PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 8.
Interference
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS
COMMUNICATION
Communication is understood as the process of meaning-
making through a channel or a medium. It comes from the Latin
communicares, meaning to share or to make ideas common.
The connection that encompasses interaction among partakers
is at the center of your learning of communication.
The Components of Communication Process
Understanding the communication process may help you
become a better
communicator.
1. Source
The Sender carefully crafts the message. The sender may be
anyone: an author of a book, a public speaker in a special
occasion, or even a traffic enforcer.
2. Message
The message is the reason behind any interaction. It is the
meaning shared between the sender and the receiver.
Messages take many forms. They could mean poems, songs,
essays, news articles, road signs and even symbols.
3. Channel
The channel is the means by which a message is conveyed.
When we answer a phone call, the phone is the channel. On the
other hand, when your parents receive a notification of your
absences from school, the channel is a letter. It is the
responsibility of both the sender and the receiver to choose the
best channel for interaction.
4. Receiver
The receiver is the person who receives the transmitted
message. The receiver may be a part of an audience in a public
speaking event, a reader of a letter or a driver who reads road
signs. The receiver is expected to listen or read carefully, to be
aware of different kinds of sender to jot down information
when needed, to provide response and to ask questions for
clarification.
5. Feedback
In any communication scenario, a feedback is essential to
confirm recipient understanding. Feedbacks, like messages, are
expressed in varied forms. A simple nod for a question of
verification is considered a feedback. Thus, feedbacks may be
written, spoken or acted out.
6. Environment
The place, the feeling, the mood, the mindset and the condition
of both sender and receiver are called the environment. The
environment may involve the physical set-up of a location
where communication takes place, the space occupied by both
the sender and the receiver, including the objects surrounding
the sender and receiver.
7. Context
Context involves the expectations of the sender and the
receiver and the common or shared understanding through the
environmental signals.
Interference is also known as a barrier or block that prevents
effective communication to take place.
INFORMATIVE, PERSUASIVE AND ARGUMENTATIVE
COMMUNICATION
 Informative Communication
- involves giving than asking. As an informative
communicator, you want your receivers to pay
attention and understand, but not to change their
behavior.
- By sharing information, ignorance is reduced, or better
yet eliminated. The informative value of message is
measured by how novel and relevant the information
is or the kind of understanding it involves the
receivers.
- Osborn (2009) purports that informative
communication arises out of three deep
impulses:
a. We seek to expand our awareness of the world
around us.
b. We seek to become more competent.
c. We have an abiding curiosity about how things work
and how they are made.
 Persuasive Communication
- is an art gaining fair and favorable considerations for
our point of view. It:
a. provides a choice among options.
b. advocates something through a speaker.
c. uses supporting material to justify advice.
d. turns the audience into agents of change.
e. asks for strong audience commitment.
f. gives importance to the speaker’s credibility.
g. appeals to feelings.
h. has higher ethical obligation.
 Argumentative Communication
- relies heavily on sound proof and reasoning. The
nature of proof has been studied since the Golden Age
of Greece and has improved through time. According
to Aristotle, logos, ethos and pathos are the three
primary forms of proof. In our time scholars confirmed
the presence of a fourth dimension of proof, mythos,
which suggests that we respond to appeals to the
traditions and values of our culture and to the legends
and folktales that embody them.
- Lucas (2007) claims that to avoid defective
argumentation, the following must be avoided:
1. Defective evidence
 Misuse of facts
 Statistical fallacies
 Defective Testimony
 Inappropriate evidence
2. Defective Patterns of reasoning.
 Evidential fallacies
a. Slippery slope
b. Confusing facts with opinion
 c. Red Herring a. Write the author’s name, title of the work and date of
d. Myth of the mean publication.
 Flawed proofs b. Include the website or Web page address of the source.
 Defective arguments c. In general, non-profit educational use of online materials for
a lecture qualifies as “fair use” but it is better to ask the
 Public Speaking author’s permission to use such materials.
- Public speaking is a process of speaking in a d. Always have full bibliographic references for all citations.
structured, deliberate manner to inform, influence or 6. Organize the information.
entertain an audience. a. List the main points.
- Speech is the term used to refer to the body spoken of b. Have only one main idea per slide.
information and ideas. c. Present ideas in a logical order.
- Reading from a Manuscript is appropriate when the d. Place important information near the top.
speech is long and when details are complicated and 7. Check technical issues.
essential such as that they need to be given a. Contrast
completely. ● Dark text on light background
