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Identification and verification of some plasticity models for structural

materials by using pressure bar technique

Conference Paper · July 2010

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 Seventh International Symposium on Impact
Engineering
4-7 July 2010 Sofitel Victoria Hotel, Warsaw,
IDENTIFICATION AND VERIFICATION OF SOME PLASTICITY
MODELS FOR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS BY USING PRESSURE
BAR TECHNIQUE

Bragov A.1, Lomunov A.1, Konstantinov A.1, Kruszka L.2, Proud B.3
1
Research Institute of Mechanics, State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
2
Military University of Technology, Poland
3
Surface, Microstructure and Fracture Group, Cavendish Laboratory, UK

Abstract
An original methodology is offered for complex research of properties of structural
materials, including obtaining of required mechanical properties of materials in a
wide range of strain rates and temperatures, identification of some models, and
verification of these models by means of special natural and numerical experiments.
A set of verification experiments includes: modified Taylor test, a method of direct
impact and experiment on dynamic indentation. Analysis of the residual form of a
sample as well as comparison of strain pulse in a pressure bar are used in these
experiments. Thus opportunities of models are checked at other modes of a loading (a
type of stress-strain state and strain-rate range). The models of Polish steel St0S as
well as English copper C101 defined by results of one-dimensional static and
dynamic experiments, well describe behaviour of these materials in conditions of the
complex stress state.

1. INTRODUCTION
Now it is well-known, that mechanical properties of materials change depending on
speed of deformation and temperature. Taking into account an influence of these factors on
mechanical characteristics of a material is very important at calculation of a stress-strained
condition and strength of constructions. The major element of such calculation is the defining
relationships (models) adequately describing elastic-plastic behaviour of a material in a wide
range of strain rates and temperatures. There is a necessity of realization of complex
experimental-numerical researches which include obtaining of a spectrum of mechanical
characteristics of a material, a choice of defining relationships and their equipping by
necessary parameters, and also their subsequent verification on the basis of comparison of
results of a set of numerical and natural verification experiments. On an example of Polish
soft steel ST0S and English industrial copper of high purity С101 the methodology of such
complex research of dynamic properties of materials is presented.
There are many works on high-speed tests of copper of different purity, however, results
of different authors not always will be coordinated with each other. It is possible to explain
disorder of dynamic properties of copper, partly, by various thermomechanical history of
specimens tested. An annealing mode essentially influences on dynamic behaviour of copper.
Hence, at comparison and the analysis of the results mentioned by different authors even for
one material, it is necessary to consider thermomechanical history and microstructural
characteristics of the tested samples which, unfortunately, are shown far not always. And at
definition of parameters of model of pure copper the stress-strain curves should be used
obtained on samples in the same condition in which this copper will work in a design.

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2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
For obtaining parameters of models of investigated materials a series of mechanical tests
was carried out at the uniaxial stress condition. Static tests of steel St0S and copper С101 are
executed by "Instron" test machines, accordingly, in Poland and in Great Britain, dynamic
tests of both materials - in Russia on the installation realizing the Kolsky technique with use
of split Hopkinson pressure bar in diameter of 20 mm [1]. The set of verification experiments
was applied for estimation of adequacy of the received models: modified Taylor's test, a
method of direct impact, experiment on dynamic indentation of indentors with the various
form of a tip. In these experiments for checking model's adequacy it is used, besides the
analysis of the residual form of the sample, comparison of experimentally registered and
numerically simulated strain pulses in a pressure bar. Velocity range, and also a type of the
stress-strain condition of these experiments differ from one-dimensional experiments by the
Kolsky method in which parameters of models have been obtained. Thus, opportunities of
models are checked at other modes of loading.

3. MATERIALS AND SPECIMENS

Within the framework of scientific cooperation of Research Institute of Mechanics
NNSU with the Warsaw Military University of Technology, and also with Cavendish
Laboratory joint detailed research was carried out at compression of low-carbon steel St0S
and high-pure (99.95%) copper C101 in a condition "as-received" and after annealing in a
wide range of strain rate. Samples of steel St0S were annealed at temperature 9200C within 32
minutes, and copper С101 - at temperature 5000С during 1 hour.
Table 1. Chemical composition of tested materials
Materials С Mn Si P S Cr Ni Cu O
St0S 0.23 <1.3 <0.4 0.07 0.065 - - - -
C101 - - - - - - - 99.95 0.02-0.035
Samples for dynamic tests have been made in the form of tablets in diameter of 8 mm and
length 4 mm. Specimen-tablets in diameter of 20 mm and by length 10 mm were used for
verification experiments on a dynamic indentation.

4. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND MODELS’ PARAMETERS

The cycle of joint static and dynamic tests of steel St0S was realized at compression in a
range of temperatures from -780С up to +2000С. Specimens were tested in a condition "as-
received" and after annealing. Stress-strain curves in a wide range of strain rate and
temperature are as a result obtained.

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Fig. 1. Mechanical properties of steel ST0S in a condition “as-received” at ambient

temperature

Static and dynamic deformation curves of steel ST0S in a condition "as-received"

obtained at a room temperature are presented in fig.1. The known tendency is observed: at
strain rate above 102 s-1 essential increase is marked, both a yield point, and a plastic stress.
Inasmuch as onstream, materials can undergo various temperatures, it was carried out
research of influence on the dynamic diagram of temperature in a range from -780С up to
+2000С. In fig.2 influence of test temperature on mechanical properties of steel ST0S in a
condition "as-received" (a) and after an annealing (b) is presented. Essential reduction of
strengthening properties with growth of temperature is visible. On diagrams «the yield tooth»
is well appreciable which scope increases with growth of strain rate and downturn of
temperature. Stress-strain curves of specimens after annealing go a little below than diagrams
in a condition "as-received".

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a) b)

Fig. 2. Influence of temperature on steel properties

in condition “as-received” (a) and after annealing (b).
Inasmuch as simple models of plasticity (Cowper-Symonds, Johnson-Cook, etc.) in
popular FE codes ANSYS, LS-DYNA, ABAQUS, etc. cannot describe the phenomenon of
"yield drop», so for modelling properties of ST0S steel the tabular input of stress-strain
diagrams (Model 24 «Piecewise linear plasticity») was used.
Also joint detailed research at compression of English industrial high-pure C101 copper
was carried out in condition both "as-received" and after annealing. In fig.3 the obtained
stress-strain curves are presented at strain rates ~1500 s-1 and 3000 s-1.

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a) b)

Fig. 3. Dynamic stress-strain curves for C101 copper

in condition “as-received” (a) and after annealing (b)

Very strong influence of an initial state of copper onto the dynamic diagram is visible.
On the other hand, it is possible to note, that in the investigated range of strain rate, sensitivity
of the material to this parameter is not observed. For an estimation of influence of strain-rate
history onto the dynamic diagram the loading by a compound striker [2] was done.
Experiments with strain-rate jumps have shown, that influence of strain-rate history can be
neglected. Absence of influence both of strain-rate value and its history onto mechanical
properties of copper has allowed to use for its modelling simple defining relationships (the
state equations), not considering high-speed hardening. On the basis of obtained stress-strain
diagrams the parameters of some popular models of plasticity were defined by the method of
the least squares (Table 2). Comparison of the dynamic diagrams of copper experimental and
regenerated by using specified models both in condition "as-received" and after an annealing
is shown in fig.4.

Table 2. Parameters of some reductive models for C101 copper

Johnson-Cook model s T = ( A + B × e P )
n
Cowper-Symonds model s = k × e n
As-received After annealing As-received After annealing
A = 356 MPa A = 35 MPa k = 462 MPa k = 627 MPa
B = 129 MPa B = 603 MPa n = 0.055 n = 0.484
n = 0.451 n = 0.547

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Fig. 4. Natural and simulated stress-strain curves of C101 copper in two states

