Homework- Alexandra Matysová 4.

AB

1. Describe the functions of the digestive system - Food intake and processing it, absorption
and releasing of waste product of digestion, secretion- delivery of enzymes, mucus,
absorption - transport of water, ions and nutrients into blood, motility - contractions of
smooth muscle in the wall of the tube that crush, mix and move its contents

2. Characterize intracellular digestion, extracorporal digestion, mechanical digestion -

intracellular – inside the cells , extracorporal – outside the body (spiders injest digestive
juice inside the prey), Mechanical digestion is simply the aspects of digestion achieved
through a mechanism - structures(teeth) or movement.

3. Describe the structure of the stomach- 1.cardia, 2.fundus, 3.lesser curvature, 4.three
layers of smooth muscle, 5.pylorus, 6.greater curvature

4. Characterize the structure and functions of the mouth, large intestine and the liver-
mouth: Foodstuffs are broken down mechanically by chewing (teeth and lingua) and
chemically by enzyme amylase – ptyalin - breaks down sugars.
Large intestine: 1,8 meter, diameter 5-8cm.. The large intestine consists of the cecum with
appendix( filled with lymphatic tissue) and colon. The larger part - intestine – colon extends
from the cecum to the anus and includes the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the
descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum. The major function of the large
intestine is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food mater – waste product and
transmit the useless waste material from the body.
Its mucus membrane is soft and does not have villi or microvilli. It contains goblet cells,
which produce mucus.
The functions: reverse absorption of water and some salt, presents of rotting and fermenting
bacteria – formation of faeces and intestine gases, breaking down bile pigments and
formation of sterkobilin and urobilin

Liver: the largest gland in the human body. An average weight is 1.5 kg. It is located under
the diaphragm on the right side of the abdominal cavity. Its many functions include:
important for metabolism and digestion, a large proportion of substances absorbed through
the small intestine through the portal bloodstream is transfered to liver and Liver cells
processed them, converted, stored in liver or they are returned back into the blood, In the
liver detoxification of substances and lowering the unnecessary substances occurs, part of
liver metabolites are excreted directly in the form of bile ,Vascular functions, including
formation of lymph and the hepatic phagocytic system, metabolic achievements in control of
synthesis and utilization of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, secretory and excretory
functions, particularly with respect to the synthesis of secretion of bile.

5. Characterize the functions of the following enzymes: ptyalin - breaks down sugars, pepsin
- splits proteins, trypsin - helps us digest protein, lipase- breaks lipids, amylase – converts
complex carbohydrates to simple sugars, chymosine - coagulates milk in children

6. List vitamins soluble in water and fat – B vitamins - folate, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin,
pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 -- and vitamin C, fat-soluble vitamins –
A, D, E, and K.
7. Name the parts of digestive system in the picture- 1. ascending colon, 2. cecum, 3.
rectum, 4. anus, 5. transverse colon, 6. descending colon, 7. sigmoid colon
8. Describe the structure of a tooth- 1.crown, 2.neck, 3.root, 4.enamel, 5.dentine, 6.gum,
7.cementum, 8.opening at the tip of the root

9. Characterize the structure and functions of the stomach, small intestine and pancreas
Stomach: Volume – 1-2 liters,
Walls of stomach consists of:
mucus membrane, sub-mucus connective tissue, 3 layers of smooth muscle
Gastric juice : HCL – hydrochloric acid – needed for activation of pepsinogen, mucus - alcalic
and enzymes (pepsin, lipase, chymosine)
peristaltic movement of stomach mixes food with gastric juice
Irritation of the stomach (poison substances , nicotin, apomorphin..) can cause antiperistalic
movement - it is protective reflex- vomiting
Small intestine: 4-6 meters, it is the place where the final stages of chemical digestion occur
and where almost all nutrients are absorbed. It is the longest section of the digestive tube
and consists of three segments forming a passage from the pylorus to the large
intestine(duodenum, jejunum and ileum). The internal walls of the small intestine are
covered in finger-like tissue called villi. Each of these villi is covered in even smaller finger-
like structures called microvilli. These villi and microvilli increase the surface area available
for the absorption of nutrients.
Pancreas: made up of lobes, of which are leaving thin ducts . They are joining together to
enter into the duodenum, in which is emptied the pancreatic juice. Pancreas is the gland
with endocrine function as well as the enxocrine function. Exocrine means its pruducts are
transferred to target organ through ducts, endocrine means its products are produced
directly to the blood. It is formed by a cluster of interstitial cells called Islets of Langerhans
which produce hormones, insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar. Function disorders
of this part of the pancreas, causes the disease diabetes (diabetes mellitus).

10. Name the parts of digestive system in the picture: 1. salivary gland, 2.liver,3.gall
bladder, 4.duodenum, 5.oesophagus, 6.stomach, 7.pancreas
11. Name and briefly characterise 5 diseases of DS.
Crohn disease: chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, usually occurring in the terminal
portion of the ileum, the region of the small intestine farthest from the stomach. Crohn
disease was first described in 1904 by Polish surgeon Antoni Leśniowski.

Celiac disease: an inherited autoimmune digestive disorder in which people cannot tolerate
gluten, a protein constituent of wheat, barley, malt, and rye flours. General symptoms of the
disease include the passage of foul, pale-coloured stools (steatorrhea), progressive
malnutrition, diarrhea, decreased appetite and weight loss, multiple vitamin deficiencies,
stunting...

Cholera: an acute infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae
and characterized by extreme diarrhea with rapid and severe depletion of body fluids and
salts. Cholera has often risen to epidemic proportions in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia,
particularly in India and Bangladesh. In the past two centuries, seven pandemics

Gastroenteritis: acute infectious syndrome of the stomach lining and the intestine. It is
characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. Other symptoms can include
nausea, fever, and chills. The severity of gastroenteritis varies from a sudden but transient
attack of diarrhea to severe dehydration. Numerous viruses, bacteria, and parasites can
cause gastroenteritis....
Dysentery: infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the intestine, abdominal
pain, and diarrhea with stools that often contain blood and mucus. There are two major
classifications of dysentery: bacillary and amebic, caused respectively by bacteria and by
amoebas. Bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis, is caused by bacilli of the genus Shigella.