2022

BIOMEDICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

ALI RAZA
SAP ID 70096073
QUESTION 1

Design a digital Butterworth filter that satisfies the following constraint using the bilinear
transformation. Assume T = 1 s.

0.9≤|H (jω)| ≤1, 0≤ω≤ π/2

|H (jω)| ≤0.2, 3π/4≤ ω ≤ π

Solution

δ 1≤|H (jΩ)| ≤1, 0≤Ω≤Ω1

|H (jΩ)| ≤δ 2, Ω2≤Ω≤ π

Given data:

δ 1=0.9

δ 2=0.2

π
ω 1=
2

3π
ω 2=
4

As we know that:

2 ω1
Ω1= tan
T 2

Puts the vales:

T=1

π
2 2
Ω1= tan
1 2

π
Ω1=2 tan
4

Ω1=2

2 ω2
Ω2= tan
T 2
Puts the vales:

3π
2 4
Ω2= tan
T 2

2 3π
Ω2= tan
T 8

Ω2=4.828

As we know that:

log ⁡{
(( ) )
1
δ 22
−1
}

N=
1
(( ) )
1
δ1
2
−1

2 Ω2
log ⁡( )
Ω1

Puts values:

log ⁡{
( ( 0.2 ) )
1
−1 2

N=
1 ( ( 0.9 ) )
1
−1 2

2 4.828
log ⁡( )
2

( 24 )
log ⁡{ }
1 ( 0.2346 )
N=
2 log ⁡(2.414)

N=2.626

As we know that:

Ω1
Ωc =

(( ) )
1 /2 N
1
2
−1
δ1
Put values

2
Ωc =

(( ) )
1 /2 (3)
1
−1
0.92

Ωc =2.5467

As we know that:

H ( s)=¿

Put k=1

H ( s)=¿

As we know that:

π
b 1=2sin =1
6

c 0=c 1=1

B0=B1=1

Puts the values:

( )
2
1∗2.5467 1∗2.5467
H ( s)=( ) 2 ………………1
s+1∗2.5467 s +1∗2.5467 s+ 1∗2.54672

2.5467 6.4856
H (s)=( )( 2 )
s+ 2.5467 s + 2.5467 s+ 6.4856

H ( z )=H ( s )∨¿ 2 (z−1) ¿

s=
T ( z+1)

Puts the values of (s) in equation 1:

2.5467 6.4856
H (z )=( )( )
2 ( z−1 ) 2( z−1)
2
2 ( z−1 )
+2.5467 ( ) +2.5467 ( )+ 6.4856
T ( z+ 1 ) T ( z +1) T ( z+1 )
T=1

2.5467 6.4856
H (z )=( )( )
( z−1 ) ( z −1 ) 2
2 ( z−1 )
2 +2.5467 [2 ] +2.5467 ( )+6.4856
( z +1 ) ( z+1 ) T ( z +1 )

2.5467 6.4856
H ( z )=( )( )
2 ( z−1 ) +2.5467 ( z +1 ) ( z−1 ) 2
( z−1 )
[2 ] + 2.5467∗2( )+6.4856
( z +1 ) ( z +1 ) ( z +1 )

2.5467 6.4856
H ( z )=( )( )
2 z−2+ 2.5467 z +2.5467 ( z −2 z +1 )
2 2
( z−1 )
( z+1 ) [4 2 ] +5.0934( )+6.4856
( z +2 z +1 ) ( z +1 )

2.5467 6.4856
H (z )=( )( )
4.5467 z +0.5467 4 ( z 2−2 z+1 ) 5.0934 ( z−1 )
( z +1 ) 2
+( )+ 6.4856
(z +1) ( z +1 )

2.5467 ( z +1 ) 6.4856
H ( z )=( )( )
4.5467 z +0.5467 4 ( z −2 z +1 ) +5.0934 ( z −1 ) (z+1)+6.4856(z +1)2
2

2
( z +1)
3
2.5467 6.4856 (z+ 1)
H (z )=( )( )
4.5467 z +0.5467 4 ( z −2 z +1 ) +5.0934 ( z−1 ) (z +1)+6.4856 ( z+ 1)2
2

3
2.5467 6.4856 ( z+1)
H (z )=( )( )
4.5467 z +0.5467 ( 4 z −8 z + 4 ) +5.0934 ( z 2−1 )+ 6.4856( z 2 +2 z +1)
2

3
2.5467 6.4856( z +1)
¿( )( 2 )
4.5467 z +0.5467 4 z −8 z +4 +5.0934 z −5.0934+ 6.4856 z 2 +12.9712 z +6.4856
2

2.5467 6.4856( z +1)3

H (z )=( )( )
4.5467 z +0.5467 15.579 z 2 +4.9712 z+5.3922

H (z )=¿

¿¿

¿¿

H ( z )=¿ ¿
QUESTION 2

Design a low pass Butterworth discrete-time filter by applying impulse invariance to an appropriate
continuous-time filter. The specifications for the discrete-time filter correspond to passband gain
between 0 dB and −1 dB and stopband attenuation of at least −15 dB,