- Memorized speech requires a speaker to commit ● White text on dark background
everything to memory. b. Use only one design and color scheme throughout the slide
- Extemporaneous speaking may have a short or a long presentation.
preparation. A good extemporaneous speaker must be c. Avoid clutter.
- spontaneous. d. Avoid patterned or textured backgrounds.
- Impromptu means speaking at the spur of the e. Use large font size (minimum 18 pts)
moment. f. Use fonts that are easy to read. Don’t use fancy fonts.
g. Don’t use more than two types of fonts.
PREPARING MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION h. Avoid too much text. Don’t use the presentation as you
Preparing Multimedia Presentation notes.
In preparing multimedia presentations for various i. Use no more than 3 or 4 bullets per slide.
communication purposes, it is important to consider the 8. Be creative
following: a. Use transitions and animations to add interest.
A. Characteristics of Multimedia Presentations b. But don’t overdo it!
1. Multimedia presentations are visually oriented
(Displayed on a monitor or projected onto a PREPARING PECHA KUCHA PRESENTATION
screen). Pecha Kucha is a 20- slide PowerPoint presentation which
2. They allow users to use different modalities moves automatically to each succeeding slide every after 20
such as: seconds. This presentation is very helpful to keep track of the
a. Text time.
b. Graphics Remember:
c. Photographs 1. Open power point. Select blank layout or simply press CTRL N
d. Audio or Command N.
e. Animation 2. Duplicate the blank slides. Make sure that you have 20 blank
f. Video slides.
Special features of computer-based presentations 3. Select all the slides (you can use CTRL
1. Custom navigation (linking) between slides, to other media A). Make sure to remove the check mark on the “on mouse
and to the Internet click” then modify the transition speed to 20seconds.
2. Can be made into hard copy printouts or transparencies. 4. Insert and resize images.
3. Can be uploaded to the web. 5. After saving the Pecha Kucha presentation, check the speed
B. Steps in Making Effective Multimedia Presentations of transition. Make sure that the saved speed for all sides in 20
1. Know the purpose of the presentation. seconds.
2. Know the audience. 6. Practice your narration with the pecha kucha presentation.
3. Gather information. You can record your narration in the power point presentation.
4. Use variety of resources such as:
a. textbooks BLOGGING
b. digital resources
What is Blog?
● photographs
A shortened from of weblog, blogs are personal journal
● Scanned images, student work
websites on which a user can type an entry and add images,
c. internet
videos and links to other websites. Usually, readers of a blog
5. Do not forget to cite sources.
can post comments.
Similar with essay writing, there are effective ways of Social Media
introducing a blog. - It refers to the web-based and mobile communication
Remember: applications that lets people interact with each other
and build networks
1. Be short and direct - It is a group of internet based applications that build
2. Ask a thought-provoking question. on the ideological and technological foundations
3. Ask a multiple-choice question. allowing the creation and exchange of user-generated
4. Share a shocking fact or statistic. content. (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010)
5. Share something personal. - Online magazines, internet forums, weblogs social
6. Withhold a compelling piece of information blogs, podcasts, photographs, videos, ratings and
7. Refute conventional wisdom. social bookmarking.
8. Lead with a success story. Classification of Social Media
9. Start with a reader’s question. - Collaborative projects (Wikipedia ), blogs, micro blogs
10. Share a Quote. (twitter)
- Content communities (Youtube)
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION - Social networking (Facebook)
Globalization is the communication and assimilation among - Virtual gameworlds (World Of Warcraft)
individuals, ethnicities, races, institutions, governments of - Virtual social worlds (Second life)
various nations supported by technology and compelled by - other technologies (Flickr, vlogs, wall posting, s, instant
international trade. messaging, crowd sourcing, VOIP, etc.
Communication has since been increasingly global, blurring Uses of Social Media (Richman)
national boundaries. The ability to communicate effectively in - Communication
global setting can be challenge. - Cause-support
- Competitions
The following are possible cultural barriers to effective - Communication research
communication in global societies. - Connection
1. Cultural relativism - Client service
2. Lack of knowledge of other’s culture - Community Service
3. Discrimination and harassment
4. Language differences Local & Global Communication in Multicultural Setting
Living in a globalized world, you encounter people with
But according to Krizan (2014) this is the strategies to become a diverse cultural backgrounds. Such interactions occur in social,
effective global communicator. educational, political and commercial settings.
1. Review communication. Hence, in today’s era of increased global
2. Analyze the message receiver. communication, it is imperative to understand intercultural
3. Be open to an accepting of others cultures. communication for us to enhance our intercultural awareness
4. Learn about cultures and apply what is learned. and competence. Intercultural competence is essential for us to
5. Consider language needs. live harmoniouslydespite our differences in culture.

