INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM
What is the Integumentary System?
Your body's outermost layer is called the
integumentary system. It consists of your
skin, hair, nails, and glands. These organs
and structures are your first line of
defense against bacteria and help
protect you from injury and sunlight.
SKIN
SKIN
Your skin is the largest and
heaviest organ in your body. It
weighs about six pounds (or
more) and is approximately 2
millimeters thick — thinner on
sensitive areas like eyelids, and
thicker on surfaces that take
more stress, like the soles of
your feet.
 FUNCTION OF SKIN
The skin provides protection. It protects
against invasion by bacteria and other
harmful agents. It protects delicate cells
beneath the surface from injury.

It inhibits excessive loss of water and

electrolytes. It produces a protective
pigmentation to protect the body
against excessive exposure from the sun.
It helps produce the body’s supply of
Vitamin D.
 FUNCTION OF SKIN
The skin regulates body
temperature. When the body is too
cold, the skin’s blood vessels
constrict. This allows more heat-
carrying blood to circulate to the
muscles and organs. When the
body is too hot, the blood vessels in
the skin dilate. That brings more
blood to the surface for cooling by
radiation.
 FUNCTION OF SKIN
The skin provides sensations.
It contains millions of nerve endings
that act as sensory receptors for
pain, heat, cold, and pressure.
When stimulation occurs, nerve
impulses are sent to the cerebral
cortex of the brain and the brain
triggers any necessary response.
EPIDERMIS
The top layer of your skin. This
is the part of your skin that
you can see and touch. It’s
made up of four types of cells:
melanocytes, keratinocytes,
merkel, and Langerhans. It
gives your skin its color and
provides a waterproof barrier.
EPIDERMIS
Melanocytes: A cell in the skin and eyes that produces and contains the pigment called
melanin.
Keratinocytes: represent the major cell type of the epidermis, the outermost of the layers of
the skin, making up about 90 percent of the cells there.
Merkel: A special type of cell found right below the epidermis (top layer of skin). These cells
are very close to the nerve endings that receive the sensation of touch and may be involved
in touch.
Langerhans: Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disorder that can damage tissue or cause
lesions to form in one or more places in the body.
 E
Thin Skin Thick Skin P
Covers most of the body Covers the palms of the
Has 4 layers of hands and soles of the
I
keratinocytes feet D
Has 5 layers of
keratinocytes E
R
M
I
S
 Structure of Epidermis
1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum
 Structure of Epidermis
Stratum Basale
Is attached to the basement membrane
by hemidesmosomes
Forms a strong bond between the
epidermis and dermis
Forms epidermal ridges (e.g., fingerprints)
Dermal papillae (tiny mounds)
 Structure of Epidermis
Stratum Spinosum
known as the "spiny layer"
Produced by division of stratum basale
8 to 10 layers of keratinocytes bound by
desmosomes
Continue to divide, increase the
thickness
Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells
Stratum Granulosum
The stratum granulosum
(grăn yū LŌ sum) is one or
more layers of cells starting
to die and become hard.
They are in the process of
keratinization (kare ah tin ī
ZĀ shun) becoming fibrous
protein similar to that in hair
and nails.

 Structure of Epidermis
Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum
The stratum lucidum (LOO seh The stratum corneum

dum) is a translucent layer (STRĂT um KOR nee um) is

lying directly beneath the the outermost strata of the

corneum. It may not even exist epidermis. It is mostly dead

in thinner skin. Cells in this cells, filled with a protein

layer are also dead or are in substance called keratin. It is

the process of dying. thicker on the soles of the feet

than on the eyelids…where
there is less pressure.
 DERMIS
Dermis is the middle layer of your skin.
This layer is the thickest.The dermis is
beneath the epidermis and is
composed of connective tissue. It
contains the lymphatics, nerves, nerve
endings, blood vessels, sebaceous and
sweat glands, elastic fibers, and hair
follicles.
The dermis is divided into two
layers, Outer Papillary Layer and
Deep Reticular Layer.
DERMIS - Papillary Layer
the papillary layer
(PĂP ah lair ee) is arranged into
microscopic structures that
form ridges. These are the
finger- and footprints
consists of the areolar tissue
contains smaller capillaries,
lymphatics, and sensory
neurons
has dermal papillae projecting
between epidermal ridges
DERMIS - Reticular Layer
The reticular layer (ruh TĬK yoo
ler) is beneath the papillary layer;
it is a white fibrous tissue that
supports the blood vessels
contains collagen and elastic
fibers
contains connective tissue
HYPODERMIS
Also known as the
Subcutaneous Layer,
located on the bottom layer
of your skin. It is composed
of adipose and connective
tissue. It supports, nourishes,
insulates, and cushions the
skin and it’s the fatty layer of
your skin that helps insulate
your body.
NAIL
NAIL
They are made out of dead
cells packed with keratin
Metabolic disorders can
change nail structure
Nail Production occurs in a
deep epidermal fold near the
bone called the nail root.
NAIL
Our nails protect the ends of our fingers and toes. Included in our nails
are:
1. Nail Plate: the hard part of our nails that we see.
2. Nail Bed: the skin under our nail plate.
3. Cuticle: the thin skin at the base of your nail plate.
4. Matrix: the "root" of your nail responsible for making it
grow.
5. Lunula: The white, moon-shaped part of our nail plate.
NAIL
HAIR
HAIR
Our hair does more than help us look nice. The hair on your head helps keep heat
in your body. Your eyelashes and eyebrows help protect your eyes from dirt and
water. Your hair is made of a protein called keratin. Your hair consists of three
parts: the shaft, follicle and bulb. Goosebumps are caused by your integumentary
system.
HAIR - Follicle
are the organs that form the hair
located deep in the dermis
produces nonliving hairs
wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath.
the base is surrounded by sensory nerves
controls bacteria.
Arrector pili - Involuntary smooth muscles, produce
"goose bumps" which make our hair stand up.
Sebaceous Glands - lubricate the hair
HAIR - Shaft
Medula - Core, dead cells that
contain soft keratin and air to
provide flexibility
Cortex - middle layer, dead cells
contain hard keratin to provide
stiffness
Cuticle - outermost, overlapping
dead keratinized cells form shiny
surface
 HAIR - Bulb
Located under your skin and is
responsible for hair growth. In
the hair bulb. living cells divide
and grow to build the hair shaft.
GLANDS
GLANDS
Glands are found
throughout your
skin. They release
materials like
water, salt or oil
from under your
skin up to the
surface.
GLANDS - Sudoriferous
Also known as Sweat glands, these are the glands that secrete sweat through your
skin. There are two types of sweat glands: eccrine glands and apocrine glands.

