Section 10 14 09 04 PDF

Common Structural Rules for
Double Hull Tankers, June 2004
Background Document
Section 10 – Buckling and Ultimate Strength
Version: 14 September 2004

© American Bureau of Shipping, Det Norske Veritas and Lloyd’s Register
PREPARED BY:-
JOINT TANKER PROJECT − BACKGROUND DOCUMENT
PAGE 2 – SECTION 10: BUCKLING AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
SECTION 10 – BUCKLING AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH ...................................................................... 3
1 GENERAL .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Scope .................................................................................................................................... 3
2 STIFFNESS AND PROPORTIONS ............................................................................................ 8
2.1 Structural elements ............................................................................................................ 8
2.2 Local Support Members .................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Primary Support Members ............................................................................................. 10
2.4 Other Structure ................................................................................................................. 11
3 PRESCRIPTIVE BUCKLING REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................... 14
3.1 General............................................................................................................................... 14
3.2 Buckling of Plates ............................................................................................................. 14
3.3 Buckling of stiffeners/longitudinals ............................................................................. 14
3.4 Primary Support Members ............................................................................................. 14
3.5 Other Structures................................................................................................................ 16
4 ADVANCED BUCKLING ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 18
4.1 General............................................................................................................................... 18
COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

AMERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING, DET NORSKE VERITAS, LLOYD'S REGISTER 2004
SECTION 10: BUCKLING AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH – PAGE 3
SECTION 10 – BUCKLING AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH

1 GENERAL
1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Overall Approach to Buckling and Ultimate Strength

1.1.1.a The buckling and ultimate strength requirements in the Rules are organised in three
different categories. The categories are:
(a) Stiffness and Proportions (Rule Section 10/2). Non-stress based requirements.
The requirements are typically defined as maximum allowable slenderness
ratios or minimum inertia requirements.
(b) Prescriptive Buckling Requirements (Rule Section 10/3). Analytical formulas
for assessment of the critical buckling stress for individual structural elements
(e.g. buckling of plates, pillars, etc.).
(c) Advanced Buckling Analysis (Rule Section 10/4). General description of the
requirements to the advanced buckling assessment, application and structural
modelling principles. A standard method for the advanced buckling analysis
Figure 10.1.1
Critical buckling stress and slenderness
A B C
1.0
Buckling Stress / Yield Stress
”Stocky” Prescriptive Buckling Max slenderness

- Proportions Requirements - Proportions
- Stiffness - Stiffness
Advanced Buckling Analysis
Slenderness

1.1.2 Stiffness and proportions

1.1.2.a The stiffness and proportions defines the limits to maximum allowable slenderness
for the structure. Structural elements with failure modes not covered by the
prescriptive buckling requirements or the advanced buckling analysis are to be
designed “stocky” (i.e. yield collapse) as illustrated by area “A” in Figure 10.1.1.
Example of this case would be local buckling of flange of stiffeners.
1.1.2.b Maximum slenderness is also given to failure modes that are covered by the
prescriptive buckling requirements or the advanced buckling analysis. These limits
are within the elastic region (i.e. σcrit < 0.5 σyield) and can be seen as a safety net and
are calibrated towards existing ship building practice.
1.1.2.c The criteria based on analytical buckling formulas, are stress based and cover all
structural elements.
1.1.3 Prescriptive Buckling Requirements

1.1.3.a The prescriptive buckling requirements are analytical formulas for assessment of
the critical buckling stress for individual structural elements (e.g. buckling of plates,
pillars, etc.). The rules are categorised according to structural elements and failure
modes.
1.1.3.b The elastic buckling stress is defined for all relevant failure modes and the critical
buckling stress consider Johnson-Ostenfeld correction for elastic buckling stress
above 50% of the yield stress.
1.1.3.c The prescriptive buckling requirements for plates and stiffeners defined in IACS UR
S11 are adopted in the Rules
1.1.4 Advanced Buckling Analysis

