https://mir-s3-cdn-cf.behance.net/project_modules/max_1200/2e1e7353150365.5aec3887dc954.

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Torque (Moment of Force)

Objectives:
• Describe the relationship between torque and moment of force
• State the conditions for translational and rotational equilibrium
of a rigid body
• Calculate the magnitude of the torque due a force and
determine its direction
• Appreciate the importance of knowing the torque applied by
difference forces in the construction of bridges, platforms, etc.
• Determine the location of the center of gravity of uniformly and
non-uniformly shaped objects
• Appreciate the importance of knowing the center of gravity of
a structure in order to keep it stable
 UNDERSTANDING MOMENT OF FORCE
The broom shown below balances at its center of gravity. If you cut the broom into
two parts through the center of gravity and then weigh each part on a scale, which
part will weigh the more?

A. longer part (handle side)

B. shorter part (brush side)

C. Both parts weigh the same.

Answer: B. The shorter broom part on the right will weigh more.
http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=5&filename=Compilations_NextTime_CenterGravityTorque.xml
 UNDERSTANDING MOMENT OF FORCE
• The shorter broom part balances D

the long handle just as kids of wD = Wd

w d
unequal weights can balance on W
a seesaw when the heavier kid
sits closer to the fulcrum.
D d

• Both the balanced broom and

the seesaw are evidence of
equal and opposite MOMENTS w
wD = Wd
– NOT weights.
W
 MOMENT OF FORCE (TORQUE)

• Moment or torque is calculated by multiplying the force by the lever arm (perpendicular
distance from the pivot).
• In equation form:
 MOMENT OF FORCE (TORQUE)
How would you calculate the torque in each case?

http://mcat-review.org/equilibrium-momentum.php
 MOMENT OF FORCE (TORQUE)
How is torque related to moment of force?

Turning effect Rotating force

(moment) when (torque) when
using a hammer in opening and
pulling out a nail closing a faucet

Torque is a moment of force which is rotational.

 STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
What are the conditions for equilibrium?

1. The sum of the forces must equal to zero.

ΣF = 0
F1 + F2 – FF = 0 Fupward = Fdownward
m1g + m2g – FF = 0
2. The sum of the torques must equal to zero.
Σ = 0
F1d1 + F2d2 = 0
Σ counterclockwise = Σ clockwise
 MOMENT OF FORCE (TORQUE)
How can two people with different weights stay balance on a seesaw ?

Σccw = Σcw
FLdL = FRdR
(50 kg) (9.8 m/s2) (3m) = (150 kg)(9.8 m/s2)( 1 m)
1470 Nm = 1470 Nm

http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/hydraulicus/torquework.html
 MOMENT OF FORCE (TORQUE)
1. What is the mass of Adam?

mass = ?
Σccw = Σcw
FLdL = FRdR
(mLgL) dL = (mRgR) dR
(50 kg) (3 m) = m ( 5 m)
m = 30 Kg
 MOMENT OF FORCE (TORQUE)
2. What is the unknown weight in the beam balance below?

0.40 m 0.30 m

2.00 N
Weight = ?
Σccw = Σcw
FLdL = FRdR
(W)(0.40 m) = (2.00 N)(0.30 m)
W = 1.50 N
 MOMENT OF FORCE (TORQUE)
3. What is the unknown length in the beam balance below?

Length
0.40=m
? 0.60 m

1.00 N 2.0 N

Σccw = Σcw
FLdL = FRdR
(1.00 N)(dL) = (2.00 N)(0.60 m)
dL = 1.20 m
 MOMENT OF FORCE (TORQUE)
4. The figure below shows three weights on a beam that is balanced at its center.
Calculate the distance d from the 0.5 N weight to the pivot.

d=? 0.30 m

0.15 m

0.50 N 3.0 N 2.0 N

Σccw = Σcw
FL1dL1 + FL2dL2 = FRdR
(0.50 N)(dL1) + (3.0 N)(0.15 m) = (2.0 N)(0.30 m)
(0.50 N)(dL1) = (0.60 N) – (0.45 N)
dL1 = 0.30 m
 MOMENT OF FORCE (TORQUE)
5. On the bridge shown in the diagram below, what are the forces on the abutments
A and B?

