Chemistry

Grade: 11
Time: 10:25– 11:35 a.m. (Monday)
Week 9: 31st Oct – 4th Nov, 2022
Date: 31st Oct, 2022 (split in the lesson plan)
Saponification Of Esters
Saponification is the process by which fats and oils are hydrolysed to form a soap. It is done by

boiling the fats and oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.

Manufacturing soapless/synthetic detergents

Synthetic detergents are created by reacting hydrocarbons from petroleum with concentrated

sulphuric acid. The product of this reaction is neutralized with sodium hydroxide to form its

sodium salt.

How soapy and soapless detergents work

Soapy and soapless detergent molecules have a long, covalent hydrocarbon tail and an ionic

head. The head is hydrophilic (water loving) while the tail is hydrophobic (water hating).

These detergents work by:

1. Lowering the intermolecular forces between water molecules. This will in turn lower the

surface tension of water, allowing it to spread out and wet the surfaces more efficiently.

2. Breaking up and dispersing greasy dirt by the hydrophobic tail entering the grease while

the hydrophilic head remains in the water.

Soapy Detergents Soapless Detergents

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Do not lather (white mass of bubbles) in hard Lather in hard water

water

Biodegradable Older ones were non-biodegradable

Modern ones are biodegradable

Do not contain phosphates Contain phosphates (causes eutrophication)

Manufactured from fats and oils (renewable Manufactured from petroleum (non-

resource) renewable resource)

Naming Isomers of Alkanes

1. Count the longest carbon chain

2. Locate the branches on this carbon chain

3. Check for repeated branches

4. Place the names of the branch in alphabetical order

NB: branches are usually in the form of alkyls (Methyl (CH3) and ethyl (C2H5))

Isomer of Butane

Butane (C4H10) and 2-methylpropane

Isomers of Pentane

Pentane (C5H12), 2-methylbutane and 2,2-dimethylpropane

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Try these:

1. 2-methylpentane

2. 2,4-dimethylpentane

3. 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane

Naming Isomers of Alkenes

1. Locate and count the longest carbon chain that contains the double bond

2. Ensure that the double bond had the lowest possible number

3. If the double bond is equidistant from each end, number in such a way that the branch

takes the lower number

4. Place the names of the branch in alphabetical order

Try these:

1. Propene

2. 2-butene

3. 2-methylpropene