WARRIOR 2023

Class 10th One–Shot Series

Carbon and Its

Compounds in One Shot
Sunil Bhaiya
 Facts About Carbon
1.
Introduction to Covalent Bond
2.
Properties of Covalent Compound Allotropes of Carbon
3. 4.

Versatile Nature of Carbon

5.
Introduction to Saturated and Unsaturated
6. Hydrocarbons
Functional Group, IUPAC Nomenclature and Isomers
7. Homologous Series 8.
Important Carbon
9. Chemical Properties of Carbon 10. Compounds – Ethanol and
Ethanoic Acid
11. Esterification, Saponification and Soap Action
 EXTRA

NCERT Activities and Orange Boxes Covered

with Explanation
 MARKS MATRIX

Types of Question Marks

MCQ 1*1 = 1
Long Answer Question 5*1 = 5
Total Marks 6
Facts About Carbon
FACTS ABOUT CARBON

(i) Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in

the earth’s crust.

(ii) Earth’s crust has .02% carbon in form of

minerals like carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, coal
and petroleum.

(iii) Carbon is present in atmosphere primarily in the

form of carbon dioxide. Its concentration is 0.03%.

(iv) The shells of aquatic animals are made from

calcium carbonate.
GIVE A THOUGHT

Can you think of a method to test whether a compound contains

carbon or not? What would be the product if a compound
containing carbon is burnt? Do you know of any test to confirm
this?

On burning a compound containing carbon, it will produce an

odourless and colourless gas called carbon dioxide.

Confirmatory Test
Introduction to
Covalent Bond
CONCEPT OF COVALENCY

Non-metals share electron(s) to attain nearest noble gas configuration.

 CONCEPT OF COVALENCY
Element Atomic or Number of Element Atomic or Number of
proton number electrons proton number electrons
Hydrogen 1 1 Hydrogen 1 1

Concept I: Each hydrogen atom shares 1

electron. It is monovalent and shows
monovalency.

Concept II: There is a single covalent bond

between two hydrogen atoms.
 CONCEPT OF COVALENCY
Element Atomic or Number of Element Atomic or Number of
proton number electrons proton number electrons
Oxygen 8 8 Oxygen 8 8

Concept I: Each oxygen atom shares 2

electrons. It is divalent and shows
divalency.

Concept II: There is a double covalent bond

between two oxygen atoms.
 CONCEPT OF COVALENCY
Element Atomic or Number of Element Atomic or Number of
proton number electrons proton number electrons
Nitrogen 7 7 Nitrogen 7 7

Concept I: Each nitrogen atom shares 3

electrons. It is trivalent and shows
trivalency.

Concept II: There is a triple covalent bond

between two nitrogen atoms.
 GIVE A THOUGHT

- Due to small size of carbon, 6

Why carbon cannot gain 4 protons can’t hold 10 electrons.
electrons? - Repulsion between electrons
increases.

- Not energetically feasible.

- C4+ is unstable as it has six protons Why carbon cannot lose 4 electrons?
in its nucleus holding on to just two
electrons.
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Properties of Covalent
Compounds
 Made From Molecules

Physical State Solid, Liquid and Gas

Electrical Poor conductors of

Conductivity electricity

Solubility Generally soluble in organic

solvents and insoluble in
water.
Exceptions: Sugar in water
Melting and Boiling Point Low

Is the covalent bond a weaker bond?

Allotropes of Carbon
 ALLOTROPES OF CARBON

Same element exists in the different physical structures while being

in the same physical state are called allotropes and this phenomena
is known as allotropy or allotropism.
DIAMOND
(i) Diamond is the hardest naturally
occurring substance and the best conductor
of heat.
(ii) In diamond, each –C atom is bonded to 4
other carbon atoms leaving no free electron.
Tetrahedral units combine to form a 3D rigid
structure of diamond.
 GRAPHITE
(i) Graphite is an opaque, greyish black,
brittle and lustrous form of C.
(ii) Each layer of graphite is called Graphene
and alternate layers are same. Atoms are
arranged in layers of hexagonal array.
(iii) In graphite, each –C atom is bonded to 3
other carbon atoms leaving a free electron.
Hence, graphite conducts electricity.
 FULLERENE
(i) The first fullerene (C60) was discovered in
1985 by H.W. Kroto, R. E. Smalley and R. F. Curl
and was named after a US architect
Buckminster Fuller as the structure of C60 was
similar to the geodesic dome designed by him.
(ii) It contains 20 six membered rings and 12 five
membered rings. The six membered rings make
bonds with five and six membered rings while
five membered rings only make bonds with six
membered rings. The structure is also known as
__________________________________.
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Versatile Nature of
Carbon
VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON

(i) Each –C atom shares 4 electrons to attain stable

noble gas configuration. It shows tetravalency
and –C atom is tetravalent.

(ii) Carbon has a tendency to form multiple bonds

like single, double and triple with different
elements.
VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON

(iii) Carbon atom links with another carbon atoms

to form long, branched and closed carbon rings.
This self-linking property is known as catenation.
GIVE A THOUGHT

Why carbon shows catenation to the maximum extent?

