GOOD DAY EVERYONE!

I AM CATHERINE MEDRANO AND I WILL DISCUSSED

TO YOU THE 3RD AND 4TH PEACEMAKING STRATEGIES.

For our third peacemaking strategies we have the “Communication”

Communication is important in resolving a conflict because communication creates an

opportunity to listen to the viewpoints or arguments of the opposite side and to have a
mutual understanding between the concerned parties.

So, when a two person disagree, there are three options that they can do. They can
bargain with each other directly. They can ask a third party to mediate by making
suggestions and facilitating their negotiations. Or they can arbitrate by submitting
their disagreement to someone who will study the issues and impose a settlement.

LET ME DEFINE AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF THESE THREE. FIRST WE HAVE

THE BARGAINING

Bargaining is defined as
Seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties.
In other words…Bargaining is a discussion about what the other side wants.
For an example,
Me and Anne were pointing fingers about who will end our discussion for our report.
We ended bargaining and negotiating. She will end our report but I’ll do the PowerPoint
Presentation.

Next we have, Mediation.

Mediation is an attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating
communication and offering suggestions.
For an example,
This can be done through Counseling or by asking a Friend for an advice.

And lastly we have the Arbitration.

Arbitration is a resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides
and imposes a settlement.
For an example,
When a husband and wife got divorce and dispute over custody of a child, the Law will
decide for them.

Both Mediation and Arbitration used a neutral third party. What is the difference of the
two?
In Mediation, mediators work with the parties to help them develop and
endorse an agreement. Ibig sabihin nito ang trabaho ng Mediators ay tumulong
magpaliwanag at magsuggest kung anong makakabuti. Pero ang desisyon ay hindi
manggagaling sa Mediator kundi manggagaling ito sa dalawa. While, In Arbitration,
arbitrators listen to the parties and impose a decision. Ibig sabihin nito ang
trabaho niya ay pag-aralan ang kaso at pakinggan ang panig ng dalawa. Siya rin ang
gagawa ng desisyon para sa mga ito. And both parties must abide by the
decision.

But sometimes tensions run so high that genuine communication is impossible.

THAT’S WHY FOR OUR FOURTH AND LAST STRATEGY WE HAVE THE
CONCILLATION.

Conciliation is an activity or procedure of accommodating the standpoints of people or

groups with appeals and objectives that differe, at least in the beginning.

Charles Osgood created GRIT. Grit stands for “Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in
tension reduction” This method is for de-escalating conflicts. It is a bargaining strategy
with the end goal being a "gradual reduction in tension" between two parties.
Osgood’s proposal for GRIT originates in the context of the Cold War and concern about
nuclear weapons. Specifically, the United States and Russia tried to surpass each other
with advancements in nuclear weapons to feel more secure. Ultimately, this intensifying
quest for nuclear weapons threatened the stability of the world. Osgood devised GRIT
as a way to calm this escalated tension.

This is done by proposing a small initial concession to the opposing party under the
assumption that this concession will be accepted and matched by the other. If the party
accepts this concession then another one is offered and so on. By offering and
accepting small concessions then trust can be established between the two opposing
parties.

That will be all. Thank you.

QUIZ

1. Seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties.

2. An attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication
and offering suggestions.
3. Resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a
settlement.
4. Who created the “Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction”?
5. It is for de-escalating conflicts.

ANSWER
1. BARGAINING
2. MEDIATION
3. ARBITRATION
4. CHARLES OSGOOD
5. GRADUATED AND RECIPROCATED INITIATIVES IN TENSION REDUCTION OR
GRIT
FUNDAMENTAL OF ATTRIBUTION ERROR