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Transportation Research Procedia 53 (2021) 196–203

Horizons of Railway Transport 2020

Horizons of Railway Transport 2020
Discussion of Operational Transport Analysis Methods and the
Discussion of Operational Transport Analysis Methods and the
Practical Application of Queuing Theory to Stationary Traffic
Practical Application of Queuing Theory to Stationary Traffic
a a,
Jiri Cejkaa, Josef Šedivýa,*
Jiri Cejka , Josef Šedivý *
a
Institute of Technology and Businesses in Ceske Budejovice, Department of Informatics and Natural Sciences, Okružní 517/10, České
a Budějovice 370
Institute of Technology and Businesses in Ceske Budejovice, 01, CzechofRepublic
Department Informatics and Natural Sciences, Okružní 517/10, České
Budějovice 370 01, Czech Republic

Abstract
Abstract
The first step in the operational research into solving real decision-making problems is to recognize and define an emerging
The first In
problem. stepcompanies,
in the operational
investment research into solving
decision-making is real decision-making
one of problems
the most important tasks isand
to isrecognize and define
usually assigned an emerging
to executives at
problem.management
various In companies, investment
levels. decision-making
Such decisions is one
include those onofthethe most important
acceptance tasks of
or rejection andcertain
is usually assigned
projects to executives
and, where at
the public
sector
variousismanagement
concerned, the application
levels. of the Public
Such decisions Procurement
include those on theAct. The details
acceptance orofrejection
this Actof were specified
certain in aand,
projects previous
wherepaper. This
the public
sector focuses
paper is concerned,
on thetheuseapplication of theresearch
of operational Public Procurement Act. Thetechnologies,
methods in logistics details of thisinAct were specified
particular in a previous
to stationary paper. This
traffic design. The
paper focuses
presented on the
problem use of operational
is solved through the research methods
application in logistics
of Queuing Theory.technologies,
This methodinisparticular to stationary
used to determine traffic design.
the occupancy of aThe
car
park at a pre-selected
presented location.
problem is solved through the application of Queuing Theory. This method is used to determine the occupancy of a car
© 2020
park at aThe Authors. location.
pre-selected Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
© 2021 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
This
© is an
2020 Theopen accessPublished
Authors. article under the CC BY-NC-ND
by ELSEVIER license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
B.V. license
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review
This is an under
open responsibility
access article underof the scientific
CC committee
BY-NC-ND
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of of
thethe
license Horizons of Railway Transport 20202020
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Horizons of Railway Transport
Peer-review
Keywords: under operational
logistics; responsibility of theoptimization
research; scientific committee of thetheory
methods; queuing Horizons of Railway
method; stationaryTransport
traffic 2020
Keywords: logistics; operational research; optimization methods; queuing theory method; stationary traffic

1. Application of Mathematical Programming

1. Application of Mathematical Programming
Mathematical programming is used for planning the execution of certain activities secured by it. It is widely used
Mathematical
in traffic programming
modelling, whereby ITis and
usedappropriate
for planning the execution
modelling tools of
arecertain
used toactivities
minimize secured by maximize
costs or it. It is widely used
profits or
in traffic modelling,
turnover. Mathematicalwhereby IT and appropriate
programming can also be modelling
employed to tools are usedthetooptimal
determine minimize costs or maximize
combination profits or
of input materials,
turnover.
e.g. Mathematical
how many productsprogramming can also
can be transported be employed
whilst to determine
maintaining the lowestthe
fueloptimal combination
consumption of input
possible materials,
and generating
e.g. highest
the how many products
profit can
possible. Inbe transported
terms whilst
of parking, thismaintaining the lowest
may be reflected in thefuel consumption
incorporation of apossible
parking and generating
barrier and car
the highest
counter profit
in car parkpossible. Inorder
design in termstoofindicate
parking,whether
this may be reflected
a car in the
park is full. incorporation
(BANKS, of a parking barrier and car
J., 1998)
counter in car park design in order to indicate whether a car park is full. (BANKS, J., 1998)

