CERCDS56D:

REINFORCED
CONCRETE DESIGN
W E E K 2 , TO P I C 3
STRENGTH ANALYSIS
OF BEAMS
ACCORDING TO ACI
CODE
W E E K 2 : TO P I C 3
STRENGTH DESIGN
VS.
WORKING STRESS
DESIGN
W E E K 2 : TO P I C 3
DERIVATION OF BEAM EXPRESSIONS

Design Principle:
Actual Loads ≤ Allowable Loads

𝑴𝒖 ≤ 𝝓𝑴𝒏
where:
𝑀𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
DERIVATION OF BEAM EXPRESSIONS
DERIVATION OF BEAM EXPRESSIONS
DERIVATION OF BEAM EXPRESSIONS
FORMULAS FOR 𝜷
English Units SI Units

STRENGTH REDUCTION OR 𝝓 FACTORS

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS
BALANCED SECTIONS, TENSION-CONTROLLED
SECTIONS, AND COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED
SECTIONS
 BALANCED SECTIONS, TENSION-CONTROLLED
SECTIONS, AND COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED
SECTIONS
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 @strain = 0.005
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐸 𝑓𝑠 = 0.005 (29 𝑥 106 ) = 145000 psi
𝑓𝑠 = 0.005 200000 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝐸𝑠 = 29 𝑥 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐸𝑠 = 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

@strain = 0.003 (yield)

𝑓𝑠 = 0.003 (29 𝑥 106 ) = 87000 psi
𝑓𝑠 = 0.003 200000 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
 BALANCED SECTIONS, TENSION-CONTROLLED
SECTIONS, AND COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED
SECTIONS
𝑪𝑶𝑴𝑷𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑳𝑳𝑬𝑫 𝑻𝑹𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑰𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑻𝑬𝑵𝑺𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑳𝑳𝑬𝑫
𝒇𝒔 ≤ 𝟖𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝟖𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎 < 𝒇𝒔 < 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓
𝒇𝒔 ≤ 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝟔𝟎𝟎 < 𝒇𝒔 < 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝒇𝒔 − 𝟖𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒔 ≥ 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊

𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒇𝒔 ≥ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟖𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒇𝒔 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
 DERIVATION OF BEAMS EXPRESSIONS
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍, 𝝆 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐, 𝑹𝒏
𝑨𝒔 𝑴𝒏
𝝆= 𝑹𝒏 =
𝒃𝒅 𝒃𝒅𝟐

𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
𝐶=𝑇 2
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 𝜌 𝑑
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 𝜌
𝑎= 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 1 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄 𝟐𝑹𝒏
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏 1.7 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝝆= 𝟏− 𝟏−
𝒇𝒚 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄
𝒇𝒚 𝝆 𝒅 𝜌 𝑓𝑦
𝒂= 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 2 1 −
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝒇′ 𝒄 1.7 𝑓 ′ 𝑐

𝝆 𝒇𝒚
𝝓𝑴𝒏 = 𝝓 𝒇𝒚 𝝆 𝒃 𝒅𝟐 𝟏 −
𝟏. 𝟕 𝒇′ 𝒄
BALANCED STEEL AREA, 𝜌 𝑏
𝑐 𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑏 𝑑
= 𝑎=
0.003 𝜖𝑦 + 0.003 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
0.003 𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑏 𝑑
𝑐= 𝑎 = 𝑐𝛽 =
𝑓𝑦/𝐸𝑠 + 0.003 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
87000𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑏 𝑑
𝑐 = 𝑓𝑦+87000 𝑒𝑞. 1 𝑐 = 0.85 𝑓′ 𝑐 𝛽 𝑒𝑞. 2

87000𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑏 𝑑
=
𝑓𝑦 + 87000 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽
87000 𝑑 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽
𝜌𝑏 = 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑓𝑦 + 87000 𝑓𝑦 𝑑

600𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑏 𝑑
=
𝑓𝑦 + 600 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽
600 𝑑 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽
𝜌𝑏 = 𝑆𝐼 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑓𝑦 + 600 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
MINIMUM STEEL PERCENTAGES
ENGLISH UNITS SI UNITS
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:
Given the following data of a singly reinforced
rectangular beam: a. ) 4 tension bars
Beam width, b = 330 mm 𝐴𝑠 = 4 𝐴𝑏 = 4 (490.87) = 1963.48 mm^2
Effective depth, d = 450 mm
𝐴𝑠 1963.48
Tension Bar diameter = 25 mm 𝜌= = = 0.0132 < 𝜌𝑏
𝑏𝑑 330(450)
Concrete strength, f’c = 27.5 Mpa Required: ∴ 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠
Steel strength, fy = 414 MPa 𝑀𝑢 𝑜𝑟 𝜙𝑀𝑛 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
Solution:
Compute the design strength of the beam 𝛽 = 0.85 f ′ c < 30MPa 𝐶=𝑇
under the following conditions:
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
a.) Using four tension bars 2
𝜋 25 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 1963.48 (414)
b.) Using six tension bars 𝐴𝑏 = = 490.87 𝑚𝑚2 𝑎= =
4 0.85 𝑓 ′𝑐 𝑏 0.85 27.5 (330)
c.) Using nine tension bars 𝑎 = 105.38 𝑚𝑚
600 𝑑 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽
𝜌𝑏 = a
Given: 𝑓𝑦 + 600 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 f ′ c a b d −
Beam width, b = 330 mm 2
Effective depth, d = 450 mm 600 450 0.85 27.5 0.85 105.38
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 27.5 105.38 330 450 −
Tension Bar diameter = 25 mm 𝜌𝑏 = 2
414 + 600 414 450
Concrete strength, f’c = 27.5 MPa 𝑀𝑛 = 322963356.3 N – mm
𝑀𝑛 = 322.963 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
Steel strength, fy = 414 MPa 𝜌𝑏 = 0.028 𝜙 = 0.9
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 322.963 = 𝟐𝟗𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
b.) Use 6 tension bars
𝛽 = 0.85 𝑓𝑠 600
𝐴𝑏 = 490.87 𝑚𝑚2 =
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐
𝜌𝑏 = 0.028 𝒅 −𝒄
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒄
𝐴𝑠 = 6 𝐴𝑏 = 6 490.87 = 2945.22 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 2945.22 a 158.07
𝜌= =
𝑏𝑑 (330)(450)
= 0.0198 < 0.028 𝑐= = = 185.96 𝑚𝑚
𝛽 0.85

∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 450 − 185.96

𝑓𝑠 = (600) = 851.93 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 185.96
𝐶=𝑇 < 1000𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 ∴ 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
(2945.22)(414)
𝑎= = 158.07 𝑚𝑚
0.85 (27.5)(330) 𝑓𝑠 − 600
𝜙 = 0.65 + 0.25
1000 − 600
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 851.93 − 600
2 𝜙 = 0.65 + 0.25
158.07 1000 − 600
𝑀𝑛 = 2945.22 414 450 − = 452.33 kN − m
2 𝜙 = 0.81
𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.81 452.33 = 𝟑𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 𝑑−𝑐 450 − 269.86
c.) Use 9 rebars 𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 600
𝛽 = 0.85 𝑐 269.86
𝐴𝑏 = 490.87 𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑠 = 400.52 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑏 = 0.028 ∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

𝑎 = 𝛽𝑐 = 0.85 269.86 = 229.381 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑠 = 9 490.87 = 4417.83 𝑚𝑚2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑑 −
𝐴𝑠 4417.83 2
𝜌= = = 0.0297 > 𝜌𝑏 229.381
𝑏𝑑 (330)(450) 𝑀𝑛 = 4417.93 400.52 450 −
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 2
𝑓𝑠 ≠ 𝑓𝑦 𝑀𝑛 = 593.306 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝜙 = 0.65
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = 0.65 593.306 = 𝟑𝟖𝟓. 𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
𝐶=𝑇
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
𝑑 −𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600 𝑎=𝛽𝑐
𝑐
𝑑−𝑐
0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝛽 𝑐 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 600
𝑐
450 − 𝑐
0.85 27.5 0.85 𝑐 330 = 4417.83 600
𝑐
𝒄 = 𝟐𝟔𝟗. 𝟖𝟔 𝒎𝒎