1.1.4.a The advanced buckling analysis method is based on nonlinear analysis techniques,
or equivalent, which properly predict the complex behaviour of stiffened or un-
stiffened panels. The advanced buckling analysis is considered superior to the
prescriptive buckling requirements.
1.1.4.b General requirements and effects to be considered for the advanced buckling
analysis are specified such that any designer can perform an advanced buckling
analysis. Application, structural modelling principles and assessment criteria are
also specified. The Rules allows the use of the ultimate capacity, defined as the
maximum load carrying capacity, for certain structural elements (e.g. deck, side,
bottom) subject to lifetime extreme loading.
1.1.4.c A standard procedure and software that complies with the requirements to the
advanced buckling analysis are provided by JTP. The current version of the
standard procedure does not cover the structural elements listed below properly.
Reference to the prescriptive buckling requirements is made for these elements:
(a) Global buckling mode for primary support members
(b) Buckling of web plates in way of openings
(c) Pillars and cross-ties

1.1.5 Symbols and Definitions

s short edge of plating
l long edge of plating or length of member
t thickness of member
d depth of member
b Breadth of flange/face plate
f Breadth of flange outstands. Taken as b/2 for tee-profiles.
C buckling coefficient
E Youngs Modulus
σyd yield strength of material
σE elastic axial buckling stress for pure uni-axial compression
σcr critical axial buckling stress for pure uni-axial compression
σuc ultimate capacity stress for pure uni-axial compression
τE elastic shear buckling stress for pure shear stress
τcr critical shear buckling stress for pure shear stress
τuc ultimate capacity stress for pure shear stress
A area of member
I moment of inertia
η utilisation factor
K Ratio between elastic buckling stress and yield stress, K =
σE/σyd
1.1.6 Local Support Members

1.1.6.a An overview of the buckling requirements to local support members is given in
Table 10.1.1. The numbers in parenthesis refer to the applicable rule sections.
Definition of local support members is illustrated in Figure 10.1.2.
Figure 10.1.2
Local Support Members

Table 10.1.1
Requirements to Local Support Members
Structural Area A Area B Area B
elements (10.2) Prescript (10.3) Advan. (10.4) (10.2)
Plate, tp - Uni-axial Bi-axial Ratio s/tp
Buckling Buckl/Ultimate (2.2.1)
(3.2.1) (4)
Web-plate, tw - Uni-axial Bi-axial Ratio dw/tw
Buckling Buckl/Ultimate (2.2.1)
(3.3.4) (4)
Flange, Ratio ff/tf - - -
(2.2.1)
Ratio bf/dw - - -
(T & L-profiles)
(2.2.1)
Stiffeners and - Uni-axial Bi-axial Inertia req I
longitudinals Column buckl Buckl/Ultimate Column buckl
(3.3.2) (4) (2.2.2)
- Uni-axial Bi-axial -
Torsional buckl Buckl/Ultimate
(3.3.3) (4)
Stiffened panel - Bi-axial -
Buckl/Ultimate
(4)
Note
Numbers in brackets are reference to rule section
1.1.7 Primary Support Members

1.1.7.a An overview of the buckling requirements to primary support members is given in
Table 10.1.2. The numbers in parenthesis refer to the applicable rule sections.
Definition of primary support members is illustrated in Figure 10.1.3.
Table 10.1.2
Requirements to Primary Support Members
Structural Area A Area B Area C
Web-plate, tw - Bi-axial iwo open Bi-axial Ratio sw/tw
Buckling (3.4) Buckling (4) (2.3.1)
Flange, tf Ratio ff/tf (2.3.1) - -
Tripping Length lt
brackets Torsional buckl
(2.3.3)
Web-stiffeners, Ratio (2.2.1)
Inertia req, I
Column buckl
(2.3.2)
Stiffness of PSM Inertia req, I
Column buckl
(2.3.2)
Note: Numbers in brackets are reference to rule paragraph

Figure 10.1.3
Primary support member
Flange: bf, tf
- tw -
sw
T.B. T.B.
ls
1.1.8 Other Structure

1.1.8.a An overview of the buckling requirements to other structures such brackets, edge
stiffening, pillars and corrugated bulkheads is given in Table 10.1.3. The numbers in
parenthesis refer to the applicable rule sections.
Table 10.1.3
Requirements to Other Structure
Structural Area A Area B Area C
Bracket Ratio db/tb - - -
thickness, tb (2.4.2)
Edge Stiffness, d - - -
reinforcements, (2.4.3)
Thickness, t - - -
(2.2.1)
Pillars and cross Uni-axial
ties, Column Column buckling
(3.5.1)
Uni-axial
Torsional buckling
(3.5.1)
Ratios
(2.4.1)
Corrugated Uni-axial Bi-axial
bulkheads, plate Buckling Buckling
(3.5.2) (4)
Note
Numbers in brackets are reference to rule paragraph