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sedivy@mail.vstecb.cz
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sedivy@mail.vstecb.cz
2352-1465 © 2020 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
This is an open
2352-1465 access
© 2020 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC BY-NC-ND
Published by ELSEVIER license
B.V.(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review
This is an openunder
accessresponsibility ofCC
article under the theBY-NC-ND
scientific committee of the Horizons of Railway Transport 2020
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Horizons of Railway Transport 2020
2352-1465 © 2021 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Horizons of Railway Transport 2020
10.1016/j.trpro.2021.02.026
 Jiri Cejka et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 53 (2021) 196–203 197
2 Cejka, J.; Sedivy, J. / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

1.1. Application of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making

The primary goal of a company´s management is to improve the management of its project investment portfolio.
Within the context of transport, various multi-criteria decision-making methods can be applied to create and
substantiate various projects and thereby support such investment decision-making. Success is determined by the
technical and economic studies that provide the basis for making a decision on whether to accept or reject a project,
including all its associated risks. Such projects are usually financially demanding, hence, it is important to correctly
process and evaluate any available information and data. At present, these methods are increasingly being applied to
tenders, whereby selected contracts are chosen according to predetermined criteria, mainly profitability. Tender
profitability is determined as being the ratio of the tender price to the level of lifecycle costs. Alternatively, tender
profitability may be evaluated on the basis of the lowest tender price and/or the lowest costs. (ČEJKA, J., 2017)

1.2. Application of Inventory Theory

Inventory theory is especially used in the field of supplies; the task of the inventory management model is to
determine when and how many products should be ordered and manufactured. In doing so, it is important to find the
economically desirable quantity based on the ratio of the storage costs to the losses caused by short supply. The costs
of transportation are more or less based on the inventory management strategy chosen by the company in the particular
manufacturing or supply sector.

Fig. 1. Supply process

The purchase order size should be determined in such a way that the transportation costs are as low as possible.
The transportation process plays an irreplaceable role within the supply chain. As is accepted, inventories bind capital,
whereby the logistical processes associated with stock purchases, storage and distribution entail relatively high
financial costs. By employing the JIT method, i.e. material stock is provided for the production process in such a way
that it is made available just at the moment where and when it is to be used, material movements are minimized and
the production lines organized to reduce the costs of storage and transportation.
Dopravní podnik města České Budějovice (The Transport Company of České Budějovice) operates parking meters,
maintains stocks of spare parts, printing materials and toners needed for the printing of parking tickets. (ČEJKA, J.,
2017)
198 Jiri Cejka et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 53 (2021) 196–203
Cejka, J.; Sedivy, J. / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 3

1.3. Application of Queuing Theory

A typical example to which queuing theory can be applied is that of customers in a bus or train station waiting in a
queue to purchase tickets. The waiting customers represent those that require a service and the ticket sales points
represent the service station. The input stream is random and the system inputs are of a single nature. The waiting
mode is identical for all entered units. The serving time varies. The formation and length of the queue is dependent
on the serving time for a particular customer and therefore also on their needs. Queue discipline is mostly characterized
by patient customers who join the queue and wait to be served. Understandably, a situation may arise when a customer
standing in a queue becomes impatient, in particular when they are afraid of missing their bus or train. Queues and
impatience mostly occur just before the departure of a bus/train deployed on a required transport link. (DEMEL, J.,
2011)
Another example to which queuing theory can be applied is parking meters, where the input flow is the required
information that is being processed and the output is the parking ticket. This issue will be returned to a little later on.

1.4. Application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)

Efficiency considerations are based on the nature of the economic resources and needs of a company. It is a given
that the majority of resources are scarce and that it is therefore essential to use these resources efficiently. Within the
rail and bus transport sectors, data envelopment analysis is applied to both inputs and outputs to assess the efficiency
of individual transport links. The quantity/volume of transported cargo or the number of passengers may serve as the
input and sales or profit as the output. The result is the sales or profit per unit of cargo or passenger. (KAMPF, R.,
ČEJKA, J., and TELECKÝ, M., 2016.)

