1
Review on Application of Travellining Wave
Sruthi S M, M.Tech scholar
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Government Engineering college Barton Hill, Trivandrum
Abstract—: In this paper, for solving the problem of simulating
the travelling wave phenomena, a method used for determining
the number of equivalent n sections of the transmission line model
in accordance with the travelling wave frequency range of interest
and the model accuracy required is proposed. By analyzing the
fault transients of the multiple n models and comparing them
with those of the distributed-parameter transmission lines, an
index to evaluate the accuracy of the transmission line models is
proposed.And also explained about fault location and travelling
wave distance protection.In this paper also proposed the analysis
of travelling wave to implement bidirectional elements in parallel
lines.
I. I NTRODUCTION
F Or recent several years, as electric power system require-
ments augment constantly and development of power
electron technique, HVDC transmit electricity technology
grows fleetly.It is very important to circulate safely for high
parameter big capacitance modem HVDC transmit electricity
system. When direct current system faults occur, due to
rectification of control system, faulty current rising multiple is
less than AC line, so commonly using the changing parameter
of transient voltage or current to detect direct current line
faults. Travelling wave protection applies fault traveling wave
as protection information, so it avoids current and voltage
adjuster’s influence, and traveling wave’s speediness ensures
protection’s swift action. At present, nearly all HVDC transmit
electricity projects of the world take traveling wave protection
as main protection of line. However, there are a few problems
that traveling wave protection’s reliability is not satisfying
based on some projects. There are many researches on trav-
eling wave protection novel theory, but it is worthy to study
more because traveling wave protection theory is better for
HVDC transmit electricity projects. As more and more HVDC
transmit electricity projects are being built, it has a great
theoretic and practical value [1]. Transmission lines are used
to transmit electric power and are constantly exposed to faults,
especially overhead lines. Fault location methods are very im-
portant because they can aid power supply restoration. There
are many approaches for fault location analysing the travelling
wave phenomenon, where the basic principle is to use incident
and reflected wavefront propagation observed at the measuring
end(s) of the line. The fault distance is performed using
synchronized or unsynchronized measurements and travelling
waves can be detected using different approaches such as
wavelets transform, filtering or Park’s transformation [2]. In
is proposed a fault location algorithm for smart distribution
and transmission grids using voltage measurements at two
points of the network based on the transient detection. In the
time delay between successive wave reflections is identified for
the fault distance estimation. Implementing one-end travelling
wave methods for fault distance estimation are a difficult
task, because also reflections from the remote terminal can
be observed. The current or voltage transient spectrum can be
used as a signature to estimate the fault distance, eliminating
the problem of identifying wave fronts arrival. This theory
can be used to estimate the fault distance by identifying the
peaks in the Fourier transform of current or voltage signal.
However, the equations are valid only for extreme values of
the upstream impedance from Digital Fault Recorder (DFR). In
a formulation to solve the problem by implementing a mother
wavelet inferred from the own measured signal is identified.
This method as hard to design parameters.
II. NETWORK EQUATIONS OF DISTRIBUTED
PARAMETER LINES
It’s well known the network equations of distributed-
parameter lines are: [3]
U1 = U2 coshl(γl) + I2 Z0 sinhl(γl) (1)
I1 = (U2 /Z0 )sinh(γl) + I2 cosh(γl) (2)
p
Z0 = (R0 + jwL0 )/(G0 + jwC0 ) (3)
p
γ = (R0 + jwL0 )(G0 + jwC0 ) (4)
where R0 ,L0 ,G0 ,C0 are line parameters in per unit length
l is total length of line
From the circuit theory, the balanced transmission line is
equivalent to a two-port network. So, if only the terminal
voltage-current relationship is concerned, it can be represented
by lumped-parameter two-port network.