2 STIFFNESS AND PROPORTIONS

2.1 Structural elements
2.1.1 General
2.1.1.a The requirements to proportions of local elements of local- and primary support
members are developed based on elastic buckling resistance of plate panels with
aspect ratio (long edge/short edge) not less than one, given by
2
t 
σ E , τ E = 0.9CE  
s
Where:
σE elastic compressive buckling stress
τE elastic shear buckling stress
C buckling coefficient depending on:
• Stress pattern
• Aspect ratio
• Boundary conditions
E Youngs modulus
t thickness of plating
s shorter side of the plate panel
2.1.1.b The buckling coefficient is calculated for the critical buckling mode for each
structural member and is calibrated towards limits for area 1 and area 3.
2.1.1.c Johnson-Ostenfeld correction is assumed for calculation of the critical buckling
strength.
2.1.1.d The requirements are formulated as dependent on the material yield strength
normalised towards mild steel as illustrated for breadth-thickness ratio below.
235
b / t = 12
σy
This formulation provides easy use of the requirement.
2.2 Local Support Members
2.2.1 Proportions of local support members

2.2.1.a The requirement to proportions of plate panels between the stiffeners/longitudinals
is a maximum slenderness ratio (limit of Area 3) and is calibrated towards existing
practice.
2.2.1.b Similarly, the requirement to proportions of web-plating is a maximum slenderness
ratio (limit of Area 3) and is calibrated towards existing practice.

2.2.1.c The requirement for face plate and flanges are defined such that torsional buckling
of the flange prevented. Torsional buckling of flange is not covered by other
buckling criteria. Hence, the requirement is calibrated to give stocky proportions of
the face plates
2.2.1.d The proportional requirements are developed based on the assumptions shown in
Table10. 2.1.
Table 10.2.1
Proportions for local support members – Mild steel (σyd = 235N/mm2)
Requirement C σEL K λ σcr η
s/tp 1) 4.0 92 0.39 1.60 92 0.39
dw/tw – L or T 4.0 132 0.56 1.34 130 0.55
dw/tw – HP 1.0 135 0.58 1.32 133 0.57
dw/tw – FB 0.43 165 0.70 1.19 151 0.64
ff/tf 0.43 554 2.36 0.65 210 0.89
Where
C Buckling coefficient
σEL Elastic buckling stress, in N/mm2
K Ratio between elastic buckling stress and yield stress, K = σE/σyd
Λ Slenderness ratio λ = (σyd/σE)0.5
σcr Critical buckling stress, in N/mm2
Η Utilisation factor, η = σcr/σyd
Notes 1) Higher for slenderness for structures such as non-watertight bulkheads
platforms and internal decks in machinery area, accommodations, etc is
accepted.
The development of the requirement for face plates are shown in detail below
2
π 2 E  t f 
 ≥ Kσ yd
σE =C
12(1 −ν 2 )  f f 

ff C π2 E
≤ ⋅
tf K 12(1 −ν ) σ yd
2
ff E 235
≤ 0.4 = 12
tf σ yd σ yd
Where:
C 0.43, C = 0.43 + (s/l)2 ≈ 0.43 for simply supported plate
K 2.36
2.2.2 Stiffness of stiffeners

2.2.2.a The purpose with the stiffness requirement is to prevent lateral instability of
stiffeners and longitudinals and is based on the Euler formula for a simply
supported stiffener at the transverse frame position. The acceptance criteria is
higher for longitudinals subject to hull girder stresses than other stiffners

2.2.2.b The criteria will limit the use of small flat bars for the deck longitudinals.
π 2 EI
σE = ≥ Kσ y
l2A
Where:
K Ratio between elastic buckling stress and yield stress K=σE/σY.
A K-value of 2 represent a slenderness λ=0.71
2.2.2.c The stiffness requirements for stiffeners not subject to hull girder stresses requires
the elastic buckling stress equal the yield stress of the material.
2.2.2.d An effective breadth of attached plating not exceeding 80% of the total width for
cross sectional area and moment of inertia are assumed for simplicity. Formulae for
calculating the effective plate width are found in several buckling codes. However,
adopting such approach is not found necessary for the simplified criteria presented
in this section forming a lower bound of the required stiffness.
2.3 Primary Support Members
2.3.1 Proportions of web-plating and face plating

