DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Abdel Aziz, M. S., & Salama, H. E. 2021. Developing multifunctional edible coatings
based on alginate for active food packaging. International Journal of Biological
Macromolecules, 190(1), 837–844.
Afif, M., Wijayati, N., & Mursiti, S. 2018. Pembuatan dan Karakterisasi Bioplastik dari
Pati Biji Alpukat-Kitosan dengan Plasticizer Sorbitol. Indonesian Journal of
Chemical Science, 7(2), 102–109.
Ahmad, M., Benjakul, S., Sumpavapol, P., & Nirmal, N. P. 2012. Quality changes of sea
bass slices wrapped with gelatin film incorporated with lemongrass essential oil.
International Journal of Food Microbiology, 155(3), 171–178.
Ahmed, T., Shahid, M., Azeem, F., Rasul, I., Shah, A. A., Noman, M., Hameed, A.,
Manzoor, N., Manzoor, I., & Muhammad, S. 2018. Biodegradation of plastics:
current scenario and future prospects for environmental safety. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research, 25(8), 7287–7298.
Arnon, H., Zaitsev, Y., Porat, R., & Poverenov, E. 2014. Postharvest Biology and
Technology Effects of carboxymethyl cellulose and chitosan bilayer edible coating
on postharvest quality of citrus fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 87, 21–
26.
Atsumi, T., Iwakura, I., Fujisawa, S., & Ueha, T. 2001. Reactive oxygen species generation
and photo-cytotoxicity of eugenol in solutions of various pH. Biomaterials, 22(12),
1459–1466.
Azevedo, A. N., Buarque, P. R., Cruz, E. M. O., Blank, A. F., Alves, P. B., Nunes, M. L.,
& Santana, L. C. L. de A. 2014. Response surface methodology for optimisation of
edible chitosan coating formulations incorporating essential oil against several
foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Food Control, 43(1), 1–9.
Barbosa, R. G., Trigo, M., Prego, R., Fett, R., & Aubourg, S. P. 2018. The chemical
composition of different edible locations central and edge muscles) of flat fish
Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis). International Journal of Food Science and
Technology, 53(2), 271–281.
Barboza, J. N., da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho, C., Silva, R. O., Medeiros, J. V. R., & de
Sousa, D. P. 2018. An overview on the anti-inflammatory potential and antioxidant
profile of eugenol. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2018(1), 1-9.
BeMiller, J. N. 2019. Cellulose and Cellulose-Based Hydrocolloids. Carbohydrate
Chemistry for Food Scientists (Third Edition). AACC International Press.

