SUBMITTED BY Taimoor Inayat

SUBMITTED TO Sir Abu Bakr

RESIGRATION NUMBER BSEE02183150
ASSIGNMENT TYPE 3
COURSE CODE EE-04306

Solution

The progression designs in sensor development result from further developed

unwavering quality, productive parts, and the long presence of new things to
address the issues of clients sooner rather than later. The central thought
behind any new advancement is to lessen the expenses of significant things
while expanding accuracy and trustworthiness, higher capability, and better
execution. The essential headway design in sensor development is toward
decrease and expanded use of multi-sensor and remote designs. Numerous
continuous advances in sensor innovation have been made conceivable by
techniques for smaller than usual and Nano Advances. The advantages of
these advancements incorporate less exertion, more modest sizes, lower
power utilization, and more prominent trustworthiness. Quite possibly the
main smaller than usual development accessible is silicon little planning. The
noticeable properties of silicon material, like open door hysteresis mistakes,
have brought about various advances in all fields of life. Sensor expansion
and sensor combination will keep on speeding up as IoT security improves,
making it more secure to communicate delicate information. This will further
develop far off activity capacities. While this is going on, the joining of
sensors into customer gadgets will decrease costs and further develop
execution. The new mechanical advances have expanded interest in
transducers, especially gadgets appropriate for direct connecting to microchip
frameworks. Most estimation fields have progressed quickly, yet we will zero
in on straightforward transducers as opposed to transducer frameworks here
(for force estimations, stream estimation and so on.). There are three areas
that stand out: optical-fiber transducers, resonator sensors, and solid-state
transducers. A transducer is a device that converts an electrical signal from a

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non-electrical signal. A sensor detects physical changes in the environment,
such as temperature or light, and converts them into a measuring signal. The
use of sensors in recent technology has altered the entire world. The primary
advantages of using sensors include increased sensitivity during data
collection, lossless transmission, and real-time analysis. Sensor technology
has recently advanced due to high speed and low cost electronic circuitry,
various signal processing methods, and advanced manufacturing engineering.
Sensors are now being used to improve human health, safety, and security, as
well as to explore their capabilities in space and environmental monitoring
systems.

A. Ultrasonic Level Senor:

A non-contact, high-reliability, cost-effective, and simple to install and
maintain level measurement instrument is an ultrasonic level sensor. It is a
low-cost measuring device used in industrial settings to measure liquids,
slurries, and solids. It is widely used in industries such as water treatment,
municipal, chemical, metallurgical, and mechanical manufacturing.

Figure 1 ultrasonic level sensor

1- Operating Range:

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5m、10m、15m、20m、30m、40m、50m

2- Operating Temperature
Range:
LCD: -20～+60℃; Probe: -20～+80℃

3- Environmental Conditions:
Dust, dirt, and high-moisture environments have no effect on ultrasonic
sensors. Humidity has no effect on the speed and sound of an ultrasonic
sensor at room temperature or lower temperatures (0.036 percent / 10% RH
change). However, at higher air temperatures, the speed of sound increases as
humidity increases, which can reduce accuracy.

4- Working Principle:
Ultrasonic level sensors use the speed of sound to calculate "time of flight."
The sensor sends out a high-frequency pulse, typically between 20 and 200
kHz, and then listens for the echo. Ultrasonic sensors operate by emitting a
sound wave with a frequency higher than that of human hearing. The sensor's
transducer functions as a microphone to receive and transmit ultrasonic
sound. Like many others, our ultrasonic sensors use a single transducer to
send a pulse and receive the echo.

5- Internal Structure:

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Ultrasonic waves work in the same way that radar does. Radar uses radio
waves, whereas ultrasonic uses sound waves. When an ultrasonic pulse signal
is directed at an object, the object reflects it and the echo returns to the
sender. The time taken by the ultrasonic pulse is calculated, and the object's
distance is determined. Bats use a well-known method to calculate distance
while flying. The ultrasonic level measurement principle is also used to
locate fish in the ocean, submarines below water level, and scuba divers in
the sea.

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The ultrasonic level transmitter's activities are monitored by a
microcontroller-based Control Circuit. There are two Pulse Transmission
Circuits, one for the transmitter and one for the receiver. The transmitter
pulse is converted to ultrasound pulses by the Ultrasonic Sensor (Transmitter)
and directed at the object. This ultrasound pulse is reflected back to the
Ultrasonic Sensor as an echo pulse (Receiver). The pulse generator in the
receiver converts the Ultrasonic pulse to an electrical signal pulse. The
counter measures the time elapsed or the reflection time. This elapsed time is
related to the measurement level. The Control Circuit converts the elapsed
time to a level.

6- Inaccuracy:
1% is the accuracy and inaccuracy is <0.3-2.5m（different for range).

