Se 4 LM 2

Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

F. Pimentel Avenue, Brgy. 2, Daet, Camarines Norte – 4600, Philippines
College of Engineering
CE TRK 1 – 104 – Structural Engineering 4
Second Semester, A.Y. 2022-2023
SPREAD FOOTINGS
Handout No. 2 Time Allotment: Week 3-4
=========================================================================================
Outline of Topics:
1. Common Types of Footings
2. Depth of Footings
3. Design of Footings
4. Bearing Capacity of Soils Under Footings and Mat Foundations
Specific Intended Learning Outcome/s (SILOs)
At the end of this topic, the student should be able to:
• Classify the common types of footings;
• Explain the different considerations when designing the footing depth;
• Discuss the procedure in designing footings; and
• Calculate the bearing capacity of soils supporting footings and foundations.
=========================================================================================
1. Common Types of Footings
• Wall or Continuous Footings
• Isolated Footing/ Individual Column Footing/ Spread Footing
Page 1 of 8
• Combined Footing
• Strap or Cantilever Footing
• Mat/Raft Foundation
Page 2 of 8
• Other Types
2. Depth of Footings
• Footings should be carried below the top soil, miscellaneous fill, abandoned foundation, debris, or muck.
• Alternatives when the top soil is too deep:
o Removal of the top soil directly under the footing and replacing it lean concrete
o Removal of the top soil in an area larger than the footing and replacing it with compacted sand
and gravel fill.
• It is not a good practice to place footings on ground surface due to the possibility of erosion.
• Footings on sloping ground should have sufficient edge distance as protection against erosion.
• The difference in footing elevations should not be so great as to introduce undesirable overlapping of
stresses in soil.
3. Design of Footings
Factors to Consider in Footing Design

• Footing Depth and Spacing
• Soil Settlement
• Soil Erosion
• Foundations in Sand and Silt
• Foundations in Loess and Other Collapsible Soils
Page 3 of 8
Step by Step Procedure in Footing Design
Footing Number and

Thickness (One- Spacing of Development
Footing Dimension
Way and Two- Reinforcements Length
Way Shear) (Flexure)
4. Bearing Capacity of Soils Under Footings and Mat Foundations
General Shear Failure - the footing undergoes a very large settlement without any further increase of q
Local Shear Failure - the slip surfaces end somewhere inside the soil
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Equation
For General Shear Failure:
Square footings:
Circular Footings:
Page 4 of 8
General Bearing Capacity Equation
where qc, qq, and qγ are the contributions of cohesion, surcharge, and unit weight of soil, respectively.
Page 5 of 8
Page 6 of 8
Effect of Groundwater Table
If the groundwater table coincides with the bottom of the foundation,

the magnitude of q is equal to γD However, the unit weight, γ, in the
f.
third term of the bearing-capacity equations should be replaced by γ’.
Factor of Safety
Example Problems:
1. A square foundation is 1.5 m x 1.5 m in plan. The soil supporting the foundation has a friction angle φ’=20°,
and c’=15.2 kN/m2. The unit weight of soil is 17.8 kN/m3. Determine the allowable gross load on the
foundation with a factor of safety (Fs) of 4. Assume that the depth of the foundation (Df) is 1 meter and that
general shear failure occurs in soil.
2. A square foundation is shown. The footing will carry a gross mass of 30,000 kg. Using a factor of safety of
3, determine the size of the footing—that is, the size of B. Use Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Equation.
Page 7 of 8
3. A footing 1 m square carries a total load, including its own weight, of 59,130kg. The base of the footing is
at a depth of 1m below the ground surface. The soil strata at the site consist of a layer of stiff saturated
clay 27.5 m thick overlying a dense sand. The average density of the clay is 1,846kg/cu. M. Determine
the:
a. Gross foundation pressure
b. Overburden pressure
c. Ultimate bearing capacity (general shear failure)
d. Ultimate bearing capacity (local shear failure)
Page 8 of 8

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Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

• Wall or Continuous Footings

• Isolated Footing/ Individual Column Footing/ Spread Footing

• Strap or Cantilever Footing

Factors to Consider in Footing Design

Step by Step Procedure in Footing Design

Footing Number and

4. Bearing Capacity of Soils Under Footings and Mat Foundations

Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Equation

For General Shear Failure:

General Bearing Capacity Equation

Effect of Groundwater Table

If the groundwater table coincides with the bottom of the foundation,

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