CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The primary goal of this research is to encourage the reuse of trash from various
production processes, such as fruit peels from bananas, as this could improve human health
and lessen environmental pollution. In terms of the ratio of nitrogen and potassium, weight,
size, and density of the fruit, as well as other characteristics, it has been discovered that there
are no obvious significant differences between tomato fruits produced by commercial fertilizer
of the ground and those that were fertilized by a mixture of fruit juice from bananas, with the
exception of the total salts percentage, which was lower in the fruits fertilized with a mixture of
banana. The primary consideration for us when selecting organic fertilizer weighs the
advantages and disadvantages of organic fertilization is the wellbeing of the animals and people
consuming these plants. As a result, we must pay close attention to how we fertilize the soil so
that we meet the plant’s nutrient needs while also protecting the health of people and animals.
In order to give one or more plant nutrients that are crucial for the growth of plants, fertilizers
are either inorganic or organic materials of natural or synthetic origin that are added to soil.

According to studies by Faria et al. (2016), fruits are rich in antioxidants that are beneficial to
human health in a variety of ways. Most plants require specific amounts of the top three
macronutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Banana peels also contain manganese,
which aids in the process of photosynthesis, sodium, which aids in the movement of water
between cells, and potassium, which is more necessary for some plants than others (Kristi,
2018). Some plants require higher levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium than others
(Kristi, 2018); especially what certain plants that love potassium need. Additionally, calcium is
found in magnesium and sulfur, both of which aid in the production of chlorophyll and enable
plants to absorb more nitrogen (Kristi, 2018). When used as a natural fertilizer, banana peels
are extremely effective. If we bury them, they decompose quickly and provide the soil with rich
reserves of essential elements including magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium,
and salt. Additionally, dried and ground peels can be applied directly to planting areas or used
as mulch (Caryn, 2018).Banana peels are also an excellent source of organic potassium and
contain more potassium than even wood ash (Kristi, 2018).

According to studies of Hiral et al(2016), powdered fruit peels from fruits like bananas,
oranges, pomegranates, and others can be used as fertilizer for the ground, regulating pH levels
and adding nutrients like zinc, iron, and calcium. They also stressed that using these peels in
fertilization does not come at a high cost, making it more affordable and also assists in turning
trash into useful commodities. Both have been explained and it has recently become
widespread to use fruit and vegetable peels as fertilizer for the soil. This is because using
various formulations of organic fertilizers with fruit peels has increased the efficiency and
fertility of the soil and increased the diversity of microorganisms that are necessary for plant
growth. These crusts are abundant in the elements needed for the soil and plant growth, which
has led to an increase in the earth’s elemental composition.

FFJ, commonly referred to as fermented fruit juice, serves as an organic fertilizer for
plants and gardens. This liquid raises the amounts of potassium and other nutrients in the soil,
which benefits the plants that thrive there. Any popular fruit can be used to create this mixture,
which is much less expensive than buying organic liquid fertilizer. It takes at least a week for the
fermentation to be finished, but it can take a month or longer. Fermented fruit juice is best
made from ripe, sweet fruits. It is applied as a foliar spray to improve fruit quality and is also
used as a feed supplement and a human food additive. In general, the flowering and fruiting
stages are when FFJ is employed most frequently. Sweet, ripe fruits, fruit vegetables, and root
crops are used to create fermented fruit juice (FFJ). In order to encourage flowering and setting,
the fermented extract is given to the plants after being well combined with crude sugar or
molasses and briefly kept.

The adoption of Philippine Republic Act 10068, also known as the "Organic Agriculture
Act of 2010," which encourages the use of indigenous resources in agricultural production,
including fermented plant juices (FPJ), necessitates the identification of various cost-efficient,
secure, and environmentally friendly sources of nutrients for organic crop production. creating
and using a blend of fermented plant juices, which can increase the fertility of the soil and
promote growth. It is a mixture of molasses, water, and chopped plant shoots or leaves that has
been fermented for a week or less. As a natural growth promoter, FPJ synthesized from
sections of plants that are already growing Natural growth hormones and mineralized nitrogen
that encourage plant development may be present in fast-growing plants. FPJ can be taken
widely and there is no such thing as an overdose. To prevent root burning, the soil must first be
moistened before applying FPJ (e-extension.gov.ph 2017).