1.5. Application of Game Theory

A typical example to which game theory can be applied in a transport company is its annual general meeting, where
attendees either stand up for each other or stand against each other. Similar situations may also occur at meetings
between managers and competitors on a company level. Another example is investment decisions where a number of
decision-making methods can be applied. A typical solution lies in the calculation of the net present value and the
internal rate of return. To do this, it is necessary to estimate certain values, such as a discount rate or tax, and the
probability they will occur. There is also a risk linked to the use of various sources of financing, namely from a
company´s budget and/or various grants. This step leads to difficult decision-making situations, which, if carried out
properly, requires the comparison of alternatives. These alternatives also include the assessment of whether the
prepared financial means can be or should be directed elsewhere should a project fail to materialise at all. Game theory
therefore attempts to find the best strategy through the use of certain calculations and a mathematical model for the
decision-making situation. An interesting example of the application of game theory may be the budget of a town/city,
whereby an organization receiving contributions from the local authority budget is one player and the town/city
management is the other. (FIALA, et al., 2010)

1.6. Application of Simulation Models

Simulation models are frequently applied in the transport sector to simulate traffic flows. They are especially used
to optimize the flow capacity when designing new transport routes, to determine the optimal routing of traffic on an
existing network or for planning long-term road closures. Unfortunately, reality may differ from the simulated results,
which means that the latter need to be considered as "for reference only". Within this context, it is therefore appropriate
to supplement the decisions made on the basis of the achieved simulation results with additional calculations and
information. The simulation results can also be used for identifying points where frequent traffic jams may occur and
to determine whether the construction of new infrastructure is worthwhile or whether it is sufficient to simply divert
traffic elsewhere (BARTUSKA et al., 2017). Simulation models also help to ascertain the function and need for a new
parking lot in a specific built-up area, as well as its required parameters.
 Jiri Cejka et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 53 (2021) 196–203 199
4 Cejka, J.; Sedivy, J. / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

2. Influence of Queuing Theory on Stationary Traffic

Transport logistics involves the coordination and optimization of the movements of consignments and passengers
along a transport network from the planned point of entry to the network up to the point and moment of departure
from the transport network. Due to motor vehicle transport´s irreplaceable position within transport logistics, the
demand for parking spaces is therefore a significant factor with regards to compliance with EU requirements, thereby
contributing to increasing competition on the transport market. As a result, the parking systems primarily designed for
long-distance and transit transport are currently being modernised.

2.1. Analysis of Current Parking Systems in České Budějovice

People living in České Budějovice have been complaining about the lack of parking spaces for a long time,
something which the current town authority is trying to address. According to the population and housing census
conducted in 2011, a total of 18,021 persons commute to České Budějovice to work, whereas only 3,267 inhabitants
leave the town every day to do the same. As stated on the website of this chartered town, a total of 60 percent of
inhabitants and nearly 30 percent of students use passenger vehicles to get to their jobs and schools, respectively. In
the town centre, there is a high concentration of cars for which no parking spaces are available. A car is estimated to
spend 95 percent of its service life on a parking space.
As stated in the current IPOD and Town Ordinance, České Budějovice realizes the importance and meaning of
stationary traffic and is dealing with this difficult issue by drawing up and evaluating studies. The “České Budějovice
Stationary Traffic Project – Parking Meters” is gradually being implemented. The project also includes the setting up
of park and ride (P+R) facilities to relieve the difficult situation. A total of five appropriate P+R locations have been
identified with a potential capacity of up to 1,600 parking spaces. A description of one of the locations follows, as
does an analysis of car park occupancy on the basis of queuing theory.

2.1.1. Dlouhá Louka

This location, which it is hoped to be developed in three stages, should provide up to 791 parking spaces. The first
stage will see a total of 129 parking spaces created on the street Na Sadech (between Husova třída and Pasovská) on
the left side of an existing parking lot owned by the town of České Budějovice. The launch of a bike rental facility
based on the principle of bike-sharing is being considered for the future. The plan is to put a bus stop in place to
connect the P+R facility to the town´s shopping amenities. The success of this project will depend on the
implementation of parking zones in the (wider) town centre and the pricing policy for the P+R facility. If this project
is implemented, the town will become more attractive. If it is not implemented, there will be increased pressure on
parking in the town´s streets, which will have an adverse impact on the satisfaction of the town´s inhabitants. (ČEJKA,
J., 2017)
200 Jiri Cejka et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 53 (2021) 196–203
Cejka, J.; Sedivy, J. / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 5

Fig. 2. Plan of P+R facilities, Source: http://www.c-budejovice.cz/

The project being developed includes a detailed analysis of the option to implement a functional town-wide parking
system. This system should include a network of new up-to-date automated parking payment machines and
information navigators, which need to be put in place in all identified parking areas to increase the quality of parking
services.