0.89125≤|H (jω)| ≤1, 0≤ω≤ 0.2π

|H (jω)| ≤0.17783, 0.3π≤ ω ≤ π

Solution

δ 1≤|H (jΩ)| ≤1, 0≤Ω≤Ω1

|H (jΩ)| ≤δ 2, Ω2≤Ω≤ π

Given data:

α s=−15 dB

δ 1=0.89125

δ 2=0.17783

ω 1=0.2 π

ω 2=0.3 π

As we know that:

For impulse invariant:

ω1
Ω1=
T

Puts the vales:

T=1

0.2 π
Ω1=
1

Ω1=0.2 π
 ω2
Ω2=
T

Puts the vales:

0.3 π
Ω2=
1

0.3 π
Ω2=
1

Ω2=0.3 π

As we know that:

log ⁡{
(( ) )
1
δ 22
−1
}

N=
1
(( ) )
1
δ1
2
−1

2 Ω2
log ⁡( )
Ω1

Puts values:

log ⁡{
(( 1
0.17783 ) )}
2
−1

N=
1 (( 0.89125 ) )
1
−12

2 0.3 π
log ⁡( )
0.2 π

( 30.6 )
log ⁡{ }
1 ( 0.258 )
N=
2 log ⁡(1.5)

1 log ⁡{118.60 }
N=
2 log ⁡( 1.5)

4.7756
N=
2∗0.4056
 N=5.88

N=6

As we know that:

Ω1
Ωc =

(( ) )
1 /2 N
1
2
−1
δ1

0.2 π
Ωc =

(( ) )
1 /2∗6
1
2
−1
0.89125

0.2 π
Ωc =

(( ) )
1 /12
1
2
−1
0.89125

Ωc =0.7032

N=6;

Due to even number:

2
N /2 B k Ωc
H ( s)=Π k =1 ( 2 2
)
s + bk Ωc s+ c k Ω c

B1 Ω c 2 B2 Ω c2 B 3 Ω c2
H (s)=( )( )( )
s 2+b 1 Ω c s +c 1 Ω c2 s2 +b 2 Ωc s +c 2 Ω c2 s 2 +b3 Ωc s+ c 3 Ω c2

π
b k =2 sin ⁡(2 k −1)
2N

π
b 1=2sin ⁡(2(1)−1)
2∗6

π
b 1=2sin ⁡(2−1)
12
 π
b 1=2sin ⁡(1)
12

π
b 1=2sin ⁡( )
12

b 1=0.5

π
b 2=2 sin ⁡(2(2)−1)
2∗6

π
b 1=2sin ⁡(4−1)
12

π
b 1=2sin ⁡(3)
12

π
b 1=2sin ⁡(3 )
12

b 1=1.4

π
b 3=2 sin ⁡(2(3)−1)
2∗6

π
b 3=2 sin ⁡(6−1)
12

π
b 3=2 sin ⁡(5)
12

π
b 3=2 sin ⁡(5 )
12

b 3=1.9

B1=B2=B3=1

c 1=c2=c 3=1
2 2 2
B1 Ω c B2 Ω c B 3 Ωc
H (s)=( 2 2
)( 2 2
)( 2 2
)
s +b 1 Ω c s +c 1 Ω c s +b 2 Ωc s +c 2 Ω c s +b3 Ωc s+ c 3 Ω c
Putting values:

H ( s)=¿

H ( s)=¿

¿ ¿):

As we know that:

a =1; b= 0.3516; c= 0.4944

−b ± √ b2−4 ac
x=
2a

Putting values:

−0.3516 ± √ 0.3516 −4 (1)(0.4944)

2
x=
2(1)

−0.3516 ± √ 0.1236−1.9776
x=
2

x=−0.181+ 0.67 j

x=−0.181−0.67 j

¿ ¿):

As we know that:

a =1; b= 0.9844; c= 0.4944

−0. 9844 ± √ 0.98442−4(1)(0.4944)

x=
2(1)

x=−0.49+ 0.490 j

x=−0.49−0.490 j

¿ ¿):

As we know that:

a =1; b= 1.3360; c= 0.4944

 −1.3360 ± √ 1.33602−4(1)(0.4944)
x=
2(1)

x=−0.66 +0.181 j

x=−0.66−0.181 j

0.1209
(−0.181+0.67 j ) (−0.181−0.67 j )(−0.49+0.490 j ) (−0.49−0.490 ) (−0.66+0.181 j¿)(−0.66−0.181 j)

A B C D E F
¿ + + + + +
−0.181+0.67 j −0.181−0.67 j −0.49+0.490 j −0.49−0.490 j −0.66+0.181 j −0.66−0.181 j