ELECTRONIC MATERIALS

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS ELECTRONIC MATERIALS?

This are the materials used in electrical industries electronics

and macro electronics, and the substances for the building up
of integrated circuits, circuit boards packaging materials,
communication cables, optical fibres, displays and various
controlling and monitoring devices. Examples are,
Nanoparticle, Graphene, Electronic Device, Nanotubes,
Permittivity, Dielectric Material, Nanostructured Material,
Silicon Wafer
HISTORY
Electronic actual history begun with the ;

Vacuum diode (1904)

-Invented by a British scientist namely Sir John Ambrose.
The iode which allows the current flow from cathode to anode and blocks the
current from anode to cathode.
Vacuum Triode (1906)
-Develop from Lee De Forest’s. It is an electronic amplifying vacuum tube consisting three
electrodes inside an evacuated glass envelope: a heated filament or cathode, a grid, and a plate
(anode).

This led to the introduction of tetrode and pentode.

Tetrode (1920)
-Widely used in many consumer electronic devices such as radios televisions and audio systems.
Pentode
-It can be used in which vacuum tubes are used, including amplification, mixing ascillation and pulse
generation, and in circuits for timing, control and counting.

Subsequently, the transistor era begun with the junction transistor invention 1948. Yet, it was later
sortemen replaced with a bulky vacuum tube that would consume high power for its operation.

1958-1975 (The Introduction of IC)

Integrated Circuit (IC)
An electronic circuit famed on a small piece of semi- conducting material, which performs the same
function as a larger circuit made from discrete components. These IC’s were developed with Transistor
Transistor logic (TTL), Integrated Injection logic (IIL), and Emitter-coupled (ECL) technologies.
All these radical changes in all these components led to the
introduction by “MICROPROCESSORS”in 1969 by intel.

Some of the most commonly used electronic components.

• Resistors is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.
• Capacitors is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field
by virtue of accumulating electric charges on two close surfaces
insulated from each other. It is a passive electronic component with
two terminals.

• Inductors, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-

terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field
when electric current flows through it. An inductor typically consists
of an insulated wire wound into a coil.
• A Diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts
current primarily in one direction; it has low resistance in one
direction, and high resistance in the other.

• A Light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits

light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor
recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of
photons.
• Transistor is a miniature semiconductor that regulates or controls
current or voltage flow in addition amplifying and generating these
electrical signals and acting as a switch/gate for them. Typically,
transistors consist of three layers, or terminals, of a semiconductor
material, each of which can carry a current.

• A Crystal Oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses a

piezoelectric crystal as a frequency-selective element.
• A Relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input
terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of
operating contact terminals.

• A Switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect

the conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric
current or diverting it from one conductor to another.
• An Integrated Circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip, microchip or
microelectronic circuit, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands
or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, diodes and transistors are
fabricated.

• An Electrical Connector is an electromechanical device used to

create an electrical connection between parts of an electrical circuit,
or between different electrical circuits, thereby joining them into a
larger circuit.
THEIR PROCESSES AND USES

• Resistors used to lower the flow of current, divide voltages, block

transmission signals, and bias active elements.

• Capacitors is use for energy storage, power conditioning, electronic noise

filtering, remote sensing and signal coupling/decoupling.

• Inductors is use for Choking, blocking, attenuating, or filtering/smoothing

high frequency noise in electrical circuits.

• Diodes can be used as rectifiers, signal limiters, voltage regulators,

switches, signal modulators, signal mixers, signal demodulators, and
oscillators.
• Light-emitting diodes (LED) operate by electroluminescence, a phenomenon in
which the emission of photons is caused by electronic excitation of a material.

• Transistor act as a switch or gate for electronic signals, opening and closing an
electronic gate many times per second. It ensures the circuit is on if the current is
flowing and switched off if it isn’t.

• The Crystal Oscillator circuit sustains oscillation by taking a voltage signal from
the quartz resonator, amplifying it, and feeding it back to the resonator.

• The Relay permits a small amount of electrical current to control high current
loads.

• Switches disconnect or connect the conducting path in an electrical circuit,

interrupting the electric current or diverting it from one conductor to another.
• An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, logic gate,
computer memory, microcontroller or microprocessor.

• Electronic Connectors are devices that join electronic circuits. They

are used in assembling, installing, and supplying power to electrical
devices.
 THANK YOU

Group 5 Presentation