Metrology

What is Metrology?
Metrology
Metrology in Daily Life[2]

Video clip (2’:26”)

Metrology
“Metrology is the science of

measurement.” [3]
 Metrology
Metrology is the measurement of mass,

length, and time.

What is measurement?
 What is measurement ?

“The measurement is the language of

science”[3]

“Science starts with the measurement”[8]

Metrology

There are three reasons why we all

need measurement :
 Why we need measurement?
We need measurement to design and
make things
 Why we need measurement?
We need measurement to control the
“

way other people make things

(ordering a chair)”
Why we need measurement?
“We need measurement for scientific

description (it is impossible to give

information to somebody else without

measurement)”[3]
Accurate measurement
Why is accurate measurement important?

Surely you can only measure something

one way and get the right measurement

each time? If only that were true.”[4]

Why metrology is important?
 We should view metrology as crucial to

our business and it will save our time and

money.
Three elements in measurement
1. The Part (MEASURAND)

2. The Standard (UNITS)

3. The Measuring Device (TOOLS)

 Definitions of Measurand
Measurand (plural measurands ):

1- “A quantity intended to be measured”.

2- “(Engineering) An object being measured”

3- “A physical quantity or property which is

measured” https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/measurand
Measurand
 “A measurand is the input of a
measurement system”.
 http://eu.wiley.com/legacy/wileychi/hbmsd/pdfs/mm154.pdf
 Units of measurement

Imperial System

Metric system
Metric System is complete or nearly
complete in almost all countries of the
world.
Imperial system /US customary
system: are heavily States
Imperial system /US customary system: are
Current systems of measurements heavily used in
the United States

Metric System is complete or nearly

complete in almost all countries of the world.
 SI System
The International System of Units (SI)

have 7 basic units

These SI base units or metric units are:

 Seven SI units
Measure Unit Symbol Area of Science

Time Second s All

Length or
Meter or Metre m All
distance
Mass Kilogram kg Physics

Electric Current Ampere A Physics

Temperature Kelvin K Physics

Luminous
Candela cd Optics
Intensity

Amount of
mol m Chemistry
Substance

Two additional unit

Plane angle radian rad All

Solid angle staradian sr All

 Measuring Devices(Tools)

1-CMM (Coordinate Measuring

Machine)
Link : https://youtu.be/wSnEk1nkkGs

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/9.12.17_Coordinate_measuring
_machine.png
2-Height gauge
Link: https://you.tube/-oSKiVioFws
 3-Vernier
https://youtu.be/Vz40xmrdhyY

https://www.google.ca/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjDtZSVjsHKAhVlvoMKHRN2
CycQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologystudent.com%2Fequip1%2Fvernier3.htm&psig=AFQjCNEkvB1y0hQ3lY3hhDsgzdc
nHeVjGA&ust=1453678933206018
 4-Protractor

 Link:
https://youtu.be/oJFUI_FHlio?list=PLG16sixS5mN7MkMoU3GaOD4tRNI9BlYqu

http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/71FIUBK-%2BSL._SL1500_.jpg
 5-Std. &Metric Micrometer
 LINK: https://youtu.be/i_jygJkJujE

 http://cdn1.bigcommerce.com/server600/3e676/product_images/uploaded_images/micrometerparts.jpg
What is an Engineering Drawing?
Is a communicating tool or language

This language consists of pictures, words,

numbers and symbols

You are able to communicate with others to

give them a precise description of a part

Engineering Drawings Information
Geometry : shape, size and form of the
part
Tolerances
Manufacturing: Material, heat treatment,
surface coatings
Part ID : part No.
 Critical functional relationship
Role of Geometry in Engng. Drawing
The first element of Engng. Drawing
(language) is geometry

Correct geometry means correct

dimensioning
Wrong Geometry means poor drawing
Poor Drawings
 If you cannot communicate well it means your drawing is

poor

 A poor drawing is a drawing with errors and can be very

costly to your organization

Consequences of Poor Drawings
Table 1- How costs of a drawing error
can increase as drawing moves through
the organization [1]

Design Model Production Customer

Dept. Shop Group
$1-10 $100- $2000- $50000-
500 100000 1000000
 What is Dimension?
 A number expressed in appropriate units

 This number defines the size, location,

orientation, form, and other geometric
characteristics of a part
Principal Dimensional Measurement
The Principal Dimensional Measurement
is length
Second Dimensional measurements are
angle and curvature
An expression of each value is a
dimension
 Accurate Measurment

 “Studies, workshops and shop floor

experience have shown that two people

can measure the same part and come back

with two different sets of results.”[4]

 Accuracy
 “Accuracy is a comparison: the desired result is
compared with the actual measurement.”