58
Bhattacharya, A., Ghosh, G., Agrawal, D., Sahu, P. K., Kumar, S., & Mishra, S. S. 2014.
GC-MS profiling of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaf. International
Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 5(4), P263–P275.
Bonilla, J., Talón, E., Atarés, L., Vargas, M., & Chiralt, A. 2013. Effect of the incorporation
of antioxidants on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of wheat starch-
chitosan films. Journal of Food Engineering, 118(3), 271–278.
BPOMRI. 2005. Ketentuan Pokok Pengawasan Suplemen Makanan. 26.
http://www.pom.go.id/pom/hukum_perundangan/pdf/final kep_lampiran.pdf
Brewer, M. S. 2011. Natural Antioxidants: Sources, Compounds, Mechanisms of Action,
and Potential Applications. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food
Safety, 10(4), 221–247.
Cao, L., Liu, W., & Wang, L. 2018. Developing a green and edible fi lm from Cassia gum:
The effects of glycerol and sorbitol. Journal of Food Engineering, 175(12), 276–
282.
Chi, P., Wang, J., & Liu, C. 2008. Synthesis and characterization of polycationic chitosan-
graft-poly l-lysine. Materials Letters, 62(1), 147–150.
Dai, H., Li, X., Du, J., Ma, L., Yu, Y., Zhou, H., Guo, T., & Zhang, Y. 2020. Effect of
interaction between sorbitol and gelatin on gelatin properties and its mechanism
under different citric acid concentrations. Food Hydrocolloids, 101(2), 105557.
Devi, K. P., Nisha, S. A., Sakthivel, R., & Pandian, S. K. 2010. Eugenol an essential oil of
clove) acts as an antibacterial agent against Salmonella typhi by disrupting the
cellular membrane. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 130(1), 107–115.
Dictionaries, O. 2010. Oxford Dictionary of English 2nd edition. Soanes ed. 3rd ed. Oxford
University Press.
Doyle, A. A., & Stephens, J. C. 2019. A review of cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives as
antibacterial agents. Fitoterapia, 139(19), 104405.
Eliza, M. Y., Shahruddin, M., Noormaziah, J., & Rosli, W. D. W. 2015). Carboxymethyl
Cellulose CMC) from oil palm empty fruit bunch OPEFB) in the new solvent
dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO)/tetrabutylammonium fluoride TBAF). Journal of
Physics: Conference Series, 622(1), 0–10.
Elsabee, M. Z., & Abdou, E. S. 2013. Chitosan based edible fi lms and coatings: A review.
Materials Science & Engineering C, 33(4), 1819–1841.
Ganiari, S., Choulitoudi, E., & Oreopoulou, V. 2017. Edible and active films and coatings
as carriers of natural antioxidants for lipid food. Trends in Food Science &
Technology, 24(1),35-59.

59
Geornaras, I., Yoon, Y., Belk, K. E., Smith, G. C., & Sofos, J. N. 2007. Antimicrobial
activity of ε-polyLysin against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium,
and Listeria monocytogenes in various food extracts. Journal of Food Science,
72(8), 1-5.
Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. 2017. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever
made. Science Advances, 3(7), 25–29.
Gomaa, M., Hifney, A. F., Fawzy, M. A., & Abdel-Gawad, K. M. 2018. Use of seaweed
and filamentous fungus derived polysaccharides in the development of alginate-
chitosan edible films containing fucoidan: Study of moisture sorption, polyphenol
release and antioxidant properties. In Food Hydrocolloids, 82(18), 239-247.
Gomes, V., Souza, L., Rodrigues, C., Ferreira, L., Ricardo, J., Pires, A., Paula, M.,
Coelhoso, I., & Luisa, A. 2019. Industrial Crops & Products In vitro bioactivity of
novel chitosan bionanocomposites incorporated with different essential oils.
Industrial Crops & Products, 140(3), 111563.
Gursoy, M., Sargin, I., Mujtaba, M., Akyuz, B., Ilk, S., Akyuz, L., Kaya, M., Cakmak, Y.
S., Salaberria, A. M., Labidi, J., & Erdem, N. 2018. False flax Camelina sativa) seed
oil as suitable ingredient for the enhancement of physicochemical and biological
properties of chitosan films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,
114(2017), 1224–1232.
Herawati, H. 2018. Potensi Hidrokoloid Sebagai Bahan Tambahan Pada Produk Pangan
Dan Nonpangan Bermutu. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 37(1),
17.
Huntrakul, K., & Harnkarnsujarit, N. 2019. Effects of plasticizers on water sorption and
aging stability of whey protein/carboxy methyl cellulose films. Journal of Food
Engineering, 272(209), 109809.
Hyldgaard, M., Mygind, T., Vad, B. S., Stenvang, M., Otzen, D. E., & Meyer, R. L. 2014.
The antimicrobial mechanism of action of epsilon-poly-L-lysine. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology, 80(24), 7758–7770.
Jeevahan, J., & Govindaraj, M. 2017. a Brief Review on Edible Food. Journal of Global
Engineering Problems & Solutions, 1(1), 9–19.
Jeya Jeevahan, J., Chandrasekaran, M., Venkatesan, S. P., Sriram, V., Britto Joseph, G.,
Mageshwaran, G., & Durairaj, R. B. 2020. Scaling up difficulties and commercial
aspects of edible films for food packaging: A review. Trends in Food Science and
Technology, 100(April), 210–222.

