Equations PDF

Continuum based governing equations for transport phenomena; Constitutive relations
Continuum based governing equations for transport phenomena;

Constitutive relations
Abhijit P Deshpande
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

abhijit@iitm.ac.in
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 1 / 50

Overview
1 Transport theorem
2 Mass balance
3 Linear momentum balance
4 Strain rate
5 Newtonian fluid
6 Navier Stokes equations
Dimensionless numbers
7 Strain
8 Equilibrium relations
9 Hooke’s law
10 Energy balance
11 Fourier’s law
12 Species balance
13 Fick’s law
14 Boundary layer

Transport theorem
Leibniz rule
The limits of the integral can be functions, instead of being constant. In this case, the
derivative and integral can not be interchanged. Effectively, we can evaluate such
integrals by chain rule: evaluate integral with limits with one value, and the influence
of the change of limits.
ˆ b(t) ˆ b(t)
D ∂f ∂b ∂a
f (x , t) dx = dx + f (b (t) , t) − f (a (t) , t)
Dt a(t) a(t) ∂t ∂t ∂t

Transport theorem
Reynolds transport theorem

ˆ ˆ ˆ
d ∂
ηρdV = ηρdV + η (ρv · ndA)
dt ∂t
V (t) V (t) A(t)
Term 1 Term 2 Term 3

Term 1
The change of property of a given material volume
Term 2
The change of the material contained within the volume, keeping the control volume fixed
Term 3
The change in property due to material flux at the boundaries of the material volume; Material / material property leaving and entering the fixed
control volume

Mass balance
Mass balance / Conservation of mass / Equation of continuity

ˆ
d
ρdV = 0 (1)
dt
V (t)
ˆ ˆ
∂
ρdV + (ρv · ndA) = 0 (2)
∂t
V (t) A(t)
∂ρ ∂ρ Dρ
+ div (ρv) = 0 → + v · grad ρ + ρ(divv) = 0 ; + ρ(divv) = 0 (3)
∂t ∂t Dt
For incompressible fluids

divv = 0 . (4)

Mass balance

In rectangular coordinates

∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ∂vx ∂vy ∂vz
+ vx + vy + vz +ρ + + =0. (5)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
In cylindrical coordinates

∂ρ ∂ρ vθ ∂ρ ∂ρ 1 ∂ (rvr ) 1 ∂vθ ∂vz
+ vr + + vz +ρ + + =0. (6)
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
In spherical coordinates
" #
∂ρ ∂ρ vθ ∂ρ vφ ∂ρ 1 ∂ r 2 vr 1 ∂ (vθ sin θ) 1 ∂vφ
+ vr + + +ρ 2 + + = 0 . (7)
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ

Mass balance
For incompressible fluids
∂vx ∂vy ∂vz
+ + =0. (8)
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 ∂ (rvr ) 1 ∂vθ ∂vz
+ + =0. (9)
r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z

1 ∂ r 2 vr 1 ∂ (vθ sin θ) 1 ∂vφ
+ + =0. (10)
r 2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ

Linear momentum balance
Linear momentum balance / Conservation of linear momentum /

Equation of motion / Newton’s second law: integral statement
ˆ ˆ ˆ
d
ρvdV = tdA + ρbdV (11)
dt
V (t) A(t) V (t)
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
∂
ρvdV + (ρvv · ndA) = tdA + ρbdV (12)
∂t
V (t) A(t) A(t) V (t)
Surface traction, contact stress vector
t = σT · n (13)
Angular momentum balance
σ = σT (14)


Equation of motion / Newton’s second law: Differential statements
∂v
ρ + ρ (v · grad) v = ρb − gradp + divτ T . (15)
∂t
Unsteady Inertial term Body force Pressure Stress
In most unsteady viscometric flows (for example, oscillatory shear)
∂v
= − gradp + divτ T .
ρ (16)
∂t
In most steady viscometric flows (for example, steady shear)
0 = − gradp + divτ T . (17)