III. SINGLE T OR N SECTION MODEL OF
TRANSMISSION LINE
For electromagnetic and machine-network transient studies,
the frequency of interest is comparatively low (generally less
than 150 Hz). Therefore, transmission lines can be simulated
by single T or n lumped-parameter models. What follows is a
discuss about the relationship between equivalent T or n sec-
tion models and the actual distributed-parameter transmission
lines. Fig.1 is an equivalent T model of the transmission line
and Fig.2 an equivalent n model. Let,
2tanh(γl)
K1 = (5)
γl
2sinh(γl)
K2 = (6)
γl
then,
Z1 = K1 (R0 + jwL0 )l (7)

Fig. 1: Equivalent T model
Fig. 2: Equivalent pi model
Y2 = K2 (G0 + jwC0 )l (8)
Z3 = K2 (R0 + jwL0 )l (9)
Y4 = K1 (G0 + jwC0 )l (10)
let assume K1 =K2 =1 thus,Z1 =Z3 ,Y2 =Y4 From the circuit the-
ory, the balanced transmission line is equivalent to a two-port
network. So, if only the terminal voltage-current relationship
is concerned, it can be represented by lumped-parameter two-
port network.
IV. OVERVIEW OF TRAVELING WAVE AND
PROPOSED METHOD FOR FAULT LOCATION
A fault on a transmission line generates traveling waves
that propagate from the fault location to the line terminals
with a propagation velocity that depends on the inductance and
capacitance of the line[8]. Fig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit
of a segment with length x of a two-conductor transmission
line. The circuit includes the resistance R, inductance L,
conductance G, and capacitance C of the line in per unit of
the total line length. For electromagnetic and machine-network
transient studies, the frequency of interest is comparatively
low (generally less than 150 Hz). Therefore, transmission lines
can be simulated by single T or n lumped-parameter models.
What follows is a discuss about the relationship between
equivalent T or n section models and the actual distance
tributed-parameter transmission lines. Fig.1 is an equivalent
Fig. 3: Transmission line equivalent circuit
2
T model of the transmission line and Fig.2 an equivalent pi
model
V. TRAVELLING WAVE DISTANCE PROTECTION
When fault happens on fault point of electric transmission
line, travelling wave will happen and travel along the line
to two sides from the fault point. Travelling wave theory
is the basic of travelling wave distance protection. And the
realization of travelling distance protection is based on A type
theory measuring distance. The travelling process of travelling
wave is shown in Fig.4.
the travelling waves produced at fault point F travel to the
two terminal end of the transmission line at the speed of V.
The voltage travelling waves which reach m and n busbars are
u1mb and u1nb, and the time is t1m and t1n. The reflecting
waves of the travelling waves go back to the fault point F, and
are reflected back to the m and n busbars by the fault point
again. The travelling waves reach m and n are u2mb and u2nb,
the reaching time is t2m and t2n. So the measuring distance
of the m and n terminals busbar can be expressed as following
formulas.
V
Dmc = = Vtmc (11)
t2m − t1m
V
Dnc = = Vtnc (12)
t2n − t1n
In ideal condition, the measuring distance is equal to the
real fault distance, so Dmc=Dmf and Dnc=Dnf. thus we
can calculate out the fault distance as we know the velocity
and the travelling time from protection point to fault point.
According to the fault travelling wave course, we have two
basic formulas.
A. When the fault locates between measurement point and
the midpoint of the transmission line, the second travelling
wave reaching measurement point is the reflecting wave of
the fault point. The measuring distance is shown as below
formula.
mF1 = tV D (13)
DmF is the distance between the fault point and the mea-
surement point. V is the velocity of the wave. t is the time
interval between the first and second travelling waves which
reach the measurement point.
B. when the fault locates in the area which is out of
measurement point and the midpoint of the transmission line,
the second travelling wave reaching measurement point is the
refraction wave of the fault point. The measuring distance is
shown as below formula.
mF2 = tV D (14)
DmF is the distance between the fault point and the opposite
point. V is the velocity of the wave. t is the time interval
between the first and second travelling wave which reach the
measurement point.