Impact of Globalization What is Intercultural Communication?

- The interconnectedness of people on global scale
- Virtual communication
- Cultural awareness
- Time
ICT (Information and communication technology)
It is the combination of hardware equipment, organizational
structures and social values through which individuals collect
process and exchange information with other individuals
History: Invention of Human Speech to Present
Forms of Intercultural Communication
Refers to interaction with people from diverse cultures
1.Interracial communication – communicating w/ people from
different races.
- Interethnic communication – interacting with people
of different ethnic origins.
2. International communication – communicating between
representatives from different nations.
3. Intracultural communication – interacting with members of
the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture.

Characteristics of ICT Improving Intercultural Communication Competence

- Interactivity The following guidelines may help you enhance your ability to
- De-massification communicate effectively across cultures.
- Asynchronicity 1. Recognize the validity and differences of communication
styles among people.
2. Learn to eliminate personal biases and prejudices
3. Strive to acquire communication skills necessary in a
multicultural world.
LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL
SETTING COMMUNICATE
At its root, global communication can be defined just
as any communication can: a message is sent from one person
or group to another anywhere in the world.
When it comes to communicating globally, it is usually
in the encoding and decoding those problems occur. As with
any communication, ensuring that the message is received as it
was intended is the responsibility of the sender.
Examples Of Global Communication
One of the most common forms of global
communication is an email. A person in one country types a
message and clicks the send button. The message is then
encoded into packets which are sent across the internet to the
recipient. In another country, the receiver logs in and decodes
the message by opening the email, and retrieves the message.
Why Cross-Culture Is Important?
 Globalization
 Business opportunities
 Job opportunities
 Sharing of views and ideas
 Talent improvisation
 An understanding of diverse market
What is Local Communication?
Host processes can communicate with workflows by
exchanging data through custom local communication services.
These local communications services implement user-defined
interfaces that define methods and events that will be passed
between the workflow and the host process.
COMMUNICATE
Do
talk about person's job/work-related matters
talk about sports, movies, books, hobbies...
Don't
discuss religion, politics or other controversial subjects
ask women if they are married
tell ethnic or religious jokes
WHAT IS LOCAL COMMUNITY GROUP?
A local community is a group of interacting people sharing an
environment. In human communities, intent, belief, resources,
preferences, needs, risks, and a number of other conditions
may be present and common, affecting the identity of the
participants and their degree of cohesiveness.
WHAT IS A COMMUNAL IDENTITY?
Is a way of group members to see themselves and family
members; it can be affected negatively or positively based on
multiple things such as stereotypes, memories, and arts
DEVELOPING CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS
1. Slow down
2. Separate questions
3. Avoid negative questions
4. Take turns
5. Write it down
6. Be supportive
7. Check meanings
8. Avoid slang
9. Watch the humor
10. Maintain etiquette
COMMUNICATION FOR TEACHERS: STORYTELLING
Storytelling
Storytelling is a powerful way of communicating and conveying
emotion by improvisation or embellishment. It is the art of
using language, voice, movements, and gestures in order to
reveal images and elements of the story to an audience.
Reasons why storytelling is recommended as a strategy for