Equation of motion / Newton’s second law

∂vx ∂vx ∂vx ∂vx ∂p ∂τxx ∂τyx ∂τzx
ρ + ρ vx + vy + vz = ρbx − + + + (18)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂vy ∂vy ∂vy ∂vy ∂p ∂τxy ∂τyy ∂τzy
ρ + ρ vx + vy + vz = ρby − + + +
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂vz ∂vz ∂vz ∂vz ∂p ∂τxz ∂τyz ∂τzz
ρ + ρ vx + vy + vz = ρbz − + + + .
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
Based on Angular momentum balance τyx = τxy ; τzx = τxz ; τzy = τyz
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 10 / 50


v2
h i h i
∂vr ∂vr vθ ∂vr ∂vr ∂p 1 ∂ (r τrr ) 1 ∂τθr ∂τzr τθθ
ρ + ρ vr + − θ + vz = ρbr − + + + − (19)
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r ∂z ∂r r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r
" #
∂vθ
h
∂vθ vθ ∂vθ ∂vθ vr vθ
i
1 ∂p 1 ∂ r 2 τr θ 1 ∂τθθ ∂τzθ τθr − τr θ
ρ + ρ vr + + vz + = ρbθ − + + + +
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r r ∂θ r2 ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r
h i h i
∂vz ∂vz vθ ∂vz ∂vz ∂p 1 ∂ (r τrz ) 1 ∂τθz ∂τzz
ρ + ρ vr + + vz = ρbz − + + + .
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z ∂z r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
Based on Angular momentum balance τθr = τr θ ; τzr = τrz ; τzθ = τθz
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 11 / 50



∂vr ∂vr vθ ∂vr vθ2 + vφ
2
vφ ∂vr
ρ +ρ vr + − + = (20)
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r r sin θ ∂φ
" #
∂p 1 ∂ r 2 τrr 1 ∂ (τθr sin θ) 1 ∂τφr τθθ + τφφ
ρbr − + + + −
∂r r2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r
2

∂vθ ∂vθ vθ ∂vθ vφ ∂vθ vr vθ − vφ cot θ
ρ +ρ vr + + + =
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r
" #
1 ∂p 1 ∂ r 3 τr θ 1 ∂ (τθθ sin θ) 1 ∂τφθ (τθr − τr θ ) − τφφ cot θ
ρbθ − + + + + .
r ∂θ r3 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 12 / 50


∂vφ
h ∂vφ
i
vθ ∂vφ vφ ∂vφ vφ vr + vθ vφ cot θ
ρ + ρ vr + + + = (21)
" #
1 ∂p 1 ∂ r 3 τr φ 1 ∂ τθφ sin θ 1 ∂τφφ
ρbφ − + + +
r sin θ ∂φ r3 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
" #
τφr − τr φ − τφθ cot θ
+ .
r
Based on Angular momentum balance τθr = τr θ ; τφr = τr φ ; τφθ = τθφ
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 13 / 50

Strain rate
Velocity gradient
Type of deformation / motion of fluids

- Rigid body translation
- Rigid body rotation
- Deformation (shear, extensional or general)
How can the information about deformation / motion be quantified?
- What if the velocity is the same for all material points in the material?
Velocity gradient: difference in velocity in neighbouring points, with respect to
distance between these points
- Velocity gradient is zero when material is undergoing rigid body translation
- Velocity gradient contains information about rotation and deformation
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 14 / 50

Strain rate
Velocity gradient and related tensors

Velocity gradient tensor  
∂vx ∂vy ∂vz
∂x ∂x ∂x
 ∂v ∂vy ∂vz
gradv =  ∂yx (22)

∂y ∂y 
∂vx ∂vy ∂vz
∂z ∂z ∂z
Strain rate tensor
∂vy
2 ∂vx ∂vx ∂vz ∂vx
 
+ +
1  ∂vy ∂x ∂vx ∂x
∂v
∂y ∂x
∂vy
∂z
∂vz
D =  ∂x + ∂y 2 ∂yy + (23)

2 ∂vz ∂z ∂y 
∂vx ∂vy ∂vz
∂x + ∂z ∂z + ∂y 2 ∂v
∂z
z
Vorticity tensor  ∂vy ∂vx ∂vz ∂vx


0 ∂x − ∂y ∂x − ∂z
1  ∂vx ∂vy ∂vz ∂vy
Ω= − 0 − (24)

 ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z
2 ∂v

∂vz ∂vy ∂vz
x
∂z − ∂x ∂z − ∂y 0
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 15 / 50

Strain rate
Velocity gradient and related tensors: cylindrical coordinates
Velocity gradient tensor " #

∂vr ∂vθ ∂vz
∂r ∂r ∂r
gradv = 1 ∂vr − vθ 1 ∂vθ + vr 1 ∂vz (25)
r ∂θ r r ∂θ r r ∂θ
∂vr ∂vθ ∂vz
∂z ∂z ∂z
Strain rate tensor  

∂v ∂ vθ ∂v ∂vz ∂v
2 ∂rr r ∂r r
+ 1r ∂θr ∂r
+ ∂zr
1 vθ

D= r ∂r∂ ∂v
+ 1r ∂θr 2 1 ∂vθ + vr ∂vθ ∂v
+ 1r ∂θz  (26)
2 r r ∂θ r ∂z
∂vz ∂vr ∂vθ ∂v ∂v
∂r
+ ∂z ∂z
+ 1r ∂θz 2 ∂zz
Vorticity tensor " #

∂vθ ∂v v ∂vz ∂v
0 ∂r
− 1r ∂θr + rθ ∂r
− ∂zr
1
Ω= 1 ∂vr − vθ − ∂vθ 0 1 ∂vz ∂v
− ∂zθ (27)
2 r ∂θ r ∂r r ∂θ
∂vr ∂v ∂vθ ∂v
∂z
− ∂rz ∂z
− 1r ∂θz 0
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 16 / 50

Strain rate
Velocity gradient and related tensors: spherical coordinates

Velocity gradient tensor
 ∂vφ

∂vr ∂vθ
∂r ∂r ∂r
gradv =  1 ∂vr − vθ 1 ∂vθ + vr 1 ∂vφ  (28)
∂vr vφ ∂v v ∂v v v
1 − r 1 θ − φ cot θ 1 φ
+ rr + rθ cot θ
r sin θ ∂φ r sin θ ∂φ r r sin θ ∂φ
Strain rate tensor

 ∂v ∂

vθ ∂v vφ ∂vr

2 ∂rr r ∂r r
+ 1r ∂θr 1 ∂
r ∂r r
1
+ r sin θ ∂φ
vθ
∂v 1 ∂vθ v
∂vθ vφ
1  ∂
r ∂r + 1r ∂θr 2 + rr 1 + sin θ ∂ 
D= r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r ∂θ sin θ (29)
2
 
1 ∂ vφ 1 ∂vr 1 ∂vθ vφ ∂vφ v v
r ∂r r
+ r sin θ ∂φ r sin θ ∂φ
+ sinr θ ∂θ
∂
sin θ
2 1
r sin θ ∂φ
+ rr + rθ cot θ
Vorticity tensor
 ∂vθ v ∂vφ vφ

∂v ∂vr
0 ∂r
− 1r ∂θr + rθ ∂r
− r sin1
θ ∂φ
+ r
1 ∂v v
Ω=  1 ∂vr − vθ − ∂vθ 0 1 φ 1
− r sin
∂vθ φ
+ r cot θ  (30)
2 r ∂θ r ∂r r ∂θ θ ∂φ
1 ∂vr vφ ∂vφ 1 ∂vθ vφ ∂vφ
r sin θ ∂φ
− r − ∂r r sin θ ∂φ
− r cot θ − 1r ∂θ 0
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 17 / 50

Newtonian fluid
Newtonian fluid
Compressible Newtonian fluid

2

τ = µ gradv + gradvT + κ − µ (divv)I (31)
3
κ - bulk viscosity or dilatational viscosity
Incompressible Newtonian fluid

τ = µ gradv + gradvT (32)
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 18 / 50

Navier Stokes equations
Navier Stokes equations / Linear momentum balance for incompressible

Newtonian fluid
∂v
ρ + ρ (v · grad) v = ρb − gradp + µ(∇2 v) . (33)
∂t
Unsteady Inertial term Body force Pressure Viscous term
ρLV0 p
Reynolds number = µ ; Froude number = √V0 ; Euler number = ρV02
gL
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 19 / 50