Fig. 4: Waves launched in parallel lines - internal fault.
Fig. 5: Waves launched in parallel lines - external fault.
VI. U SING C URRENT T RAVELING WAVES TO I MPLEMENT
D IRECTIONAL E LEMENTS IN PARALLEL L INES
When a fault occurs in a line, voltage and current traveling
waves are induced at the fault point, which are launched to
both directions along the system. In this paper, only current
traveling waves are analyzed, whose amplitude is calculated
as follows [5]:
uf
if = (15)
Zc + 2Rf
where if is the amplitude of the current traveling wave
launched in the faulty line, uf is the voltage at fault point
when the fault occurs, Zc is the characteristic impedance
of the faulty line and Rf is the fault resistance. To better
illustrate the propagation of fault-induced traveling waves in
parallel transmission lines, Figures below illustrate internal
and external fault cases in a given line with two parallel
circuits, respectively.
The traveling waves induced by internal faults arrive in each
line terminal and then refract to the healthy line, being mea-
sured practically at the same time in both current transformers
at each circuit of the monitored parallel line terminals,[5]
as depicted in Figure 4. The refraction coefficients in each
terminal can be calculated using :
Zc
α=2∗ (16)
Zeq
where Zeq is the equivalent impedance connected to the
terminal, disregarding the transmission line from where the
analyzed wavefront arrives. As reported in the classic circuit
theory, two elements are in parallel if they have two com-
mon connection points, what means that the same voltage is
applied to both elements. Therefore, assuming that parallel
lines operate at the same voltage level and lines with the
same voltage level usually have similar characteristics it is
assumed that both lines in parallel have the same characteristic
impedance Zc and the same propagation velocity v. When
3
both lines are in operation, the impedance Zc of the healthy
line will compose the impedance Zeq, which will be used to
calculate at Bus M and Bus N. Besides, for traveling waves,
inductances and capacitances of the equipments connected
in the lines terminals behave like open circuits and short
circuits, respectively, in such a way that, one can realize
that is always positive at buses M and N. Assuming that
the current transformers of the faulty and healthy lines have
the same polarity at the line terminals, as shown in Figures
4 and 5, and that the refraction coefficients in both terminals
are positive, the measured current waves will have different
polarities at Bus M and at Bus N if an internal fault [6] occurs
on the monitored line. On the other hand, if the traveling
wave is originated by reverse faults, the measured currents
will have the same polarities at Bus M, as depicted in Figure
5. Additionally, in cases of forward faults external to the
monitored line, the relative polarity between the traveling
waves measured at Bus N depends on the propagation velocity
and lengths of each of the monitored parallel lines. If both
lines have exactly the same propagation velocity and the same
lengths, a reverse fault may be identified, otherwise, a forward
fault would be detected. However, even in this very specific
scenario, such a behavior would not be a problem, since the
main goal of the proposed approach is to distinguish internal
from external faults by using two directional elements at each
line end under a overreaching transfer trip scheme.
VII. C ONCLUSION
This paper analyzes the factors influencing the simulation
accuracy of multiple equivalent T or n section models, studies
the difference between such kind of models and distributed-
parameter models. Based on these, a method used for selecting
transmission line models in travelling wave studies is pro-
posed. The general conclusion for determining the number of
equivalent T or n sections according to the travelling wave
fi-equency range of interest and the model accuracy required
is drawn.
In this a traveling wave-based directional element for par-
allel transmission lines is proposed. It requires the analysis
of current signals only, overcoming the need for capturing
voltage traveling waves, which is usually reported as a prob-
lematic task for traveling wave-based protection systems due
to the poor frequency response of coupling capacitor voltage
transformers. Also, by applying the proposed solution under
an overreaching transfer trip logic, the fast identification of
internal and external faults becomes possible, even in systems
devoid of a common time reference.
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