1. The Group 7 element bromine was discovered by Balard in 1826.

Bromine gets
its name from the Greek bromos meaning stench.
79
Bromine consists of a mixture of two isotopes, Br and 81Br.
A student added an aqueous solution of sodium iodide to a solution of bromine.
The colour turned from orange to a deep brown.
The student then added an aqueous solution of sodium chloride to a solution of
bromine.
The orange colour was unchanged.

(i) Explain these observations.

In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms, spelled

correctly.

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[3]

(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that has taken place.

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[1]
[Total 4 marks]
2. A student read about possible health problems arising from the use of common
salt added to different foods. The student decided to compare the salt content of
different foods using simple test-tube tests to test the chloride content.

Plan a simple qualitative experiment to compare the quantity of chloride ions in

different foods. Comment on the validity of claiming that the chloride content is
the same as the salt content.

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[Total 4 marks]

3. In this question one mark is available for the quality of spelling, punctuation and
grammar.

Chlorine gas was bubbled through an aqueous solution of bromide ions and
also through an aqueous solution of iodide ions. An organic solvent was then
added and each mixture was shaken.

• State what you would see in each case.

• Write equations for any chemical reactions that take place.

• State and explain the trend in reactivity shown by these observations.

(Allow one lined page).

[6]
Quality of Written Communication [1]
[Total 7 marks]
4. Chlorine is used in the production of safe drinking water throughout the world.

Drinking water is purified by addition of small amounts of chlorine. The reaction

that takes place can be represented by the equation below.

Cl2(g)  H2O(l) 2H+(aq)  ClO–(aq)  Cl –(aq)

(a) Describe a simple test that would confirm the presence of chloride ions in
drinking water.

Include an equation in your answer.

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[3]

(b) Chlorine can also be converted into bleach.

How is bleach made from chlorine? Include an equation in your answer.

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[2]
[Total 5 marks]
5. At room temperature and pressure, r.t.p., chlorine is a gas, bromine is a liquid
and iodine is a solid.

Explain why these halogens have different physical states at r.t.p.

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[Total 3 marks]

6. A student carried out an experiment using chlorine gas, Cl2(g).

The student bubbled chlorine through an aqueous solution of potassium

bromide, KBr(aq). A reaction took place.

(i) What colour is the solution after the reaction has taken place?

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[1]

(ii) Write an equation for this reaction.

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[2]
 (iii) This reaction takes place because chlorine has a stronger oxidising power
than bromine. Explain why chlorine has a stronger oxidising power than
bromine.

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[3]
[Total 6 marks]

7. A student carried out two experiments using chlorine gas, Cl2(g).

(a) In the first experiment, the student bubbled chlorine through 120 cm 3 of an
aqueous solution of 0.275 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq).

The equation for this reaction is shown below.

Cl2(g)  2NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq)  NaClO(aq)  H2O(l)

Under the reaction conditions, 1 mole of Cl2(g) occupies 24.0 dm3.

(i) What is meant by the term the mole?

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[1]
 (ii) How many moles of NaOH were in the 120 cm3 volume of
NaOH(aq)?

answer ....................... mol

[1]

(iii) Calculate the volume of Cl2(g) that was needed to react with the
NaOH(aq) used.

answer ...............................
[2]

(iv) What is a common use for the solution that the student prepared?

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[1]

(b) In the second experiment, the student repeated the procedure in (a) but
with hot concentrated sodium hydroxide. A different reaction took place in
which sodium chlorate (V) was formed instead of NaClO.

Suggest the formula of sodium chlorate (V).

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[1]
[Total 6 marks]

8. Aqueous silver nitrate can be used as a test for halide ions. A student decided
to carry out this test on a solution of magnesium chloride. The bottle of
magnesium chloride that the student used showed the formula MgCl2.6H2O.

The student dissolved a small amount of MgCl2.6H2O in water and added

aqueous silver nitrate to the aqueous solution.

(i) What is the molar mass of MgCl2.6H2O?

molar mass = ……………… g mol–1

[1]
 (ii) What would the student see after adding the aqueous silver nitrate,
AgNO3(aq)?

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[1]

(iii) Write an ionic equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.