60
Kamarudin, M. H., Yaakob, M. Y., Salit, M. S., Ian, H. H., Badarulzaman, N. A., &
Sohaimi, R. M. 2016. A review on different forms and types of waste plastic used
in concrete structure for improvement of mechanical properties. Journal of
Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics, 28(1), 9–30.
Karimi, N., Ghanbarzadeh, B., Hajibonabi, F., Hojabri, Z., Ganbarov, K., Kafil, H. S.,
Hamishehkar, H., Yousefi, M., Mokarram, R. R., Kamounah, F. S., Yousefi, B., &
Moaddab, S. R. 2019. Turmeric extract loaded nanoliposome as a potential
antioxidant and antimicrobial nanocarrier for food applications. Food Bioscience,
29(4), 110–117.
Kaya, M., Khadem, S., Cakmak, Y. S., Mujtaba, M., Ilk, S., Akyuz, L., Salaberria, A. M.,
Labidi, J., Abdulqadir, A. H., & Deligöz, E. 2018. Antioxidative and antimicrobial
edible chitosan films blended with stem, leaf and seed extracts of Pistacia
terebinthus for active food packaging. RSC Advances, 8(8), 3941–3950.
Khan, S., Nadir, S., Shah, Z. U., Shah, A. A., Karunarathna, S. C., Xu, J., Khan, A., Munir,
S., & Hasan, F. 2017. Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by Aspergillus
tubingensis. Environmental Pollution, 225(48), 469–480.
Kong, M., Guang, X., Xing, K., & Jin, H. 2010. International Journal of Food Microbiology
Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and mode of action: A state of the art review.
International Journal of Food Microbiology, 144(1), 51–63.
Kozlowska, J., Pauter, K., & Sionkowska, A. 2018. Carrageenan-based hydrogels: E ff ect
of sorbitol and glycerin on the stability, swelling and mechanical properties.
International Journal of Food Microbiology, 67(1), 7–11.
Kusumaningsih, T., Masykur, A., & Arief, U. 2004. Synthesis of chitosan from chitin of
escargot Achatina fulica). Biofarmasi Journal of Natural Product Biochemistry,
2(2), 64–68.
Laith, S. A., & Al-hashimi, A. G. 2019. of Agricultural Sciences Mechanical Properties of
Carboxymethyl Cellulose Edible Films. Cmc. Basrah Journal of Agricultural
Sciences. 32(1), 68-78.
LaLonde, T., Bowser, T., & Jadeja, R. 2019. Essential Oils as Antimicrobials.
Madridge Journal of Food Technology, 4(1), 163–169.
Lee, J. E., Jung, M., Lee, S. C., Huh, M. J., Seo, S. M., & Park, I. K. 2020. Antibacterial
mode of action of trans-cinnamaldehyde derived from cinnamon bark
Cinnamomum verum) essential oil against Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Pesticide
Biochemistry and Physiology, 165(February), 104546.