2.3.1.a The proportional requirements are developed based on the assumptions shown in
Table 10.2.2. The web spacing-thickness requirement is somewhat stricter than for
local support members to account for higher consequence of failure. The flange
breadth-thickness ratio for local support members are also used for PSM as this
represent the stocky area with acceptance in the order of 90% of the yield
Table 10.2.2
Proportion to Primary Support Members – Mild steel (σyd = 235N/mm2)
sw/tw 4.0 92 0.39 1.60 92 0.39
ff/tf 0.43 554 2,36 0.65 210 0.89
2.3.2 Stiffness of web stiffeners

2.3.2.a The purpose of these criteria is to prevent instability of web-stiffeners (Euler
buckling) and considers compression stresses parallel and normal to the web
stiffening. The criteria is calibrated such that the web stiffeners are effective support
for the web plating.
2.3.2.b The criterion for stiffeners parallel to compression stresses is identical to local
support members, see 2.2.2. It assumes that the elastic buckling stress to be equal to
yield stress of the material, which gives a critical buckling stress equal to 75% of the
yield stress
2.3.2.c The buckling mode for stiffeners normal to the stiffeners is more complicated than
stiffeners parallel to the compression. The criterion is taken from DNV CN. 30.1. It is
assumed that force in the web is related to the thickness of the web. Hence, the
stiffness requirement increase proportionally to the web-thickness

2.3.3 Stiffness of primary support members

2.3.3.a The purpose with the criteria is to ensure that the primary support members have
sufficient stiffness to ensure that axially compressed longitudinals are effectively
support.
2.3.3.b The criteria controls global lateral instability of the primary support members and is
taken from the participating societies Rules. The formulation is based on S. P.
Timonshenko and J. M. Gere “Theory of Elastic Stability”.
2.3.4 Spacing between tripping brackets

2.3.4.a The purpose of this requirement is to prevent torsional buckling of primary support
members. This is the only requirement covering the torsional buckling mode of PSM.
Hence, calibration is to be performed such that the flanges are stocky. The
requirement is given below.
Af 235
l = bf C m
 A σ
 A f + w  yd
 3 
Where:
bf breadth of flange, in mm
C buckling coefficient:
0.02 symmetrical flanges
0.03 for one-sided flanges
Af cross sectional area of flange/face plate, in cm2
Aw cross sectional area of the web plate, in cm2
σyd specified minimum yield stress of the material, in N/mm2
2.3.4.b A correction for web-area (Af/(Af+0.33Aw) is introduced. This will require smaller
distance between tripping brackets for primary support members with large web
depth compared to the flange area.
2.4 Other Structure
2.4.1 Proportions of pillars

2.4.1.a Local buckling of the web and flanges of the cross section are controlled by
proportional requirements.
2.4.2 Proportions of brackets

2.4.2.a The criteria are based on existing shipbuilding practice and require that the free
edge of brackets not to be larger than 55 times the net thickness. The criteria are
assumed satisfactory for end brackets with base angle of 90 degrees (see Figure
10.2.1).
2.4.2.b A more generic formula for brackets without edge stiffening is developed based on
the following assumptions (see also Table 10.2.1):
(a) The depth-thickness ratio should give stocky brackets (Area 1)

(b) Triangular bracket is idealised as a rectangular plate with short and long edge
taken as 2/3 of the length of free edge and depth of the bracket.
(c) Free edge free to move out plane (torsional buckling of bracket)
(d) Triangular loading pattern
(e) Plate slenderness kept constant for all relevant angles (50 < α < 150). Linear
regression is found adequate for the given range
2.4.2.c Brackets with edge reinforcements are based on the same assumptions as for
brackets without edge reinforcement. The buckling coefficient for brackets with
edge reinforcement assumes that the edge reinforcement is sufficiently designed to
prevent torsional buckling of the bracket.
Table 10.2.4
Proportions of brackets – Mild steel (σyd = 235N/mm2)
Without edge 0.90 498 2.12 0.69 207 0.88
reinforcement
With edge 7.64 650 2,77 0.60 214 0.91
reinforcement
2.4.2.d It is assumed that the stress level in the tripping brackets is lower than end brackets.
Hence, the thickness criteria is reduced and a value of 65 times the net thickness of
the bracket is found acceptable.
Figure 10.2.1
Definition of brackets
d
l
2/3
a=
d
b=
2 /3
l
2.4.3 Requirements to edge reinforcements in way of openings and bracket edges

2.4.3.a Background for requirement to moment of inertia of stiffener is the Euler formula
for a simply supported stiffener.
π 2E
σE = 2
i 2 ≥ Kσ yd
l