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[2]

(iv) Using aqueous silver nitrate, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between

chloride, bromide and iodide ions.

How can aqueous ammonia be used to distinguish between these three

ions?

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[3]
[Total 7 marks]

9. Domestic tap water has been chlorinated.

Chlorine reacts with water as shown below.

Cl2(g)  H2O(l)  HOCl (aq)  HCl (aq)

(i) State the oxidation number of chlorine in

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[3]
 (ii) When carrying out halide tests with aqueous silver nitrate, it is important
that distilled or deionised water is used for all solutions, rather than tap
water.

Suggest why.

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[1]
[Total 4 marks]

10. Aqueous silver nitrate was added to the solution of CaCl2.

(i) State what you would expect to see.

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[1]

(ii) Write an ionic equation for this reaction.

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[1]
[Total 2 marks]

11. In this question, one mark is available for the quality of spelling, punctuation and
grammar.

The halogens chlorine, bromine and iodine each exist as diatomic molecules at
room temperature and pressure.

The halogens all have van der Waals’ forces.

 Explain how van der Waals’ forces are formed.

 Explain the trend in volatilities of the halogens chlorine, bromine and
iodine.
[Total 6 marks]
12. Describe and explain the relative reactivity of the halogens chlorine, bromine
and iodine in displacement reactions involving halides, using reactions on a test
tube scale.

Include equations and observations in your answer.

[5]
Quality of Written Communication [1]
[Total 6 marks]

13. Chlorine is used in the preparation of many commercially important materials

such as bleach and iodine.

Bleach is a solution of sodium chlorate(l), NaOCl, made by dissolving chlorine

in aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Cl2(g)  2NaOH(aq)  NaOCl(aq)  NaCl(aq)  H2O(l)

Determine the changes in oxidation number of chlorine during the preparation of

bleach and comment on your results.

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[Total 3 marks]

14. Iodine is extracted commercially from seawater with chlorine gas. Seawater
contains very small quantities of dissolved iodide ions, which are oxidised to
iodine by the chlorine gas.

(i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that has taken place.

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[2]
 (ii) Use your understanding of electronic structure to explain why chlorine is a
stronger oxidising agent than iodine.

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[2]
[Total 4 marks]

15. In this question, one mark is available for the quality of written communication.

This question is about the Group 7 elements chlorine, bromine and iodine.

 Explain why chlorine, bromine and iodine have different physical states at
room temperature and pressure.
[4]

 An aqueous solution of bromine was added to an aqueous solution of

chloride ions and also to an aqueous solution of iodide ions.

State what you would see in each case.

Include an equation for any chemical reaction that takes place.

Explain the trend shown by these observations.

[4]
Quality of Written Communication [1]
[Total 9 marks]
16. A household bleach contains sodium chlorate(I), NaClO, as its active ingredient.

The concentration of NaClO in the bleach can be found by using its reaction
with hydrogen peroxide, H2O2.

NaCIO(aq)  H2O2(aq)  O2(g)  NaCI(aq)  H2O(I)

(a) Chlorine has been reduced in this reaction.

Use oxidation numbers to prove this.

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[2]

(b) A student added an excess of aqueous hydrogen peroxide to 5.0 cm 3 of

the bleach. 84 cm3 of oxygen gas were released.

(i) How many moles of O2 were released?

Assume that, under the laboratory conditions, 1.00 mol of gas

molecules occupies 24 dm3.

answer ............................. mol

[1]

(ii) How many moles of NaCIO were in 5.0 cm3 of the bleach?

answer ............................. mol

[1]

(iii) What was the concentration, in mol dm–3, of NaCIO in the bleach?

answer ............................. mol dm–3

[1]

(c) The label on the bottle of household bleach states that the bleach contains
a minimum of 4.5 g per 100 cm3 of NaCIO.

Use your answer to (b)(iii) to decide whether or not the information on the
 label is correct.
[3]

(d) It is extremely important that household bleach is not used with acids. This
is because a reaction takes place that releases toxic chlorine gas.

Suggest an equation for the reaction of an excess of hydrochloric acid with

household bleach.

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[2]
[Total 10 marks]