TEMPERATURE AND HEAT DBS 10012- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

6.0 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to

1. define temperature and heat

2. describe the process of heat transfer
3. define heat capacity, specific heat capacity, latent heat and state its unit.
4. apply the concept and formula in solving problems on heat capacity, specific heat
capacity and latent heat.
5. calculate heat energy transferred between two objects at different temperature
6. determine temperature at thermal equilibrium

CONCEPT OF TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

Temperature, T
Temperature is a physical quantity which measure the degree of hotness or coldness of an
object.
SI unit = Kelvin (K).

Heat, Q
Heat is a form of energy being transferred from a hot body to a cold body. The total amount of
heat in the body depends on the mass, material and temperature of the body. SI unit = Joule.

Q = mc Ɵ
m = mass (kg)
c = specific heat capacity (J/kg oC)
Ɵ = temperature change (oC)

The total amount of heat in a body is affected by

a) The temperature of the body (heat supplied to the body)
b) The mass of the body
c) The type of material.
Differences between temperature and heat

Temperature Heat
1. The degree of hotness of a body 2. 1. A form of energy.
Base Quantity. 2. Derived quantity.
3. Unit: Kelvin (K) @ degree celcius (°C) 3. Unit: Joule (J)
4. Can measured by using thermometer. 4. No specific measuring equipment

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TEMPERATURE AND HEAT DBS 10012- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Process of Heat Transfer

Heat transferred from one place or body to another in three different ways. The three methods
are Conduction, Convection and Radiation.

Conduction Convection Radiation

The vibration of molecules or Heat is transferred from one Heat energy is transferred by
atoms from warmer to cooler place to another place by the electromagnetic waves.
areas. actual motion of a hot fluid
Conduction occurs in a solid Convection dominant form of No transmission medium
material. heat transfer in liquids and required.
gasses.
Examples: putting your hand Examples: The cooling system Examples:heat transferred by
on a stove burner. The amount of a car, in which water is x-rays, radio waves, gamma
of energy transferred depends circulated between the hot rays and ultraviolet.
on how conductive the material engine block and the radiator. In
is. Metals are good conductors, the radiator, the convected heat
so they are used to transfer is conducted through thin-walled
energy from the stove to the metal tubes to the atmosphere.
food in pots and pans.

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TEMPERATURE AND HEAT DBS 10012- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Definition of Heat Capacity , Specific Heat Capacity and Latent Heat

Heat Capacity
 Heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat required to change its temperature of a
substance by one degree. (1 C or 1 K)
 Unit : J oC-1

Q
Heat Capacity =
Ɵ

Specific Heat capacity, c

 Specific Heat Capacity (c) of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1oC (or by 1 K).
 The units of specific heat capacity are J oC-1 kg-1 or J K-1 kg-1
 A material which has a high specific heat capacity has the following properties:
a) It takes a longer time to be heated.
b) It does not lose heat easily.
c) It is usually used as a heat insulator.
d) It is a poor heat conductor.

Specific Heat Capacity, c = Q

mƟ

Latent Heat
 The heat that is required to bring about a change of state without any change in temperature.

Latent Heat of Fusion

 The latent heat that is required for a change of state from solid to liquid (or liquid to solid)
without any change in temperature.

Specific Latent Heat of Fusion

 Heat needed to change 1kg of the substance from solid to liquid without any change in
temperature.
 Unit : Jkg-1

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TEMPERATURE AND HEAT DBS 10012- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Specific Latent Heat of Fusion,

Latent Heat of Vaporization

 The latent heat that is required for a change of state from liquid to gas (or gas to liquid) without
any change in temperature.

Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization

 Heat needed to change 1kg of the substance from liquid to gas without any change in
temperature.
 Unit : Jkg-1

Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization,

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TEMPERATURE AND HEAT DBS 10012- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

CONCEPT OF HEAT ENERGY

Example 1
How much heat does 25 g of aluminium give off as it cools from 100 oC to 20 oC?. Given,
c aluminium = 880 J/kgoC.

Solution:
Q = mc Ɵ
= 0.025 kg x 880 J/kgoC x (20 oC - 100 oC)
= -1760J

Example 2
The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a piece of marble from 27°C to
37°C is 2.64kJ. The mass of the marble is 0.25kg. Calculate the specific heat capacity of the
marble.
Q = mc Ɵ
Q
c =
m

=
= 1056 J kg-1 oC-1

Example 3
42 kJ heat is used to raise water temperature from 20oC to 30oC. Determine the mass of the
water. For water, c water = 4.2 kJ/kg oC.

Solution:
Q = mc
42000 J = m x 4.2 kJ/kgoC x (30-20) oC
m = 42000 /42000
m = 1 kg

Example 4
An iron spoon of mass 500 g is heated from 200C to 1000C. Calculate the heat absorbed by
the iron spoon. Given, c iron = 452 Jkg 10C 1 Q = mc
= (500x10-3) x 452 x (100-20)
= 18080J

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TEMPERATURE AND HEAT DBS 10012- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Determine temperature at thermal equilibrium

 Thermal Equilibrium: A condition where two objects in thermal contact has no net
transfer of heat energy between each other.

 Two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium when:

a) they are at same temperature
b) the net rate of heat flow between them is zero or there is no net heat flow between
them

 When two substances having different temperatures are introduced or kept together,
heat energy flows from a substance at higher temperature to a substance at lower
temperature. Also, heat continues to be transferred till their temperatures are equalized.