teaching:
1. Cooter (1991) and Bla (1998) forwarded that the excitement
and drama of storytelling provide a context that holds student’s
attention.
2. Stories are an enormous language treasure.
Storytelling is one of the oldest arts of telling morals and
thousands of these stories have been created and passed
down.
3. Storytelling provides a lively atmosphere and a real life
environment that encourages the students to participate.
COMMUNICATION FOR BUSINESS AND TRADE
In order to prepare you in the global work force, you
must prepare yourselves to the demand industry, and one way
of achieving this trough enhancing your English communication
skills.
As university students, you need to develop your
expertise on how to sell an idea in a product presentation,
project proposal, and other opportunities of making networks
and connections in business. Enhancing your craft in oral
presentations will make you succeed in your future internship
and future career.
A. Definition and Relevance
A SWOT analysis or a SWOT matrix is a diagram that shows an
organizations or person key strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats.
B. Internal factors VS External factors
1.Internal Factors. Internal factors are things that we can
control.
2.External Factors. External Factors are things we cannot
control.
C. Benefits of SWOT Analysis
1.SWOT analyses identify any company or organization’s
capabilities and resources.
2.Based on the result of SWOT analysis, the company can
create a better marketing strategy.
3.A SWOT analysis can create a new venture or new
opportunities for the company especially the ones that are not
yet explored.
4.This can be an aid for the managers and directors reduce
threats by understanding their company’s current weaknesses.
5.This can be used by the people in a company as a planning
technique.
6.Individuals who like to develop their careers can do SWOT
analysis for it identifies their skills, opportunities, and abilities.
D. HOW TO MAKE SWOT ANALYSIS
1.Make sure that the analysis heads to the right path or
direction by defining your objective.
2.Focus on the internal and external factors.
a. Strength. Identify the things that do better in your company
rather the competition.
b.Weaknesses. In what areas are your competitors outclassing
you company? What holds your business back? Or weaknesses?
This is an area that you can control.
c.Opportunities. Opportunities can help your company grow.
Can you turn any changes in technology, laws or society into an
opportunity?
d.Threats. Are the obstacles stopping your company from
growing? What are these rules, regulations or technology that
impede your business? Some aspects of society may also
represent obstacles.
e.Matrix

EVALUATING MESSAGE AND/OR IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES

OF TEXTS REFLECTING DIFFERENT CULTURE

The Key Concepts of Media Literacy framework serves as a

basis for developing a critical understanding of the content of
mass media, the techniques used and the impact of these
techniques.

Key Concepts Guide Questions in Media Text Analysis

1. All media messages are “constructed.”
2. Media have embedded values and
points of view.
3. Each person interprets messages
differently.
4. Media have commercial, ideological or
political interests.
5. Media messages are constructed using
a 2. How effective are the techniques in supporting the messages or
creative language having its own rules.
1. What is the message of the text?
2. How effectively does it represent really?
3. How is the message constructed?
1. What lifestyle, values, and points of view are represented in the text?
2. Who or what is missing?
1. What message do you perceive from the text?
2. How might others understand it differently? Why?
1. What is the purpose of the text?
2. Who is the target audience of the text?
3. Who might be disadvantage?
4. Who created the text and why?
1. What techniques are used and why?
theme of the text?
3. What are other ways of presenting the message?