The energy content of the universe is constant, just as its mass content is.

Yet at
times of crisis we are bombarded with speeches and articles on how to “conserve”
energy. As engineers, we know that energy is already conserved. What is not
conserved is exergy, which is the useful work potential of the energy. Once the
exergy is wasted, it can never be recovered. When we use energy (to heat our
homes, for example), we are not destroying any energy; we are merely converting it
to a less useful form, a form of less exergy.

Exergy and the Dead State

The useful work potential of a system is the amount of energy we extract as useful
work. The useful work potential of a system at the specified state is called exergy.
Exergy is a property and is associated with the state of the system and the
environment. A system that is in equilibrium with its surroundings has zero exergy
and is said to be at the dead state. The exergy of the thermal energy of thermal
reservoirs is equivalent to the work output of a Carnot heat engine operating between
the reservoir and the environment.

For more information and animations illustrating this topic visit the Animation Library
developed by Professor S. Bhattacharjee, San Diego State University, at this link.

test.sdsu.edu/testhome/vtAnimations/index.html 1
Exergy Forms

Now let’s determine the exergy of various forms of energy.

Exergy of kinetic energy

Kinetic energy is a form of mechanical energy and can be converted directly into
work. Kinetic energy itself is the work potential or exergy of kinetic energy
independent of the temperature and pressure of the environment.
Exergy of kinetic energy: V2
xke  ke  (kJ/kg)
Exergy of potential energy 2
Potential energy is a form of mechanical energy and can be converted directly into
work. Potential energy itself is the work potential or exergy of potential energy
independent of the temperature and pressure of the environment.
Potential energy itself is the work
potential or exergy of potential energy
independent of the temperature and
pressure of the environment.

Exergy of potential energy:

xpe  pe  gz (kJ/kg) 2
Useful Work

The work done by work producing devices is not always entirely in a useable form.
Consider the piston-cylinder device shown in the following figure.

The work done by the gas expanding in the piston-cylinder device is the boundary work
and can be written as

 W  P dV  ( P  P0 ) dV  P0 dV
  Wb, useful  P0 dV
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 The actual work done by the gas is W  Wb, useful   P0 dV
 Wb, useful  P0 (V2  V1 )
The word done on the surroundings is Wsurr   P0 dV  P0 (V2  V1 )
Any useful work delivered by a piston-cylinder device is due to the pressure above the
atmospheric level.

Wu  W  Wsurr
Reversible Work

Reversible work Wrev is defined as the maximum amount of useful work that can be
produced (or the minimum work that needs to be supplied) as a system undergoes a
process between the specified initial and final states. This is the useful work output
(or input) obtained when the process between the initial and final states is executed
in a totally reversible manner.

Irreversibility

The difference between the reversible work Wrev and the useful work Wu is due to the
irreversibilities present during the process and is called the irreversibility I. It is
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equivalent to the exergy destroyed and is expressed as
Reversible Work

Reversible work Wrev is defined as the maximum amount of useful work that can be
produced (or the minimum work that needs to be supplied) as a system undergoes a
process between the specified initial and final states. This is the useful work output
(or input) obtained when the process between the initial and final states is executed
in a totally reversible manner.

Irreversibility

The difference between the reversible work Wrev and the useful work Wu is due to the
irreversibilities present during the process and is called the irreversibility I. It is
equivalent to the exergy destroyed and is expressed as

I  X destroyed  T0 Sgen  Wrev, out  Wu, out  Wu, in  Wrev, in

where Sgen is the entropy generated during the process. For a totally
reversible process, the useful and reversible work terms are identical and
thus irreversibility is zero.

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Irreversibility can be viewed as the wasted work potential or the lost opportunity to do
work. It represents the energy that could have been converted to work but was not.

Exergy destroyed represents the lost work potential and is also called the wasted
work or lost work.
Exergy of change of a system

Consider heat transferred to or from a closed system whenever there is a

temperature difference across the system boundary. The exergy for a system may be
determined by considering how much of this heat transfer is converted to work
entirely. Let’s take a second look at the following figure.

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Taking the heat transfer to be from the system to its surroundings, the conservation of
energy is
 Ein   Eout  dEsystem
0   Q   W  dU
The work is the boundary work and can be written as
 W  P dV  ( P  P0 ) dV  P0 dV
  Wb, useful  P0 dV
Any useful work delivered by a piston-cylinder device is due to the pressure above the
atmospheric level.

To assure the reversibility of the process, the heat transfer occurs through a
reversible heat engine.
T0 Q
 WHE  th Q  (1  ) Q   Q  T0
T T
 Qnet  Q
dS  
T T
 WHE   Q  T0 dS
 Q   WHE  T0 dS
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   WHE  T0 dS    Wb, useful  P0 dV   dU
 Wtotal useful   Wb, useful   WHE
 dU  P0 dV  T0 dS
Integrating from the given state (no subscript) to the dead state (0 subscript), we have
Wtotal useful  (U 0  U )  P0 (V0  V )  T0 ( S0  S )
 (U  U 0 )  P0 (V  V0 )  T0 ( S  S0 )
This is the total useful work due to a system undergoing a reversible process from a
given state to the dead state, which is the definition of exergy.

Including the kinetic energy and potential energy, the exergy of a closed system is
V2
X  (U  U 0 )  P0 (V  V0 )  T0 ( S  S0 )  m  mgz
2
on a unit mass basis, the closed system (or nonflow) exergy is
V2
  (u  u0 )  P0 (v  v0 )  T0 ( s  s0 )   gz
2
 (e  e0 )  P0 (v  v0 )  T0 ( s  s0 )
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Here, u0, v0, and s0 are the properties of the system evaluated at the dead state. Note
that the exergy of the internal energy of a system is zero at the dead state is zero
since u = u0, v = v0, and s = s0 at that state.

The exergy change of a closed system during a process is simply the difference
between the final and initial exergies of the system,
X  X 2  X 1  m(2  1 )
 ( E  E0 )  P0 (V  V0 )  T0 ( S  S0 )
V22  V12
 (U  U 0 )  P0 (V  V0 )  T0 ( S  S0 )  m  mg ( z2  z1 )
2

On a unit mass basis the exergy change of a closed system is

  (2  1 )
 (e  e0 )  P0 (v  v0 )  T0 ( s  s0 )
V22  V12
 (u  u0 )  P0 (v  v0 )  T0 ( s  s0 )   g ( z2  z1 )
2

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