Carbon shows catenation to the maximum extent

because of its small size. This enables the nucleus to
hold on to the shared pairs of electrons strongly. The
bonds formed by elements having bigger atoms are
much weaker.
STRUCTURE OF SULPHUR (S8)
 EARLY THEORY – ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Compounds such as urea, sugar etc. that are obtained directly or

indirectly from living sources such as plants and animals are organic
compounds while compounds such as salt, marble, alum etc. which
were obtained from non-living sources such as rocks and minerals
are called inorganic compounds.
 VITAL FORCE THEORY

Berzelius, a Swedish chemist in 1815, proposed that organic

compounds are produced only under the influence of some
mysterious force existing in the living organisms. This mysterious
force was called vital force.
 WOHLER’S SYNTHESIS

In 1828, Friedrich Wohler, a German chemist made an interesting

discovery. He accidently prepared urea, a well known organic
compound isolated from urine of humans and other mammals.
 BREAK!
JAO BETA KHA PEELO. APNE PRIYATAM
KO MESSAGE MAT KARNE LAG JAANA.
Introduction to
Saturated and
Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons
 INTRODUCTION TO SATURATED AND UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBON
Alkane Alkene Alkyne

General formula
(Defined for one double
and triple bond in a
hydrocarbon)
Covalent bond between
–C atoms

Type of hydrocarbon

Suffix added
WHAT IS SATURATED AND UNSATURATED HYDROCARBON?

Saturated Hydrocarbon: Carbon atoms are saturated with

maximum number of hydrogen atoms due to which no
multiple bonds (double/triple) are present between
carbon atoms.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: Carbon atoms are not
saturated with maximum number of hydrogen atoms due
to which multiple bonds (double/triple) are present
between carbon atoms.
ALKANE ROOT WORD + SUFFIX

ALKENE

ALKYNE

The first member of alkene and

alkyne family is ethene and ethyne
because minimum 2 C atoms are
required for a double/triple covalent
bond.
GIVE A THOUGHT

Why methane is a saturated hydrocarbon?

Methane is a saturated hydrocarbon because:

-C is saturated with maximum number of H atoms.
-No multiple bonds like double/triple bonds are present.
-Follows the general formula of alkanes.
ALKANE ALKENE ALKYNE
 TRICK TO CALCULATE COVALENT BONDS

Alkanes No. of C + no. of H - 1

Alkenes No. of C + no. of H

Alkynes No. of C + no. of H + 1

 STRAIGHT CHAIN HYDROCARBON

In straight chains of hydrocarbons, carbon is attached to either one

or two other C atoms.
 BRANCH CHAIN HYDROCARBON

In branched chain hydrocarbons, carbon is attached to either one,

two or more than two other C atoms.
 CYCLIC CHAIN HYDROCARBON
Saturated Cylic Carbon Unsaturated Cylic Carbon
Compounds Compounds

General Formula
 STRUCTURE OF CYCLIC CHAIN HYDROCARBON
Cyclopropane Polygon
Formula

Cyclopropene

Cyclopropyne
 STRUCTURE OF BENZENE
August Kekulé claimed to have pictured the ring structure of
benzene after dreaming of a snake eating its own tail.

Formula:
AB YEH BATAO!

Is there any difference between benzene and cyclohexene?

 BREAK!
JAO BETA KHA PEELO. APNE PRIYATAM
KO MESSAGE MAT KARNE LAG JAANA.
 Functional Group,
IUPAC Nomenclature
and Homologous Series
 HETEROATOM/FUNCTIONAL GROUP

Hydrogen atom/atoms can be replaced by any other elements like Cl, S, N,

O and provides completely different properties.
AB YEH BATAO!

What is an alkyl group?!

HETEROATOM/FUNCTIONAL GROUP
Formula of Functional Group Prefix/Suffix
IUPAC NOMENCLATURE OF BASIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
IUPAC NOMENCLATURE OF BASIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
Is there any common difference between the successive members of the
same family?
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
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Isomers
The phenomena of having two or more different structures having
different properties but same molecular formula is known as
isomerism.

Isomers

Constitutional Stereo
(Structural) (Spatial)

Chain

Position
 I. Chain Isomers

Molecular Formula

Functional Group

Main Chain -C atoms

 Chain Isomers

Molecular Formula

Functional Group

Main Chain -C atoms

II. Position Isomers

Molecular Formula

Functional Group

Main Chain -C atoms

Position of
Functional Group
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Chemical Properties of
Carbon
 OXIDATION REACTION

Oxidation is a process in which oxygen is added and hydrogen is

removed.
In other words, the substance that is oxidised has loss of electrons.

Oxidant/Oxidising Agent
 OXIDATION REACTION

There are some oxidising agents which are used with organic
compounds like:
Acidified K2Cr2O7
Alkaline KMnO4

So, that these substances lose

Why these mediums? oxygen easily and it is added to
another substance.
 OXIDATION REACTION

When alcohols are heated in the presence of oxidizing agents like

acidified K2Cr2O7 or alkaline KMnO4 they are converted to
carboxylic acids.
GIVE A THOUGHT

Is this correct to say burning of wood or combustion of wood?

