DEONEL CUBALLES PHYSICS

G12 STEM A MR. DANIEL UNATING

HISTORY OF ELECTRICITY

Electricity was on people's minds in the 1740s, but not in the way we think about it today. People used
electricity for magic tricks by creating sparks and shocks. Scientists conducted experiments with
electricity, but scientific thinking about electricity had not changed much in hundreds of years.
Electricity wasn't "useful" yet.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
American polymath Benjamin Franklin was a prolific author,
scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher, forger,
and political philosopher. Franklin was a great thinker of his period
and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He wrote and
signed the Declaration of Independence and served as the country's
first postmaster general.
For his work on electricity and for mapping out and naming the Gulf Stream current, he was a significant
figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of
physics. Among his many inventions are the lightning rod,
bifocals, and the Franklin stove.

ALESSANDRO VOLTA
Italian physicist and chemist Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio
Anastasio Volta is recognized as the creator of the electric
battery and the discoverer of methane. He was a pioneer in
the fields of electricity and power. In 1800, he wrote a two-
part letter to the president of the Royal Society outlining the
findings of his research, which led to the invention of the
voltaic pile. With this breakthrough, Volta disproved the widely
held belief that only live things could produce electricity by
producing it chemically. Due to the scientific fervor generated by
Volta's invention and the subsequent replication of his
experiments, the discipline of electrochemistry eventually
emerged.

GEORG SIMON OHM

Mathematician and physicist Georg Simon Ohm was from

Germany. The new electrochemical cell was developed by Italian
scientist Alessandro Volta, and this is where Ohm, a teacher,
started his investigation. The potential difference (voltage)
applied across a conductor and the resulting electric current are
directly related, according to Ohm, who discovered this using
tools of his own invention. The electrical resistance unit, the ohm,
is named after him and this relationship is known as Ohm's law.

ANDREI MARIE AMPERE

One of the pioneers of the field of classical electromagnetism, which he called "electrodynamics," was
the French scientist and mathematician André-Marie Ampère. Along with many other applications, he is
also the creator of the solenoid (a name he coined) and the electrical telegraph. Ampère was an
independent learner who served as a professor at the Collège de France and a member of the French
Academy of Sciences.

Ampere, the SI unit used to measure electric current, is named in his honor. In addition, his name
is one of the 72 names engraved on the Eiffel Tower.

SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, most of the nation's electricity was generated
by natural gas, nuclear energy, and coal in 2020.

Electricity is also produced from renewable sources such as wind, hydropower, solar power, biomass,
wind, and geothermal. Together, renewable energy sources generated about 20% of the country's
electricity in 2020.

To produce electricity, a turbine generator set converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. In the
cases of natural gas, coal, nuclear fission, biomass, petroleum, geothermal and solar thermal, the heat
that is produced is used to create steam, which moves the blades of the turbine. In the cases of wind
power and hydropower, turbine blades are moved directly by flowing
wind and water, respectively. Solar photovoltaic panels convert
sunlight directly to electricity using semiconductors.

CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

Conductors

Due to its propensity for "conducting" the movement of electrons, copper is regarded as a
conductor. The majority of metals are thought to be effective carriers of electrical current. One
of the more common materials used to make conductors is copper.

Other materials that are sometimes used as conductors are silver, gold, and aluminum. Copper
is still the most popular material used for wires because it is a very good conductor of electrical
current and it is fairly inexpensive when compared to gold and silver. Aluminum and most other
metals do not conduct electricity quite as good as copper.
EXAMPLES OF CONDUCTORS

Insulators

Insulators are materials that have just the opposite effect on the flow of electrons
that conductors do. They do not let electrons flow very easily from one atom to
another. Insulators are materials whose atoms have tightly bound electrons. These electrons
are not free to roam around and be shared by neighboring atoms.

EXAMPLES OF INSULATORS

CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS IN ELECTRICITY

KINDS OF ELECTRIC DIAGRAMS

WIRING DIAGRAM
A wiring diagram is a simplified conventional pictorial
representation of an electrical circuit. It shows the
components of the circuit as simplified shapes, and the
power and signal connections between the devices.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
A schematic diagram is a representation of the elements of
a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather than
realistic pictures.
 PICTORIAL DIAGRAM
A pictorial circuit diagram uses simple images of
components, while a schematic diagram shows the
components of the circuit as simplified standard symbols;
both types show the connections between the devices,
including power and signal connections.

DRY CELL ANODE AND CATHODE

A dry cell consists of a metal container in which

a low moisture electrolyte paste covers the
graphite rod or a metal electrode. Generally, the
metal container will be zinc whose base acts as
a negative electrode (anode) and a carbon road
acts as a positive electrode (cathode). It is
surrounded by manganese dioxide and low
moisture electrolyte like ammonium chloride
paste, which will produce a maximum of 1.5V of
voltage, and they are not reversible.

KINDS OF CIRCUITS

CLOSE CIRCUIT
 
A circuit without interruption, providing a continuous path through which a current can flow.

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
Closed circuit towers allow for the Accuracy and Reliability
following modes of operation not
OPEN CIRCUIT possible with open towers: Free
cooling operation without the need
for an intermediate heat exchanger:
A circuit in which the continuity is
Chiller turned off. Dry operation:
Conserve water and treatment broken due to which the electric
chemicals, prevent icing and plume.

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
being able to complete the circuit Open loop systems are inaccurate in nature
analysis in understand a power source. and also unreliable.
current can not flow is known as the open circuit. In an open circuit, the current flowing is zero,
thus no power dissipates from an open circuit.

SHORT CIRCUIT
A short circuit is simply a low resistance connection between the two
conductors supplying electrical power to any circuit. This results in
excessive current flow in the power source through the 'short,' and may
even cause the power source to be destroyed.

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
avoiding interruptions of The heavy current due to short-circuit
essential services. causes excessive heating which may
result in fire or explosion.

SERIES CIRCUIT
In a series circuit, all components are connected end-to-end to form a single path for current
flow. The total resistance in a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual resistors, and
the total voltage drop is equal to the sum of the individual voltage drops across those resistors.

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
All of the components can The components cannot be
be controlled by a single controlled separately.
switch.

PARALLEL CIRCUIT
A parallel circuit comprises branches so that the current divides and only part of it flows
through any branch. The voltage, or potential difference, across each branch of a parallel circuit
is the same, but the currents may vary.

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
If there is a fault in one of the electric In parallel circuits, we cannot
increase the voltage since the
ELECTRICAL HAZZARDSappliances, the current is able to pass
resistance decreases in the parallel
through different paths of the circuit.
circuit.
Correctly speaking, electricity is a hazard, as it has the potential to cause harm, but if properly
managed, the likelihood of harm being caused is minimal. Although, the severity of electrical
hazards (sometimes referred to as consequence) when things go wrong will potentially be
fatality or life changing.

For those who take frequency into account in risk assessment, the Health and Safety Executive
tell us that fatality through electric shock is a low frequency event, although just one life taken
is too much.

Incidents do happen and the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 applies to all work activity in
such proximity to electrical systems where danger might be present. Therefore, the extent of
the law is not restricted to electricians and electrical engineers, but applies equally to
mechanical engineers, construction workers, production staff and office employees alike, where
their work activity might expose them to the dangers of electricity.

Examples of electrical hazzards risks:

 electric shock
 electric burn
 electrical explosion or arcing,
 fire or explosion initiated by electrical energy (where any such death or injury is
associated with the generation, provision, transmission, transformation,
rectification, conversion, conduction, distribution, control, storage, measurement or
use of electrical energy’).