61
Li, H., & Huneault, M. A. 2010. Comparison of Sorbitol and Glycerol as Plasticizers for
Thermoplastic Starch in TPS / PLA Blends. Journal of Applied Polymer Science.
119(6), 2439–2448
Li, P., Zhou, C., Rayatpisheh, S., Ye, K., Poon, Y. F., Hammond, P. T., Duan, H., & Chan-
Park, M. B. 2012. Cationic peptidopolysaccharides show excellent broad-spectrum
antimicrobial activities and high selectivity. Advanced Materials, 24(30), 4130–
4137.
Liliane Clarisse Umuhumuza, N. W. and X. S. 2014. Effect of Bovine Lactoferrin and
Casein Peptide Powder on Microbial Growth and Glucose Utilization by
Microorganisms in Pork Meat During Storage at 4oC. Pakistan Journal of
Nutrition, 3(10), 208–213.
Liu, M., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., Yu, C., & Cao, S. 2013. Preparation and structural analysis
of chitosan films with and without sorbitol. Food Hydrocolloids, 3(2), 186–191.
Liu, M., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., Yu, C., & Cao, S. 2014. Physicochemical, mechanical and
thermal properties of chitosan films with and without sorbitol. International Journal
of Biological Macromolecules, 70(6), 340– 346.
Lu, Q., Li, D. C., & Jiang, J. G. 2011. Preparation of a tea polyphenol nanoliposome system
and its physicochemical properties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
59(24), 13004–13011.
Luchese, C. L., Garrido, T., Spada, J. C., Tessaro, I. C., & de la Caba, K. 2018.
Development and characterization of cassava starch films incorporated with
blueberry pomace. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,
106(2018), 834–839.
Luz, C., Calpe, J., Saladino, F., Luciano, F. B., Fernandez-Franzón, M., Mañes, J., & Meca,
G. 2018. Antimicrobial packaging based on ɛ-polyLysin bioactive film for the
control of mycotoxigenic fungi in vitro and in bread. Journal of Food Processing
and Preservation, 42(1), 1–6.
Lv, J. M., Meng, Y. C., Shi, Y. G., Li, Y. H., Chen, J., & Sheng, F. 2020. Properties of
epsilon-polylysine·HCl/high-methoxyl pectin polyelectrolyte complexes and their
commercial application. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 44(2), 1–8.
Marchese, A., Coppo, E., Sobolev, A. P., Rossi, D., Mannina, L., & Daglia, M. 2014.
Influence of in vitro simulated gastroduodenal digestion on the antibacterial
activity, metabolic profiling and polyphenols content of green tea Camellia
sinensis). Food Research International, 63(Part B), 182–191.

62
Mart, Wijayani, A., Ummah, K., & Tjahjani, S. 2005. Characterization of Carboxy Methyl
Cellulose (CMC) From Eichornia crassipes Mart Solms. Packaging Applications,
5(3), 228–231.
Mu, C. M. O., & Laurindo, B. 2008. Evaluation of the effects of glycerol and sorbitol
concentration and water activity on the water barrier properties of cassava starch
films through a solubility approach. 72(2008), 82–87.
Mufti, N., Arista, D., Diantoro, M., Fuad, A., Taufiq, A., & Sunaryono. 2017. The Effect
of Thickness of ZnO Thin Films on Hydrophobic Self-Cleaning Properties. IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 202(1),1-8.
Müller, R. 2002. Biodegradability of Polymers: Regulations and Methods for Testing.
Biopolymers Online, 28(4), 365–374.
Nabavi, S. F., Di Lorenzo, A., Izadi, M., Sobarzo-Sánchez, E., Daglia, M., & Nabavi, S.
M. 2015. Antibacterial effects of cinnamon: From farm to food, cosmetic and
pharmaceutical industries. Nutrients, 7(9), 7729–7748.
Nabavi, S. M., Marchese, A., Izadi, M., Curti, V., Daglia, M., & Nabavi, S. F. 2015. Plants
belonging to the genus Thymus as antibacterial agents: From farm to pharmacy.
Food Chemistry, 173(9), 339–347.
Nuñez, L., & D’Aquino, M. 2012. Microbicide activity of clove essential oil Eugenia
Caryophyllata). Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 43(4), 1255– 1260.
Ojagh, S. M., Rezaei, M., Razavi, S. H., & Hosseini, S. M. H. 2010. Development and
evaluation of a novel biodegradable film made from chitosan and cinnamon
essential oil with low affinity toward water. Food Chemistry, 122(1), 161–166.
Onyebuchi, C., & Kavaz, D. 2019. Chitosan and N, N, N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticle
encapsulation of ocimum gratissimum essential oil: Optimised synthesis, in vitro
release and bioactivity. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 14(2019), 7707–
7727.
Oyedemi, S. O., Okoh, a I., Mabinya, L. V, Pirochenva, G., & Afolayan, a J. 2009. The
proposed mechanism of bactericidal action of eugenol, -terpineol and γ -terpinene
against Listeria. African Journal of Biotechmology, 8(7), 1280–1286.
Park, H., Lee, D., & Song, T. 2018. Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Lithium by Weak
Acid Treatment and Its Application in High EnergyDensity Graphite Anode for Li-
Ion Batteries. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 57(27), 8895–8901.
Pavinatto, A., de Almeida Mattos, A. V., Malpass, A. C. G., Okura, M. H., Balogh, D. T.,
& Sanfelice, R. C. 2019. Coating with chitosan-based edible films for