No net heat flow

Q lost = Q gained
Heat Lost = Heat Gained
mhot × chot × (thot - tmixed) = mcold × ccold × (tmixed - tcold)

Example 5
In preparing tea, 600 g of water at 90 oC is poured into a 200 g pot at 20 oC. What is the final
temperature of the water? Given, c pot = 0.84 kJ / kg.oC, c water = 4.2 kJ / kg.oC.
Solution:
Heat lost by water = Heat gained by pot
(mcƟ) water = (mcƟ) pot
(0.6 kg)(4.2 kJ / kg.oC)(90 oC - T) = (0.2 kg)(0.84 kJ / kg.oC)(T - 20 oC)
(226.8 - 2.52 T) kJ = (0.168 T - 3.36) kJ
230.16 = 2.688 T
T = 230.16
2.688
T = 85.6 oC

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TEMPERATURE AND HEAT DBS 10012- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Example 6
A silver spoon of mass 50.0 g is at a temperature of 23 0C. This spoon is used to stir coffee
which is at temperature of 91 0C. The mass of the coffee is 220 g. The final temperature
reached by the spoon and coffee after stirring is 88 0C. Calculate
a) Heat absorbed by the spoon
b) The specific heat capacity of the coffee.
[Given, c spoon =0.23k Jkg 10C 1]

Solution:
a) Heat absorbed by the spoon, Q =mcƟ
= (50 × 10-3)( 0.23 × 103)(88 – 23)
= 747.5 Joule
b) Heat released by the coffee = Heat absorbed by the spoon

mcoffeeccoffeeƟcoffee = 747.5

ccoffee =
ccoffee =1132.6 Jkg 10C 1

Example 7
A block of iron of mass 3 kg at temperature 310C is heated with an electric heater rated 100 W
for 1.5 minutes. Find the rise in temperature and the final temperature of the block of iron. [c
iron = 452 Jkg 10C 1]

Solution:
Heat supplied by heater, Q = Power x time
= (100 x 1.5 x 60)
=9000 Joule
Heat received by iron black = 9000 J
Q = 3 x 452 x Ɵ

=
Ɵ = 6.640C
Final temperature = (31oC + 6.64oC )
= 37.640C

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TEMPERATURE AND HEAT DBS 10012- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Tutorial

1. A tank holding 8 kg of water at 28°C is heated by 1.5 kW electric immersion heater for a
period of 5 minutes. If the heat lost to the surroundings can be neglected, find the final
temperature of the water. (Specific heat capacity of water is 4200 Jkg-1°C-1)
2. A piece of metal of mass 0.5 kg is heated to 100°C in boiling water. It is then transferred
into a well-insulated beaker containing 1.5 kg of water at 27°C. If the final steady
temperature of the water in the beaker is 32°C, what is the specific heat capacity of the
metal? Assume that there is no loss of heat to the surroundings and ignore the heat
transferred to the beaker. (Specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg-1°C-1)
3. A piece of lead of mass 2 kg is dropped from the top floor of a building 32.5 m high. If its
initial gravitational potential energy is converted totally into thermal energy, find the
temperature rise of the lead on hitting the ground. (Specific heat capacity pf lead = 130 J
kg-1°C-1 and g = 9.81 ms-2).
4. If 2.5 kg of hot water at 100°C is added to 10 kg of cold water at 28°C and stirred well.
What is the final temperature of mixture? (Neglect the heat absorbed by container and the
heat lost by the surroundings.)
5. A kettle with 20°C of water in in it needs 200kJ energy to heat the water until 80°C.
Calculate the mass of the water. (Specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg-1°C-1)
6. A 1.5 kW water heater is used to boil 2.5 kg of 20°C water. Calculate the time required to
boil the water temperature reaches 100°C. (Specific heat capacity of water is 4200Jkg1°C-
1)

7. A block of iron of mass 2 kg at temperature 30°C is heated with an electric heater rated
100 W for 1 minute. Find the rise in temperature of the bock of iron.(Specific heat
capacity of iron is 452 J Kg-1°C-1)
8. 600 g of copper at temperature of 1150C is put in 300 g of water with initial temperature
0
20 C. If there is no heat exchange with the outside, find the final temperature. [Given
ccopper = 390J kg-1°C-1 and cwater=4200 J kg-1°C-1]
9. 345 g of object X is supplied with 8800 J. It is found that its temperature increased for
3 oC. Find the object X’s specific heat capacity, c.
10. Calculate quantity of heat is required to increase temperature 5 kg steel ball from 20 oC to
80 oC. Give specific heat capacity of stell ball is 500 J/kg oC.

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TEMPERATURE AND HEAT DBS 10012- ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Answer:
1) 41.4°C 2) 926.47 J/kg°C 3) 2.45°C 4) 42.4°C 5) 0.79 kg 6) 560 s 7) 36.6°C
8) 34.88 0C 9) 8.502 kJ/kg oC 10) 150 kJ

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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME (CLO)
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:

CLO1 : Use basic physics concept to solve engineering physics problems ( C3, CLS 1 )
CLO2 : Apply knowledge of fundamental physics in activities to mastery physics concept (C3, CLS 1)
CLO3 : Perform appropriate activities related to physics concept ( P3, CLS 3a )
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