2.4.3.b Rearranging the equation gives

K σ yd
i≥ l
π E
2.4.3.c For edge reinforcement only sectional properties of the edge reinforcement itself are
used, i.e. excluding effective web plate flange is a reasonable conservative
assumption which gives a simple expressions for practical use in rules. The radius
of gyration of edge reinforcements with rectangular section is then
I d
i= =
A 2 3
1
I = d 3t
12
A = dt
2.4.3.d Combining the equations above gives a explicit criteria for depth of the edge
reinforcements.
2 3K σ yd
d≥ l
π E
2.4.3.e Requiring the elastic buckling strength to be four times (K = 4) the yield strength
gives the requirement for the depth of edge stiffening
σ yd σ yd
d ≥ 2.2l = 75l
E 235
2.4.3.f A minimum depth of 75mm is found reasonable and comparable with existing
practice.

3 PRESCRIPTIVE BUCKLING REQUIREMENTS

3.1 General
3.1.1 Scope
3.1.1.a This section contains the methods for determination of the critical buckling stress,
definitions of buckling utilisation factors and other measures necessary to control
buckling of local support members and primary support members.
3.1.1.b Section 3.2 and 3.3 correspond to the requirements in IACS UR S11.
3.2 Buckling of Plates
3.2.1 Uni-axial buckling of plates

3.2.1.a The critical buckling stress for plate panels are taken as the elastic buckling stress
for values below 50% of the yield stress. The Johnson-Ostenfeld correction are
assumed for elastic stress above 50% of yield.
3.2.1.b The elastic buckling capacity of plates is calculated using standard values for the
buckling coefficient.
3.3 Buckling of stiffeners/longitudinals
3.3.1 Critical buckling stress

3.3.1.a Buckling of stiffeners and longitudinals are checked for column, torsional and web
buckling, ref UR S11.
3.3.2 Column buckling mode

3.3.2.a The information provided in the Rules does not need further explanation.
3.3.3 Torsional buckling mode

3.3.3.a The information provided in the Rules does not need further explanation.
3.4 Primary Support Members
3.4.1 Web-plating of primary support members

3.4.1.a The basis for the JTP proposed buckling interaction formula is the quadratic load-
interaction formula
2 2
 σ0   τo 
  +   < 1
 σ cr   τ cr 
Where:
σ0, τ0 Compression and shear respectively
σcr, τcr critical buckling stresses in compression and shear
respectively
3.4.1.b The design stresses (σo, τo) are assumed proportional to the applied stresses (σ, τ),
using a single load factor Λ. This is mathematically expressed as
σ0 = Λσ
τ0 = Λτ
3.4.1.c Incorporated into the quadratic load interaction formulae gives
 σ   τ   2
2 2
  +   Λ = 1
  σ cr   τ cr  

3.4.1.d Solved explicitly for the load factor Λ gives the closed formed solution
1
Λ=
2 2
σ  τ 
  +  
 σ cr   τ cr 
3.4.1.e The utilisation factor, η, is the inverse of load factor at buckling, i.e.
2 2
 σ  τ 
η =   +  
 σ cr   τ cr 
3.4.1.f The quadratic load-interaction formula provides a simple closed form formula for
the usage factor with no need for numerical solution algorithms.
3.4.1.g The buckling control is given by criteria
η ≤ ηallow
3.4.2 Web-plating of primary support members with openings

3.4.2.a The simplified formulae for plate buckling are developed for regular geometry and
clean idealized stress patterns, but the geometry and stress gradients around
openings and cut-outs are rather complex. The complexity is taken into account by
conservative assumptions to the simplified formulae for plate buckling.
3.4.2.b The important stress components for buckling control of the web plate over and
under openings are the axial (=tangential) stress flow passing the hole and the shear
stress. These stress components, as used in the buckling criterion, should account
for the stress increase the cut-out represents assuming a uniform distribution, See
Figure 10.3.1. The normal stress component acting perpendicular to the opening is
not considered critical for buckling and may be neglected in this criterion.
3.4.2.c Opening without edge reinforcements
The calculation of the separate critical buckling compression stress, σc, applies a
plate buckling model with three edges simply supported and one edge free
(towards the opening).
3.4.2.d The calculation of the separate critical shear buckling stresses, τc, applies a plate
buckling model with all four edges simply supported. This is justified since towards
an un-reinforced cut-out edge there is no shear stress and buckling will take place
away from the hole and towards the girder edges supported by e.g. bottom/inner
bottom plating.