2.2. Analysis of Car Park Occupancy on the Basis of Queuing Theory

The parking spaces along the street Dukelská, situated in front of the local primary school and the Secondary School
of Machinery and Electrical Engineering, were chosen to illustrate occupancy. A parking meter is located here. In
total, there are 36 parking spaces available for motorized vehicles. The parking meter, which serves the customers,
represents a simple unlimited queuing system. The system can be characterized by the following model:

𝑀𝑀 ∕ 𝑀𝑀 ∕ ∞ ∕ 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 (1)

or described as the relationship:

𝑀𝑀 ∕ 𝑀𝑀 ∕ ∞ ∕ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (2)

Arriving cars are the source of the requirement, which is limited by the fact that there are only 36 parking spaces
available. The entry into the system can be described by the intensity with which cars arrive.
Average entry into the system per hour is expressed as follows:
 Jiri Cejka et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 53 (2021) 196–203 201
6 Cejka, J.; Sedivy, J. / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

60
𝜆𝜆 = = 1.666 ≐ 2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (3)
36

The average intensity interval between the entries into the system is 2 minutes. The output intensity is expressed
as follows:

60
𝜇𝜇 = = 30 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (4)
2

The output intensity is 30 customers.

These data are subsequently used to calculate the mean intensity of the system´s operation:

𝜆𝜆 2
𝜂𝜂 = = = 0.0666 ≐ 0.07 (5)
𝜇𝜇 30

The input intensity is less than the output intensity, as proven by the fact that the calculated result is less than one.
The system is therefore stable.
The mean number of units in the system is expressed and calculated as follows:

𝜆𝜆 2 2
→= 𝜇𝜇−𝜆𝜆
=
30−2
=
28
= 0.0714 ≐ 0.07 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 (6)
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓

The mean number of units waiting in a queue is expressed and calculated as follows:

𝜆𝜆2 22
→ = 𝜇𝜇(𝜇𝜇−𝜆𝜆)= 30−(30−2) = 2 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 (7)
𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓

In the queuing system for these parking spaces with a parking meter, there are, on average, 0.07 units, whereby
0.07 units are being served and 2 units are waiting in a queue to be served.
The mean time spent by the unit in the system is expressed and calculated as follows:

1 1
→ = 𝜇𝜇−𝜆𝜆= 30−2 = 0.03571 ≐ 0,04 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ≐ 2.14 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (8)
𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠

The mean time spent waiting in a queue in the system is expressed and calculated as follows:

𝜆𝜆 2 1
→ = 𝜇𝜇×(𝜇𝜇−𝜆𝜆) = 30×(30−2)= 420 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 0.14 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (9)
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓

A customer spends a total of 2.14 minutes in the system, of which 0.14 minutes represents the time waiting in a
queue and the remaining two minutes the time it takes to be served by the parking meter.
The probability that there is no element waiting to be served in the system is expressed and calculated as follows:

𝑝𝑝0 = (1 − 𝜂𝜂) = (1 − 0.07) = 0.93 = 93 % (10)

The probability that there is no element waiting to be served in the system is 93 %. (SMEJKAL, J., and RAIS, K.,
2010)
202 Jiri Cejka et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 53 (2021) 196–203
Cejka, J.; Sedivy, J. / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 7

Fig. 3 Parking spaces on Dukelská, Source: http://www.inbudejovice.cz/

3. Conclusion

The continuing development of mobile technologies means a variety of further options for the utilisation of
information, e.g. mobile phones can be used for easier, faster and cheaper navigation. The increasing number of cars
on the roads results in drivers having to spend lots of time searching for a place to park their cars once they reach their
destination. One of the possible solutions is to install illuminated panels that inform drivers how many vacant parking
spaces there are at a particular location. These panels could be located around designated P+R facilities and on key
streets where it is almost impossible to park. By transferring data via a mobile application, drivers could be informed
about the availability of parking spaces at their destination point in time to help them flexibly choose the best option.
The application could also be used as an early warning system for drivers with parked cars, for example, with regards
to potential flood risk, and provide them with information on evacuation routes, as planned in the design of the
locations in question.
For the overnight parking of cars, company parking facilities which would otherwise be closed could be used. Any
parking meters installed at such sites would be set to overnight operation. The ticket sales and revenues generated
could subsequently be used to support other activities.

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