Time and Depth

 MWD and LWD data is recorded in time (w.r.t

Tool internal clock)
 Depth is measured on the Surface using Depth
Encoders connected to Drill Pipe movement
and recorded along with Surface clock time
 Before MWD / LWD Data can be presented
and interpreted it must be transformed from
Time to Depth
 This may cause errors
 Clocks may not be synchronized
 Clocks may not have same rate or may drift
 One of the clocks may Reset (causing a jump in data)
 Human error while matching RT data with RM data
Electric Wireline Logging
Onshore / On Land
Logging Truck is used

Offshore
Skid mounted Logging Units
used
Type of Logs
 Electrical  Resistivity  Geology Logs  Structure,
 Porosity Logs  Porosity Stratigraphy
 Density (+Lithology)  Dipmeter
 Neutron  Imaging
 Sonic  Natural Spectral Gamma
 Nuclear Magnetic  Reservoir - Permeability
Resonance  Formation Testing
 Cement Evaluation  Mechanical Properties
 Cement Bond Log  Cross Dipole Acoustic
 Ultrasonic
 Production
 Flow
 Reservoir Monitoring
 Diagnostics
Lesson 1
Electrical Logs
 Spontaneous Potential (SP)
 Resistivity
 Induction (DIL- Dual Induction Log,
AIT- Array Induction, Triaxial Induction )
 Laterolog (DLL- Dual Laterolog)
 Micro Resistivity
 Micro Spherical Focused Log (MSFL)
 The first Log recorded by
Schlumberger brothers in 1927 at
Pechelbronn, North East France
was an Electrical Resistivity Log. It
was stationary readings, curve hand
drawn on graph paper
SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL
(SP)
What is SP? (Spontaneous Potential)
A Voltage measurement between a
down-hole Electrode and a Surface
Electrode (also called a Fish)

SP Voltage was discovered by

accident when an Engineer running an
Electrical Tool was pulling out the Tool
(without any Tool Power applied) and
forgot to STOP the Log recording

SP Voltage is an extremely SMALL

voltage and develops in Open Hole
with Water based Muds only (due to
differences in concentration of Ions
between Drilling Mud and Formation
Water)
What causes the SP voltage?
Electro-chemical (Ec) sources (Primary reason, produces > 95% of the
Total SP signal)

Electro-kinetic (Ek) sources (rare and small signal)

Electro-Chemical
(Ec) sources are
further divided into
a. Liquid Junction
Potential (Ej)
b. Membrane
Potential (Em)
OR
Ec = Ej + Em
 Liquid Junction Potential

Chloride Ions Cl- are more mobile, therefore they quickly

migrate from Higher concentration C1 to lower
concentration C2, leaving the Sodium Ions Na+ behind
This results in charge imbalance and a Potential to appear
at the Liquid Junction
 Membrane Potential

Shales have negative charge on their crystal lattice frame, therefore

they attract Sodium Na+ ions and repel Chloride Cl- ions and act
like Ion filters
These Na+ ions then migrate thru the Shale and accumulate on the
Borehole Shale boundary
Combining the Two effects

+
+
+
_
Shale _
base line _
_
_
 If we now pass an electrode past the formation we would see negative deflection in front
of the permeable zone and a positive deflection in front of the Shale
 The magnitude of the deflection will depend on the contrast of salinities of the two liquids
 We measure the Total deflection from the Shale Base line
Magnitude and Polarity of SP
deflection (depends on Salinity Contrast)
SP Log example
 SP does not have any
absolute scale
 Shale base line is
adjusted by Logging
Engineer to fall around
80% of the first Track
 A Shift in Shale base line
during the logging interval
is not desired but
sometimes needs to be
done when Deposition
environment changes
Effect of bed thickness on
SP
 As the porous and permeable beds
get thinner, the SP deflection gets
reduced. In a thin formation (<10’)
the SP deflection is usually lesser
than SSP
 For normal boreholes with Diameter
d, an approximate 16d bed thickness
is required to get true SP
 True SP or SSP or static SP is what
the SP should have been if the bed
was sufficiently thick
 Correction charts are available for
bed thickness
 SP Applications
 Depth correlation (SP curve
behaves very much like the
Gamma Ray curve)
 Identifying Bed boundaries
 Lithology Indicator (Shale or
non-Shale)
 Permeability Indicator
 Volume of Shale (Vsh)
indicator
 Rw Calculation
 Geological setting
 Shale Volume from SP
(Quantitative)

 Note-The SP-derived Vsh is probably over-estimated

Rw from SP (Quantitative)
 SP = -K log (Rmf/Rw) therefore if SP and Rmf are known,
Rw can be estimated
 In order to minimize errors, the SP reading should be
taken in a Non-Shale, 100% Water Bearing, Thick bed
 Rmf is measured on Surface by Resistivity Meter after
Filtering the Mud using a Mud Press. This value of
Resistivity needs to be scaled/corrected to BHT (bottom
hole temperature) and then applied to formula
 Constant K can be estimated
 K = T + 505 (T is the BHT in F)
 8
 Geological insight (Qualitative)
 SP deflections often respond
to changes in depositional
environment.
 Characteristic SP shapes are
produced in channels, bars,
and other depositional
sequences where sorting,
grain size, or cementation
changes with depth.
 These shapes are also called
"bells" or "funnels
 Problems recording SP
 Wireline Drum Magnetism, or Depth Measuring Head
Magnetism causes cyclic SP
 Cable conductor leakage
 Running water on SP Fish (surface electrode)
 Welding or any heavy Electrical activity at Rig
 Stray ground currents and voltages
 Bi-metallism
 In offshore it is even more challenging due to
 Wave motion
 Cathodic protection systems
 Rig welding
 Onboard generators
 Leaky power sources