GIVE A THOUGHT

Is this correct to say burning of charcoal?

 COMBUSTION REACTION

Combustion is a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts

with oxygen to produce heat and light energy along with different
products.

On the Basis of Type of Light Energy

Flame Burning Smouldering Glow

Substance converts Flameless form

into vapours of combustion
 COMBUSTION REACTION
Hydrocarbon + Water -> Carbon dioxide + Water-vapour + Heat + Light

Complete Combustion
(Good amount of oxygen)

Incomplete Combustion
(Lack of oxygen)

With even less oxygen

 COMBUSTION REACTION
Saturated Hydrocarbon Types of flames – On the basis of
amount of light produced
Good amount Lack of oxygen
of oxygen
Incomplete
Complete Combustion
Combustion

Clean blue flame CO Unburnt C

Gives YELLOW Becomes

colour to the flame hot and
and leaves as soot. glows
GIVE A THOUGHT

Take some carbon compounds (naphthalene, camphor,

alcohol) one by one on a spatula and burn them. Observe
the nature of the flame and note whether smoke is
produced. Is there any deposition on plate in case of any
compounds?

Camphor and Napthalene: Burns with a yellow sooty flame.

Alcohol: Burns with a clean blue flame.
GIVE A THOUGHT

Light a bunsen burner and adjust the air hole at the base to
get different types of flames/presence of smoke. n When do
you get a yellow, sooty flame? n When do you get a blue
flame?
 ADDITION REACTION

When an unsaturated hydrocarbon combines with (hydrogen,

bromine, etc.) to give a single product in the presence of a
catalyst.
ADDITION REACTION

When vegetable oil is heated in the presence of hydrogen and

catalysts like Ni/Pd/Pt at 473 K then vanaspati ghee is formed.
SUBSTITUTION REACTION

One atom or group of atoms is displaced by another atom or

group of atoms without any change in the rest of the molecule.

Alkanes are also known as __________.

SUBSTITUTION REACTION
 BREAK!
JAO BETA KHA PEELO. APNE PRIYATAM
KO MESSAGE MAT KARNE LAG JAANA.
 Important Carbon
Compounds – Ethanol
and Ethanoic Acid
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL AND ETHANOIC ACID

Physical Property Ethanol Ethanoic Acid

Physical State, M.P. and Liquid, -114 ° C and 78 ° C Liquid, 17 ° C and 118 ° C
B.P.
Smell and Taste Sweet smell and burning taste Pungent smell and sour
taste
Solubility in Water Miscible in water in all Miscible in water in all
proportions proportions
MOLASSES FERMENTATION
Some Important Terminologies
of Ethanol

__ ethanol + __ water __ ethanol

Ethanol + Blue dye +

Methanol/Pyridine/Copper
sulphate
 Reaction with Na
Reaction with O2

Chemical Properties of Ethanol

Conc. Sulphuric
Acidified K2Cr2O7
acid, 443 K
Alkaline KMnO4
Uses of Ethanol
GLACIAL ACETIC ACID

When acetic acid is cooled below 17 degree

Celsius, it forms glacier-like crystals and
hence known as glacial acetic acid.
Acetic acid turns red litmus to blue or blue litmus to
red?!
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOIC ACID
Uses of Ethanoic Acid
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 BREAK!
JAO BETA KHA PEELO. APNE PRIYATAM
KO MESSAGE MAT KARNE LAG JAANA.
 Esterification,
Saponification and Soap
Action
ESTERIFICATION REACTION

R-COOH + R’-OH ⇌ R-COOR’ + H2O

Esters are sweet smelling liquids.

The fragrance in flowers and fruits is
largely due to esters.
ESTERIFICATION REACTION
ESTERIFICATION REACTION
ESTERIFICATION REACTION
ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS OF ESTER/SAPONIFICATION
REACTION
 CLEANSING AGENTS DETERGENTS

SOAPS Soapless Soap

Sodium or potassium Sodium salt of long

salts of long chain chain sulphonic acids
carboxylic acids
Cleansing action is
similar to soap.
GENERAL
FORMULA
STRUCTURE OF A SOAP MOLECULE
 STRUCTURE OF A SOAP MOLECULE

Long hydrocarbon Short ionic head

chain tail
Polar
Non-polar
Soluble in water
(polar)
Soluble in oil (non-
polar)
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP
HOW CLUSTER MAINTAINS ITS STRUCTURE?
GIVE A THOUGHT
Take about 10 mL of water each in two test tubes. Add a drop of
oil (cooking oil) to both the test tubes and label them as A and B.
To test tube B, add a few drops of soap solution. Now shake both
the test tubes vigourously for the same period of time. What do
you observe when they are left for sometime?
 ADVANTAGES OF DETERGENT OVER SOAP

(a) Soaps do not work well with hard water.

(b) Detergents can be used in acidic medium

but soaps cannot be.
 ADVANTAGE OF SOAP OVER DETERGENT

(a) Soaps are 100% biodegradable while detergents are not.

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