Origin and Formation of the Element • James Chadwick

Atomic Theory Timeline - proved the existence of neutrons

Democritus • Erwin Schrodinger

-first person to deal with atoms. -modern

-he called it "atomos" meaning indivisible" - electron cloud model / quantum mechanical model.
- all matter was formed of different types. of tiny discrete -the atom consists of a small but massive nucleus
particles. surrounded by a cloud of rapidly moving electrons.
-billiard ball model → we cannot know exactly where an electron. is at any
• John Dalton atomic theory given time, but the electrons are more likely to be in
specific areas
- atomic theory
-three- dimentional
- all matter is made of atom and it cannot be divided,
created or destroyed. - formulated a wave equation that accurately calculated
the energy levels of electrons.
-the atoms of a given element are identical
Atoms
- atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and
other properties - are the basic units of matter and the defining structure
- atoms of different elements combine with each other to of elements
create / form compounds -nucleus
- solid sphere model
- 3 particles (proton, neutron, electron)
• J.J. Thomson
Element
- discovered electrons through the cathode ray
- is a substance that cannot be broken down into any
-plum pudding model other substance.
→ atom consisted of a positively charged mass in which -is a specific type of atom
are embedded the negatively charged electrons
Origin and Formation of Elements
-plum- negatively charged particles.
• Light Elements
-pudding- positively charged particles.
-formed during the Big Bang
• Ernest Rutherford
-Big Bang nucleosyntheses
- discovered nucleus and protons.
-Deuterium, Hydrogen, Helium, and Lithium.
-nuclear atomic model.
-associated it with the discovery of nucleus • Heavy Element

-the electrons surround /occupy the nucleus -stellar nucleosynthesis

-composed of protons and electrons. - stellar → stars, nucleus nucleo→ nucleus;

• Niels Bohr synthesis →combination / fusion

- planetary model. - elements are created within stars by combining the

-the electrons not only surround the nucleus, but it also
encircles around nucleus called orbits
-shell
protons and neutrons together from the nuclei of lighter
elements.
- Carbon plus helium produces oxygen. oxygen plus
helium produces neon, Neon plus helium producer
magnesium.
Supernova Nucleosynthesis

-the creation of elements during the explosion of a

massive star

- uranium, gold

Exploration about Elements.

•fire - Heraclitus Molecular shape and Polarity

• water- Thaler air Anaximenes • Electron Geometry

• earth- Empedocles -arrangement of electron groups and atoms

Isotopes -atom → central atom and attached atoms.

- are atoms of the rame element that have different
numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons
and electrons
"Element name” - usually from a Greek or Latin word for
the element or a substance containing the element.
-electron group→ lone pair
→ at the central atom (if compound)
- no. of total electron groups are calculated
Molecular shape

Atomic number- the number of protons in the nucleus of -the arrangement of atoms in a molecule,usually relative
the atom to a single central atom

Symbol-short hand abbreviation for the element name - excludes lone pairs from determining a molecule's shape

Atomic mars- the average mars of the atoms in an
element
Electron Configuration - where electrons are located
around the nucleus of an atom.
-applicable to two atoms and more.
- covalent bond→ compound is combination of two
nonmetal elements.
VSEPR Theory (Valence Shell Electron Pair: Repulsion)

model used to predict 3-D molecular geometry based on

the number of valence shell electron bond pairs among
the atoms in a molecule or ion.
Finding Out Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons - basic to remember:
Rules: • linear bent
• trigonal
1) The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom is
equal to the atomic number. • tetrahedral
• octahedral
2) The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to
the number of protons.

3) The mass number of the atom is equal to the sum of

the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

4) The number of neutrons is equal to the difference

between the mass number of the atom and the atomic
number.

Isotopes of Magnesium