5. MODEL VERIFICATION
For verification of the obtained models the comparison of results of a set of special
experiments (modified Taylor's test, high-speed indentation of indenters with a head-tip both
in the form of a cone and a hemisphere, and also a direct impact method) in natural and
numerical realization was used. In these experiments for check of adequacy of models it is
used, besides for the analysis of specimen's residual form, a comparison of experimentally
registered and numerically simulated strain pulse in a pressure bar. In modified Taylor's test
also high-speed film-registration of change of specimen's form during impact has been done
which has allowed estimating a reliability of models more precisely. Numerical experiments
were executed in axisymmetric form and corresponded to conditions of carrying out of natural
experiments. Advantage of the offered set of verification experiments is that the stress-strain
condition of examinees of materials in these tests differs from those in base experiments, and
speeds and degrees of deformation also differ from conditions in which parameters of models
have been obtained. Thus, the specified verification allows estimating opportunities of
extrapolation of defining relationships.
In modified Taylor's test the accelerated specimen hits not on rigid semi-infinite barrier,
but on the pressure bar equipped by strain gauges. In this case, besides measurement of the
residual form of the specimen-striker and definition of value of a material yield point, the
impulse in the pressure bar is registered, allowing determining development of effort at the
interface “a striker - a pressure bar”. This impulse is used for additional verification of
models' parameters by comparison of numerical and natural experiments. Diameter of
accelerated specimens was 9.9 mm, and length - 50 mm for St0S steel and 70 mm for С101
copper. The gas gun of 10 mm in caliber was used for acceleration of specimen-striker. For
decrease in effects of friction the hot end-face of a pressure bar was lubricated before each
test by a thin layer of graphite greasing. Diameter of a pressure bar is 20 mm. Samples were
tested at various speeds of an impact.

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a) b)

Fig. 5. Verification of ST0S steel model by using the modified Taylor test

Comparison of the residual form of St0S steel specimens in a condition "as-received" is

shown in fig.5a after impact with the specified speeds (continuous lines - calculation, markers
- experiment). Here relative deviations of a simulated profile of samples after impact from
experimental one are shown. It is visible, that the maximal divergence of numerical and
natural profiles of specimens does not exceed 3%. Strain pulses in pressure bar for velocity of
impact 150 m/s (continuous lines - calculation, dashed lines - experiment) are resulted in
fig.5b.
In fig.6 a comparison of experimental and simulated residual profiles of copper
specimens both in a condition "as-received" (a) and after an annealing (b) is shown. It is well
visible, that after an annealing the zone of plastic deformation of the specimen is much more,
though the degree of radial deformation is less.

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a) b)

Fig. 6. Simulated and experimental residual profiles of C101 copper

in a condition "as-received" (a) and after an annealing (b) after impacts at different velocities.

For two specified models an equally good conformity of experimental and simulated
residual profiles is visible because of absence of influence of speed of deformation on a
dynamic yield point of an investigated material. It is visible that relative deviations between
numerical and experimental profiles of samples after impact do not exceed 2.5%.
In addition by means of digital 8-frames ultrahigh-speed HSFC-Pro camera a shadow
registration of process of impact and forming the sample was realized. In fig.7 as an example
the comparison of experimentally registered and numerically simulated profiles of С101
copper specimens in a condition "as-received" (a) and after an annealing (b) is shown. The
time bar of impact process is in the bottom of figures. It is possible to note good coincidence
of the residual form of samples, both during the initial moment of impact, and in the end of
process of deformation that testifies to reliability of copper models both in a condition "as-
received" and after annealing.

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a)

b)

Fig. 7. Comparison of experimentally registered and numerically simulated profiles

of С101 copper specimens during impact
Besides during experiments the strain pulse in pressure bar was registered (Fig.8). In the
registered strain pulse there are observed dying oscillations, connected with voluminosity of
the stress-strain condition on a interface «striker-pressure bar», and a numerically regenerated
pulse has an amplitude of these fluctuations a little below, than in natural experiments.
Probably an artificial viscosity in the analytical scheme has been chosen not absolutely
successfully. At the same time, qualitative coincidence of axial deformation in the pressure
bar obtained in calculation and measured during experiment is very good.