A B

4.0 m 6.0 m

4500 kg 1100 kg
20000 kg
16.0 m
abutments
 m1 = 4500 kg m3 = 1100 kg
4.0 m 8.0 m
4.0 m 6.0 m
10.0 m
m2 = 20000 kg
16.0 m
A B
A as the pivot:
Σccw = Σcw
FBdB = F1d1 + F2d2 + F3d3
FB(16.0 m) = (44100 N)(4.0 m) + (196000 N)(8.0 m) + (10780 N)(10.0 m)
(16.0 m) FB = 176400 N + 1568000 N + 107800 N
FB = 115762.5 N
ΣFup = ΣFdown
FA + FB = F1 + F2 + F3
FA + FB = 44100 N + 196000 N + 10780 N
FA + FB = 250880 N
FA + 115762.5 N = 250880 N
FA = 135117.5 N
 m1 = 4500 kg m3 = 1100 kg
8.0 m 12.0 m
4.0 m 6.0 m
6.0 m
m2 = 20000 kg
16.0 m
A B
B as the pivot:
Σccw = Σcw
FAdA = F1d1 + F2d2 + F3d3
FA(16.0 m) = (44100 N)(12.0 m) + (196000 N)(8.0 m) + (10780 N)(6.0 m)
(16.0 m) FA = 529200 N + 1568000 N + 64680 N
FA = 135117.5 N
ΣFup = ΣFdown
FA + FB = F1 + F2 + F3
FA + FB = 44100 N + 196000 N + 10780 N
FA + FB = 250880 N
135117.5 N + FB = 250880 N
FA = 115762.5 N
 MOMENT OF FORCE (TORQUE)
6. A mobile is constructed 3.80 cm 5.10 cm
of light rods, light strings, d1 d2
2.10 cm
and beach souvenirs. d3 6.00 cm
Determine the masses
d4
of the following objects.
2.90 cm 3.40 cm
m1 = _______g d5 d6
m3
m2 = _______g
m2
m3 = _______g

Let d1 = 3.80 cm, d2 = 5.10 cm,

d3 = 2.10 cm, d4 = 6.00 cm, 12.0 g
d5 = 2.90 cm, and d6 = 3.40 cm.
m1
A mobile is constructed of light rods, light strings, and beach souvenirs. Determine
the masses of the following objects.

Given: d1 = 3.80 cm
d2 = 5.10 cm
d3 = 2.10 cm
d4 = 6.00 cm
d5 = 2.90 cm
d6 = 3.40 cm
Required: m1 = ?
Equation: τ ccw = τ cw

Solution: m4d5 = m1d6

(12.0 g)(2.90 cm) = m1 (3.40 cm)
m1 = 10.2352941 g
Answer: m1 = 10.24 g
A mobile is constructed of light rods, light strings, and beach souvenirs. Determine
the masses of the following objects.
Given: d1 = 3.80 cm
d2 = 5.10 cm
d3 = 2.10 cm
d4 = 6.00 cm
d5 = 2.90 cm
d6 = 3.40 cm
Required: m2 = ?
Equation: τ ccw = τ cw
Solution: m2d3 = (m1 + m4) d4
m2 (2.10 cm) = (12.0 g + 10.24 g) (6.00 cm)
= (1.4) m2
m2 = 63.54285714 g
Answer: m2 = 63.54 g
A mobile is constructed of light rods, light strings, and beach souvenirs. Determine
the masses of the following objects.
Given: d1 = 3.80 cm
d2 = 5.10 cm
d3 = 2.10 cm
d4 = 6.00 cm
d5 = 2.90 cm
d6 = 3.40 cm
Required: m3 = ?
Equation: τ ccw = τ cw

Solution:
m3d2 = (m1 + m4 + m2) d1
m3 (5.10 cm) = (12.0 g + 10.24 g + 63.54 g) (3.80 cm)
m3 = 63.9145098 g
Answer: m3 = 63.91 g
 EXPLORING CENTER OF GRAVITY
What is center of mass and center of gravity?

center of center of mass

gravity and does NOT
center of change it’s
mass are in position but the
the same center of gravity
position changes

uniform gravitational field NOT uniform gravitational field

Center of mass - point located at the center of the object’s mass distribution. It
does NOT depend on gravitational field.
Center of gravity - point located at the center of the object’s weight distribution. It
DEPENDS on gravitational field.
For anything close to Earth, the center of mass and center of gravity are at the
same point.
 LOCATING CENTER OF GRAVITY
Where is the center of gravity?

A (wooden plank)

B (soccer ball) C (ring)

D (baseball bat)
When the body has uniform density, the center of gravity is also the centroid of the
volume.
 LOCATING CENTER OF GRAVITY
How is the center of gravity of a lamina determined?

https://cdn4.explainthatstuff.com/finding-center-of-gravity.gif

• The center of gravity is located by suspending the lamina from different locations
and dropping a plumb line from the suspension points.
• The intersection of the lines is the center of gravity.
 LOCATING CENTER OF GRAVITY
Can the location of the center of gravity in the human body be changed?

https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.KSQVnIMcGnfGQXYuUydLIQHaFj?pid=ImgDet&rs=1
• The location of center of gravity in the human body shifts as the person moves
and bends.
• The location of the center of gravity in the human body shifts depending on the
load carried by the person.
 STATES OF EQUILIBRIUM
When do we say that a body is in stable, unstable, or neutral
state of equilibrium?

B
C
A

1. Which flask is stable? A

• returns to its original position after being tilted slightly
2. Which flask is unstable? B
• topples or falls after being tilted slightly
3. Which flask is neutral? C
• remains in its new position after being tilted slightly