63
 mechanical/biological protection of strawberries. International Journal of
Biological Macromolecules, 151(2020), 1004-1011.
Petrosyan, A. M., & Ghazaryan, V. V. 2009. Vibrational spectra of l-Lysin
monohydrochloride dihydrate and its two anhydrous forms. Journal of Molecular
Structure, 917(1), 56–62.
Philp, K. 2018. Polysaccharide Ingredients. In Reference Module in Food Science.
Elsevier.
Pinto, C. E. M., Farias, D. F., Carvalho, A. F. U., Oliveira, J. T. A., Pereira, M. L.,
Grangeiro, T. B., Freire, J. E. C., Viana, D. A., & Vasconcelos, I. M. 2015. Food
safety assessment of an antifungal protein from Moringa oleifera seeds in an
agricultural biotechnology perspective. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 83(2015),
1–9.
Ploypetchara, T., Gohtani, S., Ma, X., Qiao, C., Zhang, J., Xu, J., Krogars, K., Heinämäki,
J., Karjalainen, M., Niskanen, A., Leskelä, M., Yliruusi, J., Kristo, E., Biliaderis, C.
G., Maniglia, B. C., Tessaro, L., Ramos, A. P., Tapia-Blácido, D. R., Farhan, A., &
Hani, N. M. 2018. Water sorption and thermo-mechanical properties of
water/sorbitol-plasticized composite biopolymer films: Caseinate-pullulan bilayers
and blends. Food Hydrocolloids, 20(1–2), 205–208.
Pooja Saklani, P. S., nath, S., Kishor Das, S., & Singh, S. M. 2019. A Review of Edible
Packaging for Foods. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied
Sciences, 8(7), 2885–2895.
Priyadarshi, R., & Rhim, J. W. 2020. Chitosan-based biodegradable functional films for
food packaging applications. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies,
62(April), 102346.
Ramamourthy, G., Park, J., Seo, C., Vogel, H. J., & Park, Y. 2020. Antifungal and
antibiofilm activities and the mechanism of action of repeating lysinetryptophan
peptides against candida albicans. Microorganisms, 8(5), 1-22.
Ribeiro-santos, R., Andrade, M., Madella, D., Melo, D., Paula, A., Aquino, L. De, Moura,
G., & Sanches-silva, A. 2017. Trends in Food Science & Technology Revisiting an
ancient spice with medicinal purposes: Cinnamon. 62(2017), 154–169.
Rojas-Graü, M. A., Soliva-Fortuny, R., & Martín-Belloso, O. 2009. Edible coatings to
incorporate active ingredients to fresh-cut fruits: a review. Trends in Food Science
and Technology, 20(10), 438–447.
Ruan, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Sun, Y., & Gao, X. 2019. International Journal of Biological
Macromolecules Preparation and antioxidant activity of sodium alginate and