7- Sensitivity:
The ratio of an output quantity to an input quantity is simply defined as
sensitivity. There are mechanical quantities of force and velocity (F, v) at the
acoustic port and mechanical quantities of voltage and current (V, I) at the

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electrical port for an ultrasonic transducer characterized as a two-port
network.

8- Error And Its Reduction:

As with a clean power source, instrumentation cable runs should be kept
away from large electric motors, generators, or other devices with strong
electromagnetic fields that can induce electrical noise in the cable. Validating
that the sensor materials are compatible with any chemicals that may be
present in the application is always a good idea. As with a clean power
source, instrumentation cable runs should be kept away from large electric
motors, generators, or other devices with strong electromagnetic fields that
can induce electrical noise in the cable. The required sensing range of a given
application is not the only factor that must be considered. High temperatures,
targets with poor sound reflective characteristics, and target size (the amount
of surface area perpendicular to the sensor) are all good reasons to choose a
sensor with a sensing range greater than the actual maximum distance to the
target. The width of the sensing path to the target is also important. A short-
range sensor that is forced to operate at higher gain (signal amplification)
settings will have a wider detection beam than a long-range sensor that
operates at lower gain settings.

B. Float Element Type Level Transducer:

A float level transducer is one of the most basic and dependable ways to
measure the level of non-coating, low-viscosity liquids. Foaming, vapors, and
liquid dielectric, which can cause other types of level-sensing technologies to
fail, have no effect on float level transducers. With all stainless steel wetted
parts, this metal float level transducer has a maximum pressure rating of 800
PSIG and a maximum media temperature rating of 250°F.

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 Figure 2 Float type transducer

1- Operating Temperature Range:

The operating temperature range of a float type level transducer is 3.4E-38 to
3.4E+38.

2- Operating Range:
The operating range of float level type is 10 bytes (200m/s).

3- Environmental Conditions:
Transducers for hazardous areas have sealed conduit connections to keep the
hazardous environment, weather, and other conditions out. In many cases,
transducers must be tested and approved for use in hazardous locations by a
third-party certifying agency. Offshore oil rigs and fracking, hydraulic
systems for industrial power systems and pumps (including those on military
nuclear submarines), and remote fuel tanks are all common harsh
environment commercial applications for transducers. Fire protection
systems, hydraulic systems in heavy transport vehicles such as rail cars,
semis, and construction vehicles, steam co-generation plants, and anywhere

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combustible, flammable gases, vapors, and fumes exist as part of the
industrial process are other examples.

4- Working Principle:
The float type level meter works on the principle that a float moves up and
down due to buoyancy. A magnet in the float activates a reed switch in a
stem, which produces a detection signal. The level meter, however, may not
be able to measure liquids with certain viscosities and specific gravities. The
float level detector is used to measure liquid levels in a tank by placing a float
on the liquid's surface and following the changing level of the liquid. The
liquid level in the cone or flat roof unpressurised or pressurized tanks are
indicated by a float-operated gauge level indicator.

5- Internal Structure:

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A float switch is made up of a hollow floating body and an internal switch,
which is also known as a sensor. A reed switch is the most common internal
switch, so there is also a magnet inside the body. A float switch detects the
level of liquid in a tank by using a float, magnet, and reed switch system that
opens and closes automatically as water levels rise and fall inside the tank.

6- Inaccuracy:
The inaccuracy of float transducer is ±0.059% of the measurable length of the
stem.

7- Sensitivity:
The dimension of sensitivity is the ratio of the output and input dimensions.
The sensitivity of a displacement level transducer should be expressed as 200
mV/mm if the output voltage changes by 200 mV when the displacement
changes by 1 mm. The sensitivity can be understood as a magnification when
the output of the level transducer and the dimension of the input amount are
the same. Increase the sensitivity to achieve greater measurement accuracy.
The greater the sensitivity however, the narrower the measurement range and
the worse the stability. The level transducer's resolution is the ability of the
level sensor to detect the smallest change being measured. Meanwhile, if the
input gradually varies from some non-zero value. When the input change
value does not exceed a certain threshold, the output of the liquid level
transducer does not change, indicating that the change in the level
transmitter's input level is not discernible. Only if the input changes more
than the resolution will their output change.

8- Error And Its Reduction:

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 The first is an absence of upkeep. All float switches require customary
support checks to guarantee that they keep going as far as might be feasible.
If no or little upkeep is played out, the lifetime is altogether decreased and
will bring about untimely disappointment. The suggested upkeep agenda or
rules ought to be tracked down in the sensor manual. Unfortunate exploration
can bring about unfortunate choices. Numerous clients often wind up in a
circumstance where the float switch isn't reasonable for the application.
Contingent upon the application, you might require a switch made of an
alternate material or one with a particular mechanical setup. Getting the best
match between your gear and your application is beyond a shadow of a doubt
the best safeguard support you can perform. Prior to making a buy, it is basic
to think about the switch's usefulness, as well as ecological and actual
variables, to guarantee that the float switch will meet your application
prerequisites.

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