Newtonian fluid
2
∂ 2 vx ∂ 2 vx

∂vx ∂vx ∂vx ∂vx ∂p ∂ vx
ρ + ρ vx + vy + vz = ρbx − +µ + + (34)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
2 2
∂ 2 vy

∂vy ∂vy ∂vy ∂vy ∂p ∂ vy ∂ vy
ρ + ρ vx + vy + vz = ρby − +µ + +
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
2 2 2

∂vz ∂vz ∂vz ∂vz ∂p ∂ vz ∂ vz ∂ vz
ρ + ρ vx + vy + vz = ρbz − +µ + + .
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 20 / 50


Newtonian fluid
v2 1 ∂ 2 vr ∂ 2 vr
h i h i
∂vr ∂vr vθ ∂vr ∂vr ∂p ∂ 1 ∂ (rvr ) 2 ∂vθ
ρ + ρ vr + − θ + vz = ρbr − +µ + + − (35)
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r ∂z ∂r ∂r r ∂r r 2 ∂θ 2 ∂z 2 r 2 ∂θ
1 ∂ 2 vθ ∂ 2 vθ
h i h i
∂vθ ∂vθ vθ ∂vθ ∂vθ vr vθ 1 ∂p ∂ 1 ∂ (rvθ ) 2 ∂vr
ρ + ρ vr + + vz + = ρbθ − +µ + + +
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r r ∂θ ∂r r ∂r r 2 ∂θ 2 ∂z 2 r 2 ∂θ
1 ∂ 2 vz ∂ 2 vz
h i h i
∂vz ∂vz vθ ∂vz ∂vz ∂p 1 ∂ ∂vz
ρ + ρ vr + + vz = ρbz − +µ r + + .
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z ∂z r ∂r ∂r r 2 ∂θ 2 ∂z 2
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 21 / 50


Newtonian fluid

∂vr ∂vr vθ ∂vr vθ2 + vφ
2
vφ ∂vr
ρ +ρ vr + − + = (36)
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r r sin θ ∂φ
" #
2
∂p 1 ∂ r 2 vr 1 ∂

∂vr

1 ∂ 2 vr
ρbr − +µ + sin θ +
∂r r2 ∂r 2 r 2 sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r 2 sin2 θ ∂φ2
2

∂vθ ∂vθ vθ ∂vθ vφ ∂vθ vr vθ − vφ cot θ
ρ +ρ vr + + + =
∂ 2 vθ
h i
1 ∂p 1 ∂ 2 ∂vθ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ (vθ sin θ) 1 2 ∂vr 2 cot θ ∂vφ
ρbθ − +µ r + + + − .
r ∂θ r 2 ∂r ∂r r 2 ∂θ sin θ ∂θ r 2 sin2 θ ∂φ2 r 2 ∂θ r 2 sin θ ∂φ
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 22 / 50


Newtonian fluid
∂vφ
h ∂vφ
i
vθ ∂vφ vφ ∂vφ vφ vr + vθ vφ cot θ
ρ + ρ vr + + + = (37)
1 ∂p
ρbφ − +
r sin θ ∂φ
" ! #
1 ∂
∂vφ

1 ∂ 1 ∂ vφ sin θ 1 ∂ 2 vφ 2 ∂vr 2 cot θ ∂vθ
2
µ r + + + + .
r 2 ∂r ∂r r 2 ∂θ sin θ ∂θ r 2 sin2 θ ∂φ2 r 2 sin θ ∂φ r 2 sin θ ∂φ
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 23 / 50

Strain
Displacement gradient
Type of deformation in solids

- Rigid body translation
- Rigid body rotation
- Deformation (shear, extensional or general)
How can the information about deformation / motion be quantified?
- What if the displacement is the same for all material points in the material?
Displacement gradient: difference in displacement in neighbouring points, with
respect to distance between these points
- Displacement gradient is zero when material is undergoing rigid body translation
- Displacement gradient contains information about rotation and deformation
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 24 / 50

Strain
Displacement gradient and strain tensor
Displacement gradient tensor

 
∂ux ∂uy ∂uz
∂x ∂x ∂x 
 ∂u ∂uy ∂uz 
gradu =  x
 ∂y ∂y ∂y  (38)
∂ux ∂uy ∂uz
∂z ∂z ∂z
Strain tensor
∂uy
 
2 ∂u
∂x
x
∂x + ∂ux
∂y
∂uz
∂x + ∂ux
∂z 
1 ∂uy ∂ux ∂u ∂uy ∂uz 
e=  ∂x + ∂y 2 ∂yy ∂z + ∂y  (39)
2  ∂u ∂ux ∂uy ∂uz
∂x + ∂z
z
∂z + ∂y 2 ∂u
∂z
z
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 25 / 50

Strain
Displacement gradient and strain tensor: cylindrical coordinates

∂ur ∂uθ ∂uz
 
 1 ∂ur∂r uθ ∂r
1 ∂uθ ur
∂r
1 ∂uz 
gradu =  r ∂θ − r r ∂θ + r r ∂θ 
(40)
∂ur ∂uθ ∂uz
∂z ∂z ∂z
Strain tensor
∂ uθ
2 ∂u 1 ∂ur ∂uz ∂ur 

∂r
r
r ∂r
r + r ∂θ ∂r + ∂z
1 ∂ uθ

e= r r +
1 ∂ur
2 1r ∂u ur
∂θ + r
θ ∂uθ 1 ∂uz 
∂z + r ∂θ  (41)
2 ∂r ∂u r ∂θ
∂ur ∂uθ 1 ∂uz
∂r
z
+ ∂z ∂z + r ∂θ 2 ∂u
∂z
z
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 26 / 50

Strain
Displacement gradient and strain tensor: spherical coordinates
 ∂uφ

∂ur ∂uθ
∂r ∂r ∂r
gradu =  1 ∂ur − uθ 1 ∂uθ + ur 1 ∂uφ  (42)
1 ∂ur uφ 1 ∂uθ uφ 1 ∂u φ u u
r sin θ ∂φ
− r r sin θ ∂φ
− r cot θ r sin θ ∂φ
+ rr + rθ cot θ
Strain tensor
 ∂u ∂ uθ
∂u uφ ∂ur

2 ∂rr r ∂r r
+ 1r ∂θr 1 ∂
r ∂r r
1
+ r sin θ ∂φ
uθ
∂u 1 ∂uθ ur
∂uθ uφ
1  ∂
r ∂r + 1r ∂θr 2 + r 1 sin θ ∂
+ r ∂θ sin θ 
e= r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ (43)
2
 
1 ∂ uφ 1 ∂u 1 ∂uθ uφ ∂uφ u u
r ∂r r
+ r sin r
θ ∂φ r sin θ ∂φ
+ sinr θ ∂θ
∂
sin θ
2 1
r sin θ ∂φ
+ rr + rθ cot θ
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 27 / 50

Equilibrium relations
Linear momentum balance for solids with small deformations
∂2u
ρ = divσ + ρg (44)
∂t 2
For steady state,
divσ + ρg = 0 (45)
For steady state and neglecting gravity,
divσ + ρg = 0 (46)
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 28 / 50



∂σxx ∂σyx ∂σzx
0= + + (47)
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂σxy ∂σyy ∂σzy
0= + +
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂σxz ∂σyz ∂σzz
0= + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
Based on Angular momentum balance σyx = σxy ; σzx = σxz ; σzy = σyz
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 29 / 50


h i
1 ∂ (r σrr ) 1 ∂σθr ∂σzr σθθ
0= + + − (48)
r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r
" #
1 ∂ r 2 σr θ 1 ∂σθθ ∂σzθ σθr − σr θ
0= + + +
r2 ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r
h i
1 ∂ (r σrz ) 1 ∂σθz ∂σzz
0= + +
r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
Based on Angular momentum balance σθr = σr θ ; σzr = σrz ; σzθ = σθz
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 30 / 50


" #
1 ∂ r 2 σrr 1 ∂ (σθr sin θ) 1 ∂σφr σθθ + σφφ
0= + + − (49)
r2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r
" #
1 ∂ r 3 σr θ 1 ∂ (σθθ sin θ) 1 ∂σφθ (σθr − σr θ ) − σφφ cot θ
0= + + + .
" # " #
1 ∂ r 3 σr φ 1 ∂ σθφ sin θ 1 ∂σφφ σφr − σr φ − σφθ cot θ
0= + + + (50)
Based on Angular momentum balance σθr = σr θ ; σφr = σr φ ; σφθ = σθφ
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 31 / 50

Hooke’s law
Linear elasticity: Hooke’s law
σ = λel eii I + 2µel e ; eii = e11 + e22 + e33 (51)
Eν E
λel = ; µel = =G (52)
(1 + ν)(1 − 2ν) 2(1 + ν)
1
e= [(1 + ν)σ − νσii I] (53)
E
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 32 / 50

Energy balance
Energy balance / Principle of energy conservation / first law of

thermodynamics: Integral statement
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
d d 1
ρdV + ρ(v · v)dV = hdA + ρrdV (54)
dt dt 2
V (t) V (t) A(t) V (t)
ˆ ˆ
+ t · vdA + ρb · vdV ; heat exchange by conduction h = −q · n
A(t) V (t)
Work energy identity

ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
d 1
(t · v)dA + ρ(b · v)dV = ρ(v · v)dV + σ : DdV (55)
dt 2
A(t) V (t) V (t) V (t)
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 33 / 50

Energy balance
Energy balance / Principle of energy conservation / first law of

thermodynamics: Differential statements
∂(ρ)
+ div · (ρv) = − divq + ρr + σ:D. (56)
∂t
Unsteady Convection Conduction Source/sink viscous dissipation
For conduction/convection heat transfer
∂(ρ)
+ div · (ρv) = − divq . (57)
∂t
For conduction/convection heat transfer involving incompressible fluids
∂()
ρ + ρdiv · (v) = − divq . (58)
∂t
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 34 / 50

Fourier’s law
Constitutive relations for energy balance

Fourier’s law of heat conduction:
q = −kgradT (59)
Internal energy for solids/liquids:
= C (T − Tref ) (60)
V0 L
Peclet Number k/ρC ;
µV 2 /L2 µV02 ρV02 V02
Brinkman No = k∆T0 /L2 = k∆T ; Eckart No = ρC ∆T = C ∆T
µ/ρ Cµ
Prandtl number = k/ρC = k
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 35 / 50

Fourier’s law
Heat conduction and convection equation - solids/liquids
Energy balance for Newtonian incompressible liquids
∂T
ρC + ρC (v · gradT ) = k∇2 T + ρr + 2µD : D . (61)
∂t
Conduction convection equation for incompressible liquids
∂T
ρC + ρC (v · gradT ) = k∇2 T . (62)
∂t
Conduction equation
∂T
ρC = k∇2 T . (63)
∂t
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 36 / 50

Fourier’s law
Energy balance for Newtonian incompressible liquids: rectangular

coordinates
!
∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T ∂2T ∂2T ∂2T

ρC + ρC vx + vy + vz =k + + (64)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
+ρr + 2µ (Dxx Dxx + Dyy Dyy + Dzz Dzz + 2Dxy Dxy + 2Dxz Dxz + 2Dyz Dyz )
" 2 2 2 #
∂vx ∂vy ∂vz

2µD : D = 2µ + + + (65)
∂x ∂y ∂z
" 2 2 2 #
∂vy ∂vx ∂vz ∂vx ∂vz ∂vy

µ + + + + +
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 37 / 50

Fourier’s law
Energy balance for Newtonian incompressible liquids: cylindrical

coordinates
!
∂T ∂T vθ ∂T ∂T 1 ∂ ∂T 1 ∂2T ∂2T

ρC + ρC vr + + vz =k r + 2 + (66)
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ2 ∂z 2
" 2 2 2 #
∂vr 1 ∂vθ vr ∂vz

+ρr + 2µ + + + +
∂r r ∂θ r ∂z
" 2 2 2 #
∂ vθ 1 ∂vr ∂vθ 1 ∂vz ∂vz ∂vr

µ r + + + + +
∂r r r ∂θ ∂z r ∂θ ∂r ∂z
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 38 / 50

Fourier’s law
Energy balance for Newtonian incompressible liquids: spherical

coordinates
∂2T
vφ

∂T ∂T vθ ∂T ∂T 1 ∂ 2 ∂T 1 ∂ ∂T 1
ρC + ρC vr + + =k r + sin θ + (67)
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r2 ∂r ∂r r2 sin2 θ ∂θ ∂θ r2 sin2 θ ∂φ2
h 2 2 ∂vφ
2 i
∂vr 1 ∂vθ vr 1 vr vθ
+ρr + 2µ + + + + + cot θ +
∂r r ∂θ r r sin θ ∂φ r r
h 2 vφ
2 i
∂ vθ 1 ∂vr 1 ∂vθ sin θ ∂
µ r + + + +
∂r r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ r ∂θ sin θ
h v 2 i
∂ φ 1 ∂vr
µ r +
∂r r r sin θ ∂φ
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 39 / 50

Species balance
Definitions of species flux / velocity
Mass average velocity v and molar average velocity vm
ρv = ρA vA + ρB vB ; cvm = cA vA + cB vB (68)
Diffusion flux
1 1
J A = CA v A − CA v m = ρA vA − ρA vm (69)
MA MA
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 40 / 50

Species balance
Species balance: integral statement
ˆ ˆ ˆ
d
ρA dV = JA dA + RA dV (70)
dt
V (t) A(t) V (t)
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
∂
ρA dV + (ρA v · ndA) = JA dA + RA dV (71)
∂t
V (t) A(t) A(t) V (t)
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 41 / 50

Species balance
Species balance / Component balance / equation of continuity for

species
∂ρA
+ div · (ρA v) = − divJA + RA (72)
∂t
Unsteady Convection term Diffusion Reaction
For convection/diffusion with no chemical reaction
∂ρA
+ div · (ρA v) = − divJA (73)
∂t
Diffusion equation
∂ρA ∂CA 1
= − divJA or = − divJA (74)
∂t ∂t MA
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 42 / 50

Fick’s law
Constitutive relations for species balance
Fick’s law of diffusion:
Mass flux (density or mass concentration ρA / mass fraction wA )
JA = −DAB gradρA or JA = −DAB ρ gradwA (75)
Molar flux (molar concentration CA / mole fraction xA )
JA = −DAB gradCA or JA = −DAB C gradxA (76)

µ/ρ V0 L Sc k
Schmidt number = DAB ; Peclet number = DAB ; Lewis number = Pr = ρCDAB
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 43 / 50

Fick’s law
Species balance with Fickian diffusion
∂ρA
+ div · (ρA v) = DAB ∇2 ρA + RA (77)
∂t
∂ρA
+ div · (ρA v) = ρDAB ∇2 wA + RA (78)
∂t
∂CA 1 1
+ div · (CA v) = DAB ∇2 CA + RA (79)
∂t MA MA
∂CA 1 1
+ div · (CA v) = CDAB ∇2 xA + RA (80)
∂t MA MA
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 44 / 50

Fick’s law
Species balance: multi-components diffusion

For species i (Dim - diffusion coefficient of component i in multi-component mixture),
∂ρi Dρi
+ div · (ρi v) = + ρi (gradv) = ρDim ∇2 wi + Ri (81)
∂t Dt
Constraints due to mixture
X X X
wi = 1 ; Ri = 0 ; ρi = ρ (82)
i i i
P !
∂( i ρi )
X X X
+ div · ( ρi v) = ρDim ∇2 wi + Ri (83)
∂t i I i
∂ρ
→ + div · (ρv) = 0
∂t
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 45 / 50

Fick’s law
Species balance for incompressible fluids: rectangular coordinates
∂ρA
+ v · (gradρA ) = DAB ∇2 ρA + RA (84)
∂t
!
∂ρA ∂ρA ∂ρA ∂ρA ∂ 2 ρA ∂ 2 ρA ∂ 2 ρA

+ vx + vy + vz = DAB + + (85)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
+RA
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 46 / 50

Fick’s law
Species balance for incompressible fluids: cylindrical and spherical

coordinates
∂ρA ∂ρA vθ ∂ρA ∂ρA

+ vr + + vz = (86)
∂t ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
!
1 ∂ ∂ρA 1 ∂ 2 ρA ∂ 2 ρA

DAB r + 2 + + RA
r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ2 ∂z 2
∂ρA ∂ρA vθ ∂ρA vφ ∂ρA

+ vr + + = (87)
∂t ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
!
1 ∂ ∂ρA 1 ∂ ∂ρA 1 ∂ 2 ρA

DAB r2 + sin θ + + RA
r 2 ∂r ∂r r 2 sin2 θ ∂θ ∂θ 2
r 2 sin θ ∂φ2
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 47 / 50

Fick’s law
Diffusion equation: rectangular and cylindrical coordinates
! !
∂ρA ∂ 2 ρA ∂ 2 ρA ∂ 2 ρA ∂CA ∂ 2 CA ∂ 2 CA ∂ 2 CA
= DAB + + ; = DAB + + (88)
∂t ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 ∂t ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
!
∂ρA 1 ∂ ∂ρA 1 ∂ 2 ρA ∂ 2 ρA

= DAB r + 2 + (89)
∂t r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ2 ∂z 2
!
∂CA 1 ∂ ∂CA 1 ∂ 2 CA ∂ 2 CA

= DAB r + 2 +
∂t r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ2 ∂z 2
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 48 / 50

Fick’s law
Diffusion equation: spherical coordinates
!
∂ρA 1 ∂ 2 ∂ρA 1 ∂ ∂ρA 1 ∂ 2 ρA

= DAB r + 2 2 sin θ + 2 2 (90)
∂t r 2 ∂r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ2
!
∂CA 1 ∂ 2 ∂CA 1 ∂ ∂CA 1 ∂ 2 CA

= DAB r + 2 2 sin θ + 2 2
∂t r 2 ∂r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ2
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 49 / 50

Boundary layer
Boundary layer equations
∂vx ∂vy
+ =0 (91)
∂x ∂y
!
∂vx ∂vx µ ∂ 2 vx

vx + vy = (92)
∂x ∂y ρ ∂y 2
!
∂T ∂T k ∂2T

vx + vy = (93)
∂x ∂y ρC ∂y 2
!
∂ρA ∂ρA ∂ 2 ρA

vx + vy = DAB (94)
∂x ∂y ∂y 2
CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 50 / 50

Equations PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Equations PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Equations PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Continuum based governing equations for transport phenomena; Constitutive relations

Continuum based governing equations for transport phenomena;

Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 1 / 50

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 2 / 50

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 3 / 50

Reynolds transport theorem

Term 1 Term 2 Term 3

The change of property of a given material volume

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 4 / 50

Mass balance / Conservation of mass / Equation of continuity

For incompressible fluids

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 5 / 50

Mass balance / Conservation of mass / Equation of continuity

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 6 / 50

Mass balance / Conservation of mass / Equation of continuity

For incompressible fluids

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 7 / 50

Linear momentum balance / Conservation of linear momentum /

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 8 / 50

Linear momentum balance / Conservation of linear momentum /

In most unsteady viscometric flows (for example, oscillatory shear)

0 = − gradp + divτ T . (17)

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 9 / 50

Linear momentum balance / Conservation of linear momentum /

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 10 / 50

Linear momentum balance / Conservation of linear momentum /

Based on Angular momentum balance τθr = τr θ ; τzr = τrz ; τzθ = τθz

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 11 / 50

Linear momentum balance / Conservation of linear momentum /

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 12 / 50

Linear momentum balance / Conservation of linear momentum /

Based on Angular momentum balance τθr = τr θ ; τφr = τr φ ; τφθ = τθφ

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 13 / 50

Type of deformation / motion of fluids

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 14 / 50

Velocity gradient and related tensors

Vorticity tensor  ∂vy ∂vx ∂vz ∂vx

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 15 / 50

Velocity gradient and related tensors: cylindrical coordinates

Velocity gradient tensor " #

Strain rate tensor  

Vorticity tensor " #

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 16 / 50

Velocity gradient and related tensors: spherical coordinates

Strain rate tensor

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 17 / 50

Compressible Newtonian fluid

Incompressible Newtonian fluid

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 18 / 50

Navier Stokes equations / Linear momentum balance for incompressible

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 19 / 50

Navier Stokes equations / Linear momentum balance for incompressible

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 20 / 50

Navier Stokes equations / Linear momentum balance for incompressible

CH2012 CMTP July-Nov 2022 21 / 50

Navier Stokes equations / Linear momentum balance for incompressible