64
 carboxymethyl cellulose edible fi lms with epigallocatechin gallate. International
Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 134(2019), 1038–1044.
Rupp, F., Gittens, R. A., Scheideler, L., Marmur, A., Boyan, B. D., Schwartz, Z., & Geis-
Gerstorfer, J. 2014. A review on the wettability of dental implant surfaces I:
Theoretical and experimental aspects. Acta Biomaterialia, 10(7), 2894–2906.
Sahariah, P., & Másson, M. 2017. Antimicrobial Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives: A
Review of the Structure-Activity Relationship. Biomacromolecules, 18(11), 3846–
3868.
Salama, H. E., Abdel Aziz, M. S., & Alsehli, M. 2019. Carboxymethyl cellulose/sodium
alginate/chitosan biguanidine hydrochloride ternary system for edible coatings.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 139(5), 614–620.
Salama, H. E., Abdel Aziz, M. S., & Sabaa, M. W. 2019. Development of antibacterial
carboxymethyl cellulose/chitosan biguanidine hydrochloride edible films activated
with frankincense essential oil. International Journal of Biological
Macromolecules, 139(1), 1162–1167.
Salama, H. E., Saad, G. R., & Sabaa, M. W. 2016. Synthesis, characterization, and
biological activity of cross-linked chitosan biguanidine loaded with silver
nanoparticles. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 27(18), 880-1898.
Salama, H. E., Saad, G. R., & Sabaa, M. W. 2017. Synthesis, characterization and
antimicrobial activity of biguanidinylated chitosan-g-poly[(R)-3hydroxybutyrate].
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 101(8), 438–447.
Santacruz, S., Rivadeneira, C., & Castro, M. 2015. Edible films based on starch and
chitosan. Effect of starch source andconcentration, plasticizer, surfactant’s
hydrophobic tail andmechanical treatment. Food Hydrocolloids, 49(Complete), 89–
94.
Sanyang, M. L., Sapuan, S. M., Jawaid, M., Ishak, M. R., & Sahari, J. 2015. Effect of
glycerol and sorbitol plasticizers on physical and thermal properties of sugar palm
starch-based films. Recent Advances in Environment, Ecosystems and Development
Effect, 20(1), 157–162.
Shah, A. A., Hasan, F., Hameed, A., & Ahmed, S. 2008. Biological degradation of plastics:
A comprehensive review. Biotechnology Advances, 26(3), 246– 265.
Shapi’i, R. A., Othman, S. H., Nordin, N., Kadir Basha, R., & Nazli Naim, M. 2020.
Antimicrobial properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles:
In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Carbohydrate Polymers, 230(15), 115602.