 Accuracy according to ISO 5725

 Precision
“ precision reports the dispersment of results or the
degree of repeatability within the manufacturing and
measurement systems”[4]

“Precision also called reproducibility or repeatability,

is the degree to which repeated measurements under
unchanged conditions show the same results.”[11]
Example

Low Accuracy High Accuracy High Accuracy

High Precision Low Precision High Precision

http://www.mathsisfun.com/accuracy-precision.html
Accuracy and precision

 According to ISO 5725-1, Accuracy consists of

Trueness (proximity of measurement results to the
true value) and Precision (repeatability or
reproducibility of the measurement)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accuracy_(trueness_and_precision).svg
 Precision and Accuracy
“Without precision, we cannot have accuracy.

 Without skilled measurement specialist, we cannot meet

the increasingly higher demand for accuracy and

precision, in manufacturing.” [4]

 Basic Size / Nominal size
 All engineering drawings are

accompanying with dimensions which is

called basic sizes

 Why basic size?

 Basic Size /Nominal size
 “Is a numerical value used to describe the
theoretically exact size”
 This is the size that the limits of size are
based on
 Then; For each part two extreme sizes are
defined : higher limit and lower limit
Uses for Basic Dimensions
“To define the theoretically exact size,
orientation , location or true profile of a
part feature”

”To define gauge information, such as

datum targets”
 True size

 This is the size of a dimension that is

free from any errors of measurement.
 Exact size
 This size is obtained with the highest
metrological accuracy

 Production of a part in an exact size is

impossible,
 Actual size
This size is obtained through
measurement and has its permissible
measuring error.
 Language and system of
measurement
.
 The principal dimensional units are
Length
Secondary measurements are angle and
curvature
 An expression of each is called dimension
Linear measurement
A linear measurement states the
distance separating two points

A measurement enables a distance to be

reproduced.
Measurment
 A measurement consists of two things – a
unit of length and a multiplier
 Multiplier
 Multipliers are:

1. Cardinal : 5 inches.

2. Fractional : ½ foot

3. Decimal : 0.8 foot

9
4. Exponent :6x10
 Tolerance
Tolerance is difference between the

maximum (Higher) limit and minimum

(lower) limit.
 Types of tolerances
1-” Limit tolerance:

 Dimension has its high and low limits

2- A plus-minus tolerance:

the nominal or target value of the dimension is given first,

followed by a plus-minus expression of a tolerance” [1]
 Bilateral tolerance
Plus –minus tolerance is called bilateral
if basic size is between upper and lower
limit
 Unilateral tolerance

Plus –minus tolerance is called

unilateral if basic size is upper or lower

limit
 Example
“A dimension given as 2.725 ± .005

means that the manufactured part may be

2.830 or 2.720, or anywhere between

these limit dimensions.” [9]

 EXAMPLES
 Plus-minus tolerance
1- bilateral
2-unilateral

http://procnc.com/resources/newsletter/june_2009_-_bilateral_vs._unilateral_tolerances/
 Example
Limit tolerance : The high limit is placed
above the low limit
 Example
In single-line note form, the low limit
precedes the high limit separated by a
dash
 Rule #1
‘Rule #1 states that where only a
tolerance of size is specified, the limits of
size of an individual feature of size
prescribe the extent to which variations in
its geometric form, as well as its size, are
allowed”
 Rule #1
The simplest meaning of rule #1 is at
“

MMC the feature must be on perfect form

 The end
 “Exact Science is inconceivable without
measurement”

Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

References
[1]-Fundamental of Geometric Dimensioning and tolerancing, 2nd ed. Alex
Krulikowski
[2]-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRnT8hIxjqk
[3]-Fundamentals of Dimensional Metrology , 4th ed.,
Connie Doston, Roger Harlow, Richard L. Thompson
[4]- http://www.metrologytraining.co.uk/
[5]-Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing, Based on ANSI/ASME
Y14.5M-1994, David A. Madsen
[6]-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_unit
[7]-
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=sine+bars+&id=C1776B322741C64
3CF7E1725EBB6D397049C6B61&FORM=IQFRBA#view=detail&id=98
B3B087CFD5F89E6433FE2F51B4C902E7A8729F&selectedIndex=2
[8]-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2inmS2wFsNc
[9]-http://www.scribd.com/doc/14479541/Fits-and-Tolerances
References
[1]-Fundamental of Geometric Dimensioning and tolerancing, 2nd ed. Alex Krulikowski
[2]-Fundamentals of Dimensional Metrology 3rd ed. Ted Busch, Roger Harlow, Richard L.
Thompson
[3]-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRnT8hIxjqk
[4]-Fundamentals of Dimensional Metrology , 4th ed.,
Connie Doston, Roger Harlow, Richard L. Thompson
[5]- http://www.metrologytraining.co.uk/
[6]-Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing, Based on ANSI/ASME Y14.5M-1994, David
A. Madsen
[7]-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_unit
[8]-
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=sine+bars+&id=C1776B322741C643CF7E1725E
BB6D397049C6B61&FORM=IQFRBA#view=detail&id=98B3B087CFD5F89E6433FE
2F51B4C902E7A8729F&selectedIndex=2
[9]-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2inmS2wFsNc
[10]-http://www.scribd.com/doc/14479541/Fits-and-Tolerances
[11]-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision