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-Father of Modern Astronomy

-In the treatise, he correctly postulated

the order of the known planets, including
Earth, from the sun, and estimated their
orbital periods relatively accurate.

-“This fool wishes to reverse the entire

science of astronomy”—Martin Luther

-Centuries after his burial in an

unmarked grave beneath the floor of the
cathedral in Frombork, Copernicus’
remains were finally given a hero’s burial
in 2010.
-Primarily corrected Ptolemy's Geocentric
Theory

-In “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly

Spheres,” Copernicus’ groundbreaking
argument that Earth and the planets revolve
around the sun led others to make a number
of other major astronomical discoveries.
While revolving around the sun, Earth, he
argued, spins on its axis daily. Earth takes
one year to orbit the sun and during this
time wobbles gradually on its axis.
-Father of observational astronomy

-Galileo used observation and experimentation to

interrogate and challenge received wisdom and
traditional ideas. For him it wasn’t enough that people
in authority had been saying that something was true
for centuries, he wanted to test these ideas and compare
them to the evidence.

-While Galileo did not invent the telescope, he did

design and build telescopes with increasingly higher
magnifying power for his own use and to present to his
patrons. He was a skilled instrument maker, and his
telescopes were known for their high quality.
•
-The most important aspect of the Keplerian revolution is
Kepler's laws of planetary motion, which describe the
way planets move around the sun. These laws are:

1.The Law of Ellipses: The orbit of a planet around the

sun is an ellipse with the sun at one of the two foci.

2.The Law of Equal Areas: A line that connects a planet

to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times as the
planet travels around the sun.

3.The Law of Harmonies: The ratio of the square of the

orbital period of a planet to the cube of the semi-major
axis of its orbit is the same for all planets.
Some of the important things that happened during the Newtonian
Revolution include:

Development of the Laws of Motion:

Newton's laws of motion, which describe the behavior of objects in motion, were a major
breakthrough in the understanding of physics. They provided a mathematical framework
for predicting the behavior of objects in motion, which was essential for the development
of modern physics.

Discovery of Gravity:
Newton's law of universal gravitation, which describes the force of attraction between two
objects, was a groundbreaking discovery. It allowed scientists to understand the behavior
of the planets and other celestial bodies, and provided a foundation for the field of
astronomy.

Advancements in Mathematics:
Newton also made significant contributions to the field of mathematics, particularly in the
areas of calculus and differential equations. These mathematical tools were essential for
understanding the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
-Father of Modern Anatomy, and an authentic
representative of the Renaissance.

-Vesalius was one of the first physicians to accurately

record and illustrate human anatomy based on his
findings from autopsies and dissections, which led to
improved understanding of the human body and
enhanced surgery techniques.

-He published in 1543 'De Humani Corporis (On the

fabric of the human body in seven books) Which is a
collection of books on human anatomy.

-He also claimed that the circulation of blood happens

through the pumping of the heart.
Because of his studies, Vesalius was able to produce
superior illustrations about the anatomy of the human
body.
-Robert Boyle was an Irish chemist, physicist, and inventor. Boyle
is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, therefore a
founder of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern
experimental scientific method.

-Boyle defines the term element as a substance that cannot be

decomposed into simpler substances by any chemical or physical
means. It is made up of atoms, all having an equal atomic number.

-He was also known for what is called as 'Boyle's law', which
describes the inversely proportional relationship between the
absolute pressure and volume of a gas, if the temperature is kept
constant within a closed system.

Boyle's law is significant because it explains how gases behave. It

proves beyond a shadow of a doubt that gas pressure and volume
are inversely proportional.
-Did Francis Bacon create the scientific method?
The scientific method was not so much invented as it was developed.
Francis Bacon published his interpretation of the scientific method in
his 1620 treatise entitled Novum Organum. However, he was strongly
influenced by previous thinker Aristotle.

-What are the six steps to Bacon's scientific method?

Purpose/Question. Ask a question.
Research. Conduct background research.
Hypothesis. Propose a hypothesis.
Experiment. Design and perform an experiment to test your
hypothesis.
Data/Analysis. Record observations and analyze the meaning of the
data.
Conclusion.

Why is Francis Bacon scientific method important?

whereby the laws of science are discovered by gathering and analyzing
data from experiments and observations, rather than by using logic-based
arguments.
-Paracelsus upset the traditional attitudes of Schoolmen.
“The universities do not teach all things,” he wrote, “so a
doctor must seek out old wives, wandering tribes, old
robbers, and such outlaws and take lessons from them. A
doctor must be a traveler.…Knowledge is experience.”
Paracelsus held that the crude language of the innkeeper,
the barber, and the teamster had more real dignity and
common sense than the dry Scholasticism.
-Contributed substantially to the rise of modern medicine
by pioneering treatments using new chemical remedies,
including those containing mercury, sulfur, iron, and copper
sulfate, thus uniting medicine with chemistry. He stated that
the “miners’ disease” (silicosis) resulted from inhaling metal
vapours and was not a punishment for sin administered by
mountain spirits.
Discourse on the Method is one of the most
influential works in the history of modern
philosophy, and important to the
development of natural science. Skepticism:
is a questioning attitude
or doubt toward knowledge. Skeptics
normally recommend not disbelief but
suspension of belief.

Never to accept anything for true which I

did not clearly know to be such; that is to
say, carefully to avoid precipitancy and
prejudice,
-Father of Microbiology

-Microbiology is the study of the biology of microscopic organisms -

viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, slime molds, and protozoa. The study
of microbes is pivotal to the study of all living things, thus, essential
for understanding all life on the planet.

•The branches of microbiology can be classified into pure and

applied sciences.
-Pure Microbiology is a branch deals with application of
microorganisms in the field of science for the production of human
beneficial products such as medicines, antibiotics, vaccines,
enzymes, biotechnological products.
-Applied microbiology is a branch deals with application of
microorganisms in the field of science for the production of human
beneficial products such as medicines, antibiotics, vaccines,
enzymes, biotechnological engineered products and also in food
technology as fermentation products.