65
Sharma, R., Jafari, S. M., & Sharma, S. 2020. Antimicrobial bio-nanocomposites and their
potential applications in food packaging. Food Control, 112(2020), 107086
Shin, S., Kim, S., Lee, S., Park, K., & Han, J. 2014. Apple Peel and
Carboxymethylcellulose-Based Nanocomposite Films Containing Different
Nanoclays. Journal of food science, 79(3), E342–E353.
Siahaan, P., Mentari, N. C., Wiedyanto, U. O., Hudiyanti, D., Hildayani, S. Z., &
Laksitorini, M. D. 2017). The optimum conditions of carboxymethyl chitosan
synthesis on drug delivery application and its release of kinetics study. Indonesian
Journal of Chemistry, 17(2), 291–300.
Siripatrawan, U. 2016. Active food packaging from chitosan incorporated with plant
polyphenols. Novel Approaches of Nanotechnology in Food. Thailand Skurtys, O.,
Acevedo, C., Pedreschi, F., Enronoe, J., Osorio, F., & Aguilera, J. M. 2011. Food
hydrocolloid edible films and coatings. Food Hydrocolloid Edible Films and
Coatings, 1–66.
Soesilo, D., Santoso, R. E., & Diyatri, I. 2005. Peranan sorbitol dalam mempertahankan
kestabilan pH saliva pada proses pencegahan karies. Majalah Kedokteran Gigi
Dent. J, 38(1), 25–28.
Souza, V. G. L., Rodrigues, C., Ferreira, L., Pires, J. R. A., Duarte, M. P., Coelhoso, I., &
Fernando, A. L. 2019. In vitro bioactivity of novel chitosan bionanocomposites
incorporated with different essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 140(July),
111563.
Sudradjat, R., Yulita, R. I., & Setiawan, D. 2010. Pembuatan Poliol dari Minyak Jarak
Pagar sebagai Bahan Baku Poliuretan Polyol Manufacturing from Jatropa curcas L
. Oil as Raw Material for Polyurethane. Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 28(3), 231–240.
Sun, S., Liu, P., Ji, N., Hou, H., & Dong, H. 2018. Effects of various cross-linking agents
on the physicochemical properties of starch/PHA composite films produced by
extrusion blowing. Food Hydrocolloids, 77(49), 964–975.
Thakur, R., Saberi, B., Pristijono, P., Golding, J., Stathopoulos, C., Scarlett, C., Bowyer,
M., & Vuong, Q. 2016. Characterization of rice starch-ιcarrageenan biodegradable
edible film. Effect of stearic acid on the film properties. International Journal of
Biological Macromolecules, 93(45), 952–960.
Thakur, R., Saberi, B., Pristijono, P., Stathopoulos, C. E., Golding, J. B., Scarlett, C. J.,
Bowyer, M., & Vuong, Q. V. 2017. Use of response surface methodology RSM) to
optimize pea starch–chitosan novel edible film formulation. Journal of Food
Science and Technology, 54(8), 2270–2278.

66
Tokatli, K., & Demirdöven, A. 2020. Effects of chitosan edible film coatings on the
physicochemical and microbiological qualities of sweet cherry Prunus avium L.
Scientia Horticulturae, 259(2020), 108656.
Tsuruma, A., Nomoto, Y., Nishio, M., Ishikawa, M., & Sawai, J. 2019. Efficacy of sorbitol-
coated heated scallop-shell powder for the antimicrobial treatment of fresh
vegetables. Food Control. 110(2020), 106972,
Valencia-Chamorro, S. A., Palou, L., Delŕio, M. A., & Pérez-Gago, M. B. 2011.
Antimicrobial edible films and coatings for fresh and minimally processed fruits
and vegetables: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 51(9),
872–900.
Vasconcelos, N. G., Croda, J., & Simionatto, S. 2018. SC. Microbial Pathogenesis.
120(2018), 198-203
Vučković, N., Glođović, N., Radovanović, Ž., Janaćković, Đ., & Milašinović, N. 2020. A
novel chitosan/tripolyphosphate/L-Lysin conjugates for latent fingerprints
detection and enhancement. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 66(1), 149-160.
Wang, L., Liu, F., Jiang, Y., Chai, Z., Li, P., Cheng, Y., Jing, H., & Leng, X. 2011.
Synergistic antimicrobial activities of natural essential oils with chitosan films.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(23), 12411–12419.
Wang, R., Wang, R., & Yang, B. 2009. Extraction of essential oils from fi ve cinnamon
leaves and identi fi cation of their volatile compound compositions. Innovative
Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 10(2), 289–292.
Wang, X., Sun, X., Liu, H., Li, M., & Ma, Z. 2010. Food and Bioproducts Processing
Barrier and mechanical properties of carrot puree films. Food and Bioproducts
Processing, 89(2), 149–156.
Wei, C. C., Yen, P. L., Chang, S. T., Cheng, P. L., Lo, Y. C., & Liao, V. H. C. 2016.
Antioxidative activities of both oleic acid and Camellia tenuifolia seed oil are
regulated by the transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO in Caenorhabditis elegans.
PLoS ONE, 11(6), 1–15.
Wong, S. 2017. A revew of contact angle techniques. Contact Lens Update; Clinical Insigts
Based in Current Research, 54(1), 1–3.
Wong, Y. C., Ahmad-Mudzaqqir, M. Y., & Wan-Nurdiyana, W. A. 2014. Extraction of
essential oil from cinnamon Cinnamomum zeylanicum). Oriental Journal of
Chemistry, 30(1), 37–47.
Wu, C., Sun, J., Lu, Y., Wu, T., Pang, J., & Hu, Y. 2019. In situ self-assembly chitosan/ε-
polyLysin bionanocomposite film with enhanced antimicrobial properties for food