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 Seventh International Symposium on Impact
Engineering
4-7 July 2010 Sofitel Victoria Hotel, Warsaw,

a) b)

Fig. 8. Comparison of experimentally registered and numerically simulated profiles

of С101 copper specimens in a condition "as-received" (a) and after an annealing (b)

It is well visible, that results of numerical and natural experiments practically coincide at
comparison of the samples' residual form, whereas pulses in the pressure bar have some
differences which could be explained by some imperfection of the numerical scheme.
For verification of models at speeds of deformation 500-3000 s-1, and also for definitions
of dynamic hardness in the Research Institute of Mechanics NNSU the technique based on the
Kolsky method is developed [1]. Modification consists of a replaceable conical (an angle at
cone top is 900) or a hemispherical indentor between incident bar and a sample. As a material
for an indentor there are used hard tungsten-cobaltic alloys (r=15300 kg/m3) which are
modelled in calculation as a rigid undeformable material. The loading impulse was produced
by a striker by length of 300 mm with different velocities. In case of a conic indentor the area
of contact has small value, therefore the amplitude of the reflected impulse is rather essential,
and the sample is loaded some times [3]. The most significant contribution to process of an
indentation brings the second cycle of a loading. At use of a hemispherical indentor the
contribution of the second cycle of a loading to a picture of deformation is insignificant.
In fig.9 a pulses in the pressure bar are represented which registered at indentation of
conic (a) and hemispherical (b) indentors. For a conic indentor two cycles of a loading are
shown, and for a hemispherical indentor – only one cycle.

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a) b)

Fig. 9. ST0S steel model verification by dynamic indentation process.

It is visible, that the natural impulses registered in a pressure bar and numerically
simulated well coincide, that testifies to reliability of model of ST0S steel.
The similar cycle of verification experiments on a dynamic indentation has been realized
on specimens of С101 copper. Comparison of results of numerical and natural experiments
testifies to reliability of the obtained copper models, both in a condition "as-received" and
after an annealing.

a) b)

Fig. 10. Comparison of numerical and natural pulses in pressure bar.

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estimation of Sofitel Victoria
applicability Hotel, Warsaw,
of defining relationships in table 2
at greater degrees of
deformation was realized by direct impact method. The sample by diameter of 8 mm and by
length of 4 mm was placed at the end face of a steel pressure bar by diameter of 20 mm and
loaded with a striker by length of 150 mm with a velocity of 47 m/s. In fig.10a there is, as an
example, a comparison of strain pulses in the pressure bar registered during the experiment on
С101 copper in a condition "as-received" and after simulation using different models. At
numerical modelling the friction coefficient f=0.01 was used. As during test on direct impact
method a degree of deformation of the sample is significant, the numerical research was done
concerning the influence of friction at end-faces of the sample. In fig.10b the impulses
numerically regenerated in a pressure bar are shown for different values of friction coefficient
from 0 up to 0.2. It is visible, that numerical experiment well conforms with natural only at
use of friction coefficient f<0,01.

6. CONCLUSION
The methodology of a complex experimental-numerical research of high-speed deformation
of materials is offered including the experimental analysis of influence of strain rate and
temperature on mechanical response of materials, parametrical identification of the some
numerical models and their verification by means of a set of special experiments. Advantage
of the offered system of verification experiments is that the stress-strain mode of tested
specimens during these experiments differs from those in base experiments, and rates and
degrees of deformation also differ from modes in which parameters of models have been
obtained. Thus, the specified verification allows estimating opportunities of extrapolation of
defining relationships.

Acknowledgements
The authors thank A.V.Abramov (OVC "Strela") for LS-DYNA temporary testing license.
Also the authors are extremely grateful to Philip Church (QinetiQ) for kindly given
experimental results.
The research was partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No
08-08-00883) and by the Polish Ministry of Science and High Education (Project No T00B
003 31/2408).

References
1. Bragov, A.M. and Lomunov, A.K., Methodological aspects of studying dynamic material
properties using the Kolsky method, Int. Journal of Impact Engineering, 1995, 16(2), 321-
330.
2. Bragov, A.M., Lomunov, A.K. and Medvedev, A.A., A modified Kolsky method for the
investigation of the strain-rate history dependence of mechanical properties of materials,
Journal de Physique IV, 1991, 1, 471-475.
3. Bragov, A.M., Lomunov, A.K. and Sergeichev, I.V., Modification of the Kolsky method
for studying properties of low-density materials under high-velocity cyclic strain, Journal
of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, 2001, 42(6), 1090-1094.

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