The superiority of organic fertilizers over synthetic ones for growing vegetables,
particularly eggplant (Solanum melongena), including fermented plant juice (FPJ) and
fermented fruit juice (FFJ). Regarding time, labor, and cost, there is a substantial gap between
the growing of eggplants and the production of its fruit. Similar to Alam, Md., is this study.
Amirul. (2017). According to this, the FPJ and FFJ treatments caused plants to produce flowers
and fruits earlier than untreated plants did because the auxin and other vital nutrients were
created at a higher rate. This study could add to the body of knowledge about the value of
organic mixtures and extracts in natural farming and in securing the future viability and
sustainability of environmentally friendly agricultural techniques.

FPJ will also encourage healthy plant development and vitality when applied to
vegetable crops (Tagotong & Corpuz, 2020). Organic fertilizer has been shown to have a
number of long-term advantages, such as improved soil quality, increased biodiversity, higher
farm earnings, and decreased pollution. Combining organic fertilizer applications may have an
impact on cherry tomato growth and output. Additionally, it's critical to identify the organic
fertilizer mixtures that have the most potential for growing cherry tomatoes.

Minerals, animal sources, sewage sludge, and plants are just a few of the sources for
organic fertilizer. Animals, plants, and leftover items all helped to increase the amount of
organic matter in the soil. Therefore, it is advised to use integrated nutrient management to
continuously increase soil productivity over a longer period of time through the appropriate use
of organic fertilizers (such as animal manure, plant residue, and sewage sludge) and their
scientific management for improvements in crop growth, yield, and quality. (Assefa,2019)

Fermented Fruit Juice from banana fruit contains potassium, which supports the
creation of healthy hormones, as well as increased energy and resistance to disease-causing
oxidants. Fermented fruit juice, also known as FFJ, acts as an organic fertilizer for plants and
gardens. This liquid increases nutrients in the soil and therefore in the plants growing in it,
especially potassium levels. It increases the fruiting process of plants as well as to increase yield
in some leafy green vegetables. It can be used as a foliar spray as well as indirect application to
the soil, where it feeds the microbiome and increases soil health.

Fermented compost and nitrogen (N)-fertilizer are useful as sources of nutrients to

support the growth of plant and microorganisms in soils. Fermented fruits have several health
benefits. They can give your immune system a boost, provide you with vitamins and nutrients,
improve your mood and make it easier to digest foods. Fermented fruit juice as foliar fertilizer
along with the fertigation system is expected to increase and improve yield and quality of the
tomato.

According to Farzad (2017) the treated plants with fermented fruit juice produced
early flowers and fruits compared to untreated plants due to the enhanced production of auxin
and essential nutrients. Total soluble solids were also observed to increase after 10 weeks of
fermented fruit juice application. Photosynthesis rate increased in all treatments except T3:
while transpiration rate increased only at T4 compared to control. Fermented fruit juice
provides more nitrogen to plants and enhances the ability of plants to photosynthesize better.
It also gives additional phosphorus and helps plants absorb more phosphorus from the soil.
Since, the use of fermented fruit juice could promote vegetative growth and increase the
volume and size of crops. Pesticide residue analysis is resulting in no chemical contamination to
the crops, which are completely safe for human consumption. The production of organically
grown vegetable greatly added to the objectives of achieving food safety.

Fertilizers are any organic or chemically manufactured item that is applied to soil in
order to provide one or more plant nutrients required for growth. The purpose of this research
is to see how fermented banana fruit juice can help plants develop and yield more. Banana
peels are usually discarded in the trash and taken to a solid waste disposal station. This causes
an odor problem due to the decomposition of peel material in the dumping location.

Just as fermented fruit juice is used to enhance the soil and increase production of leafy plants
in gardens, it is used to increase sweetness and yield of fruiting plants as well as building
healthier soil. Although, those answers may lie in the anecdotal evidence provided by the
increasing number of organic, natural, and permaculture farmers around the world. Viewing
the anecdotal information in light of the scientific evidence on the hyper-locality of the soil
microbiome might lead us to some assumptions about fermented fruit juice and its use in our
own gardens

Organic or inorganic fertilizers are available. Substance that is either natural or artificial is
put to a soil to provide one or more of nutrients for plants that are necessary for growth plant
life. Fruits are abundant in antioxidants that are good for human health. several ways (Hiral et
al (2016). For thousands of years, agriculture was conducted without the use of synthetic
chemicals. Chemical fertilizers are now being used more frequently thanks to soil management
techniques that increase nutrient availability and boost crop yields. Utilizing these
agrochemicals leads to increased agricultural pollution in addition to the degradation of arable
land. Organic farming, which solely uses natural resources like organic matter, plant and animal
wastes, and microbes, is the only method for resolving this issue. Utilizing organic manures has
increased soil fertility and assisted in the fight against pest and disease issues.