67
 packaging. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132(2019), 385–
392.
Xiao, B., Wan, Y., Zhao, M., Liu, Y., & Zhang, S. 2011. Preparation and characterization
of antimicrobial chitosan-N-arginine with different degrees of substitution.
Carbohydrate Polymers, 83(1), 144–150.
Xie, Y., Liu, X., & Chen, Q. 2007. Synthesis and characterization of watersoluble chitosan
derivate and its antibacterial activity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 69(1), 142–147.
Xu, Tao, Xin, M., Li, M., Huang, H., & Zhou, S. 2010. Synthesis, characteristic and
antibacterial activity of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan and its carboxymethyl
derivatives. Carbohydrate Polymers, 81(4), 931–936.
Xu, Tian, Gao, C., Feng, X., Yang, Y., Shen, X., & Tang, X. 2019. Physical and
Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan-Gum Arabic Edible Films Incorporated With
Cinnamon Essential Oil. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,
134(2010), 230–236.
Yamanaka, K., Kito, N., Imokawa, Y., Maruyama, C., Utagawa, T., & Hamano, Y. 2010.
Mechanism of ε-poly-L-Lysin production and accumulation revealed by
identification and analysis of an ε-poly-L-lysine-degrading enzyme. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology, 76(17), 5669–5675.
Ye, R., Xu, H., Wan, C., Peng, S., Wang, L., Xu, H., Aguilar, Z. P., Xiong, Y., Zeng, Z.,
& Wei, H. 2013. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of ε-poly-l-lysine.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 439(1), 148–153.
Yin, X., Chen, J., Yuan, W., Lin, Q., Ji, L., & Liu, F. 2012. Preparation and antibacterial
activity of Schiff bases from O-carboxymethyl chitosan and para-substituted
benzaldehydes. Polymer Bulletin, 68(5), 1215–1226.
Yoon, B. K., Jackman, J. A., Valle-González, E. R., & Cho, N. J. 2018. Antibacterial free
fatty acids and monoglycerides: Biological activities, experimental testing, and
therapeutic applications. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
19(4):1114.
Yoshida, M. T. 2003. e -Poly- l -lysine : microbial production, biodegradation and
application potential. 34(3), 21–26.
Yu, D., Xu, Y., Jiang, Q., & Xia, W. 2017. Effects of chitosan coating combined with
essential oils on quality and antioxidant enzyme activities of grass carp
Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets stored at 4 °C. International Journal of Food
Science and Technology, 52(2), 404–412.

68
Zeb, A. 2020. Concept, mechanism, and applications of phenolic antioxidants in foods.
Journal of Food Biochemistry, 44(9), 1–22.
Zungu, N., van Onselen, A., Kolanisi, U., & Siwela, M. 2020. Assessing the nutritional
composition and consumer acceptability of Moringa oleifera leaf powder MOLP)-
based snacks for improving food and nutrition security of children. South African
Journal of Botany, 129(34), 283–290.

69
 LAMPIRAN

Gambar 1. Edible film dengan formulasi optimal

Gambar 2. Pengujian kekuatan tarik edible film

Gambar 3. Pengujian ketebalan edible film

70
Gambar 4. Zona Inhibisi pada Pengujian Antibakteri

Gambar 5. Hasil Pengujian Biodegradasi

Gambar 6. Pengujian Kontak Angle

71