Figure 10.3.1
Stress components in way of openings
3.4.2.e Opening with edge reinforcements

The calculation of the separate critical buckling stresses, σc, τc, applies a plate
buckling model with all four edges simply supported.
3.5 Other Structures
3.5.1 Struts, pillars and cross-ties

3.5.1.a The section covers pillar structures subject to axial loading only and considers the
following global buckling modes:
(a) Column buckling (flexural buckling). Bending about the cross section axis of
least resistance. This may be the critical buckling mode of slender pillars of
double symmetrical cross sections or pillars not susceptible to twisting.
(b) Torsional buckling. Twisting of cross section without bending. This buckling
mode may be critical for certain open, thin walled section in which the shear
centre and the centroid coincide.
(c) Column(flexural)-torsional buckling. Simultaneous twisting and bending of
cross section. This buckling mode is only relevant for cross section whose shear
centre and the centroid do not coincide and which are torsionally weak.

3.5.1.b The formulae for the elastic buckling is based on “Buckling of Bars, Plates and Pillars”,
Brush and Almroth, McGraw-Hill 1975. End constraint factors for calculation of
effective span of the pillars are also considered.
3.5.1.c Local buckling of the thin-walled part of the cross section is covered in Section 2. In
the formulae for the global buckling modes it is assumed that the cross-sections are
100% effective.
3.5.1.d Buckling due to applied bending moments are not considered
3.5.2 Corrugated bulkheads

3.5.2.a Buckling of corrugated bulkheads is to be checked for local and global buckling.
3.5.2.b The elastic buckling stress for the corrugation flange assumes uniform compression
at short edge with some fixity for the long edges, C=5. Advanced buckling analysis
may be chosen as an alternative to the prescriptive formula
3.5.2.c The column buckling mode is assumed sufficient for the overall buckling of
corrugations subject to axial compression (e.g. longitudinal bulkheads with
horizontal corrugations). This failure mode is normally not critical for vertical
corrugated tank bulkheads.

4 ADVANCED BUCKLING ANALYSIS

4.1 General
4.1.1 Assessment
4.1.1.a Details to the advanced buckling analysis are given in Appendix D of the Rules


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Common Structural Rules for

Double Hull Tankers, June 2004

Section 10 – Buckling and Ultimate Strength

Version: 14 September 2004

SECTION 10 – BUCKLING AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH ...................................................................... 3

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

SECTION 10 – BUCKLING AND ULTIMATE STRENGTH

1.1.1 Overall Approach to Buckling and Ultimate Strength

”Stocky” Prescriptive Buckling Max slenderness

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

1.1.2 Stiffness and proportions

1.1.3 Prescriptive Buckling Requirements

1.1.4 Advanced Buckling Analysis

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

1.1.5 Symbols and Definitions

1.1.6 Local Support Members

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

1.1.7 Primary Support Members

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

1.1.8 Other Structure

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

2 STIFFNESS AND PROPORTIONS

2.2 Local Support Members

2.2.1 Proportions of local support members

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

2.2.2 Stiffness of stiffeners

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

2.3 Primary Support Members

2.3.1 Proportions of web-plating and face plating

2.3.2 Stiffness of web stiffeners

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

2.3.3 Stiffness of primary support members

2.3.4 Spacing between tripping brackets

2.4 Other Structure

2.4.1 Proportions of pillars

2.4.2 Proportions of brackets

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

2.4.3 Requirements to edge reinforcements in way of openings and bracket edges

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

2.4.3.b Rearranging the equation gives

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

3 PRESCRIPTIVE BUCKLING REQUIREMENTS

3.2 Buckling of Plates

3.2.1 Uni-axial buckling of plates

3.3 Buckling of stiffeners/longitudinals

3.3.1 Critical buckling stress

3.3.2 Column buckling mode

3.3.3 Torsional buckling mode

3.4 Primary Support Members

3.4.1 Web-plating of primary support members

3.4.2 Web-plating of primary support members with openings

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

3.4.2.e Opening with edge reinforcements

3.5 Other Structures

3.5.1 Struts, pillars and cross-ties

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

3.5.2 Corrugated bulkheads

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

4 ADVANCED BUCKLING ANALYSIS

COMMON STRUCTURAL RULES FOR TANKERS

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