The experiment was conducted during rabi season 2019-2020 at Agricultural Research
Station, On Farm Research Division, Alamnagar, Rangpur to find out the useful effects of
organic fertilizer on growth and yield of tomato. The experiment was arranged in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments in three compacted replicate blocks. The
Swedish government has mandated that by the year 2030, 60% of all public meals supplied and
30% of the nation's total production area must be certified organic (in accordance with either
Swedish national law or EU rules) (Anonymous 2018). Only about 5% of the Swedish
greenhouse area is being run entirely organically. Compared to conventional agriculture,
organic greenhouse farming struggles with lower yields. One key factor for this is issues in
balancing the supply of plant nutrients with the demand of the crop.

Under the conditions that each plant is planted in at least 30 L of growing medium and
that the majority of the nutrients available for the crop are included in the medium from the
start of the crop's production, this method of production has been approved as organic by the
national Swedish regulations for organic production (KRAV 2017). No new operations utilizing
this approach can be formed and certified as organic as a result of recent amendments to EU
legislation. However, until 31 December 2030, operations with constrained beds that had
already received certification before 28 June 2017 are still allowed to operate as certified
organic production units (Löfkvist and Bergstrand 2019). For fruiting crops like tomato, the
balance between N and K is particularly crucial. In order to obtain optimal growth, the nutrient
supply to the plant must be equal to the demand at any stage of the crop cycle.

The authors of this work earlier released a study on the N mineralization for crops
cultivated in containers (Bergstrand et al. 2019). The tomato was utilized as the model crop in
the study that is being discussed here, and the focus has been expanded to include all critical
nutrients. To be able to synchronize plant nutrient absorption with mineralization by combining
different fertilizers, and thereby optimize yield and quality of the produce, the study's goal was
to investigate the mineralization of various organic fertilizers.

The study demonstrates that there is a considerable difference between eggplant

growth based on the diversity of samples. It also reveals notable changes in the growth of the
plant based on the fluctuation of time by week. This indicates that employing the organic
fertilizer (FPJ) has a favorable and beneficial effect on the plant's growth over time. There are
interactions or differences between the control response and the treatment response over the
course of the three weeks.
The use of FFJ results in a larger percentage of production and more appealing
eggplant fruit. Since the typical harvest period for eggplant was 16 to 24 weeks after sowing,
the treated plants with FFJ produced early blooms as soon as 4 weeks earlier than the other
tests. Additionally, it was revealed that the organically treated plants had highly noticeable pest
resistance. This leads to the conclusion that using organic mixtures is notably different from
using conventional methods for growing eggplant and is also quite advantageous. (Anjeannette
M. Gonzaga, 2019)
To characterize the banana nano-fertilizer extract, physical and chemical tests were
performed. The histogram shows that the large nanoparticles were 40 nm with an average
percentage of 36% while the minor size was 55 nm with an average percentage of 6%. The size
of the fertilizer constituents ranged from 19 to 55 nm. Chelated potassium, chelated iron,
tryptophan, urea, amino acids, protein, and citric acid were all components of the produced
Non-fertilizers.
Two crops, tomato and fenugreek, were grown using nano-fertilizer made from
banana peels. According to the research, both crops' germination rates rose when the amount
of banana peel extract was increased. After 7 days of planting, the tomato crop's germination
percentage jumped from 14% (control without nano) to 97%. The germination percentage of
the fenugreek crop increased from 25% (control without nano) to 93.14%, following the same
pattern. (Hussein, H.S., Shaarawy, H.H., Hussien, N.H., 2019)
In comparison to the control, fertilizers, both organic and inorganic, significantly
boosted tomato and cucumber plant growth (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and
stem diameter) as well as yield (number of fruits and fruit weight). When compared to organic
fertilizer at any dose, inorganic fertilizer dramatically boosted growth and yield for both tomato
and cucumber crops. For tomato plants grown in 5 mL, 15 mL, 25 mL, 35 mL, 45 mL, 55 mL, and
the control, respectively, in-organic fertilizer improved yield by 99.04, 76.5, 57.2, 41.1, 49.4,
49.3, and 298.0% on average from sites A and B. The fruit production of cucumber increased by
84.8, 46.0, 24.2, 48.01, 56.1, 56.8, and 497.1%, respectively, for 5 mL, 15 mL, 25 mL, 35 mL, 45
mL, 55 mL, and the control, using the average from the two locations. Additionally, the two
crops' growth (plant height, leaf count, leaf area, and stem diameter) was increased by organic
fertilizer up to a 55 mL dose. (Adekiya, A.O., Dahunsi, S.O., Ayeni, J.F., 2022)