are used in many maritime
countries as a source of food, for industrial applications and as a fertiliser. The major
utilisation of these plants as food is in Asia, particularly Japan, Korea and China, where
seaweed cultivation has become a major industry. In most western countries, food and animal
consumption is restricted and there has not been any major pressure to develop seaweed
cultivation techniques. This present and potential uses of seaweeds. Industrial utilisation is at
present largely confined to extraction for phycocolloids and, to a much lesser extent, certain
fine biochemicals. Fermentation and pyrolysis are not been carried out on an industrial scale
Upscaling of seaweed production to meet market demand is a challenge for the sector.
still lacking. Balancing potential benefits of seaweed production with environmental risks to
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ensure that the carrying capacities of the receiving environments are not exceeded will be
needed. In addition, utmost care must be taken not to introduce non-native species in an area
as that might impact the local biodiversity. Implementing a One Health approach to seaweed
cultivation will support further development of the sector while ensuring sustainable
Radionuclides may be a potential hazard from seaweeds harvested from an area that
has experienced nuclear incidents, for instance, the 2011 Fukushima incident in Japan
including crustaceans, and shellfish allergens are considered a potential hazard in seaweed in
Seaweed production has provided food security and opportunities for livelihood
diversification to many coastal communities across the world. However, climate change
poses a major threat to the global seaweed sector. For instance, elevated temperatures in the
Indian Ocean in combination with algal blooms in the shallow waters, drastically reduced (by
Xu et al., (2019) found that seaweeds grown in conditions which mimicked future
ocean acidification conditions accumulated more iodine. Elevated sea surface temperatures
were not as important a factor in causing iodine accumulation. This poses food safety as well
as nutritional concerns as the global seas undergo acidification due to climate change.
Macroalgae are great carbon dioxide sinks (Duarte et al., 2017). It is estimated that
globally seaweeds sequester approximately 200 million tonnes of CO2 each year, and when
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they die, much of the trapped carbon gets transported deep into the ocean (Krause-Jensen and
Duarte, 2016).
rising atmospheric CO2 levels. While this property presents an opportunity for
climate change mitigation, the current scale of seaweed growth, both from farming
biological properties that can assure the safety of the packaged product. Due to their
seaweeds are excellent candidates to develop safe packaging for food and
pharmaceuticals.
biofuels, biochemical and food. The unique chemical composition and wide variation
in the availability create various opportunities and also challenges for bio-based
energy production. Recently, numerous studies have taken place in the exploitation of
seaweed as carbon sources for the bioethanol production. (Sudhakar et al., 2018)
produced from biomass sources (vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, straw,
woodchips, sawdust, etc.) and recycled food waste, which can be divided into
fluids under the effects of bacterial activity. These processes lead, as the last step, to
CO2 and H2O formation in aerobic degradation and CO2 and CH4 formation in
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caprolactone) (PCL), poly (butylene succinate) (PBS), poly (lactic acid) (PLA), and
acid) (PLA) are among the most widespread biopolymers and together with
polypropylene show the highest relative growth rate in their industrial production
(Naser 2021).
in a closed system using photo bioreactors (Chopin and Sawhney, 2009). Among
many culture tech- niques, single rope floating raft technique developed by Central
salt and marine and chemical research institute (CSMCRI) is suitable for culturing
seaweeds in wide area and greater depth. Greater biomass can be obtained through
open farming. The locations for growing seaweeds is dependent on species being
cultivated and should include a strong substrate where stakes can be installed. The
viable seed plants are transplanted onto the stakes for further growth. The first large
scale commercial cultivation of seaweeds in India has been embarked upon by Pepsi
food limited. The company has planned to expand culture operation to over 5000–
Shaena et al., (2021) stated that bioplastics are a type of plastic which are
natural and renewable. These are made from raw materials such as sugarcane, corn
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starch, wood, wastepaper, fats, bacteria, algae. Bioplastics are eco-friendly as they can
decompose back into carbon dioxide. Reduction of greenhouse gases through reduced
should be designed correctly for the benefit of the environment and the utilization of
globe has been added more waste pollution. Recycling plastic waste is one solution to
the increased plastic pollution, but it alone is not the only one. Decreased usage of
fossil-based plastics is vital in the aspect of sustainability. This study aims to review
the recent advances of bioplastics and their possible implications for controlling and
LITERATURE CITED
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Rajendran, K., Lin, R., Wall, D., and Murphy, J.D. (2019) "Influencial Aspects in
Gade, R., Tulasi, M.S., and Bhai, V.A. (2013) "Seaweeds: A Novel Biomaterial"
Bennett, Coleman, and Co. Ltd. (2021) " What is Seaweed, Benefits and How to Use
https://m.timesofindia.com/life-style/food-news/what-is-seaweed-benefits-
how-to-use-it/photostory/76499913.cms
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-seaweed -2291912
Guiry, M.D. (2014) "The Seaweed Site: The Information of Marine Algae" Retrieved
Bizzaro, G., Vatland, A.K., and Pampanin, D.M. (2022) "The One-Health Approach
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412021005730
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%20Banach,%5B76%5D.%20...
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Conklin, S.D., and Lane, C.E. (2020) "Suitability of DNA Sequencing Tools
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Duarte, C.M., Wu, J., Xiao, X., Bruhn, A., and Krause-Jensen, D. (2016) "Can
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00100/full