Eccrine Gland: These are the true sweat glands in the sense of helping to regulate
body temperature. In other words, sweating causes the loss of body heat and thus
cools us down on a hot day or when performing strenuous exercise. This is because
as the water in sweat evaporates, it takes body heat with it.
Apocrine Glands: The apocrine glands are found in places like the armpits,
scrotum, anus, and labia majora. They are typically larger than eccrine glands and
their ducts tend to open into hair follicles instead of hairless areas of skin.
GLANDS - Sudoriferous
Sudoriferous glands are simple tubular glands found almost everywhere on our
body. Each sweat gland is made up of two portions:

1. A secretory section - is found in the dermis, the middle layer of the skin,
sometimes it's also found in the hypodermis.
2. An excretory duct - is a portion that is a twisted and coiled tubed that has an
opening at its very top. It is in the coiled secretory portion of the sweat gland
where the sweat is actually produced.
 GLANDS - Sebaceuous
These glands produce sebum (oil) and give your
face its oil. These are microscopic glands found in
your hair follicles that secrete sebum. Sebum is an
oily substance that protects your skin from drying
out. There are two types of sebaceous glands. Both
types have different locations on your body. We
have those that are attached to our hair follicles
and those that aren't, but the majority of our
sebaceous glands have openings attached to our
hair follicles.
GLANDS - Ceruminous
The ceruminous glands in
the skin of the human
external auditory canal are
modified apocrine glands,
which, together with
sebaceous glands, produce
the cerumen, the ear wax.
 GLANDS - Mammary
These are the glands on a person’s chest.
In people assigned female at birth
(AFAB), mammary glands produce milk
after giving birth. The mammary gland is
a highly evolved and specialized organ
present in pairs, one on each side of the
anterior chest wall. The organ's primary
function is to secrete milk.
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
Our Integumentary system
protects our body from infection
and injuries that we could get
everywhere we go. It is our body’s
coat of armor and the first line of
define against viruses, bacteria,
and other microbes. Your
integumentary system stores fat,
water, glucose, and vitamin D, and
helps support your immune system
to protect you from diseases.
FUNCTIONS practice safe
1. Provides physical protection against bacteria and germs. hygiene
2. Absorbs and helps heal abrasions, cuts, and other injuries.
3. Cushions and protects your body from infection.
4. Protects you from the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays and sunburn.
5. Excretes sebum, sweat, and other waste from your body.
6. Regulates your body temperature and allows you to stay cool. If the temperature is too
hot, our dermal blood dilates and vessels carry more blood to the surface so the heat
can escape. If the temperature is too cold, our blood constricts and it prevents the heat
from escaping.
7. Helps you feel the heat, and cold and detect other sensations.
8. Synthesizes vitamin D.
CONDITIONS and DISORDERS

WARNING: GRAPHIC CONTENT AHEAD

SKIN DISORDERS
Allergies, irritants, genetic makeup, certain diseases, and
immune system problems can cause skin conditions.
Common causes of skin diseases include Bacteria trapped
in your pores or hair follicles, conditions that affect your
thyroid, kidneys, or immune system. As well as contact with
environmental triggers, such as allergens or another
person's skin.
Skin Disorders
1. Allergies like contact dermatitis and
poison ivy rashes.
2. Blisters
Eczema Spider Bite
3. Bug bites, such as spider, tick, and
mosquito bites.
4. Skin cancer, including melanoma.
5. Skin rashes and dry skin
6. Skin disorders like acne, eczema,
psoriasis, and vitiligo Blisters
Melanoma

Poison Ivy
NAIL DISORDERS
Nail issues can be caused by your shoes, poor hygiene, or
from using nail files or trimmers incorrectly. Common
causes of nail problems include injury, infection, and skin
diseases such as eczema and psoriasis. Some conditions
need professional treatment from a doctor or a
dermatologist. People with diabetes or compromised
immune systems have a higher risk of fungal nail infections.
NAIL DISORDERS
1. Onychomycosis: Nail fungus
in your fingernails or
toenails.
2. Onycholysis: When your nail
separates from your nail
Onychomycosis
bed.
3. Psoriasis of the nails: A skin Psoriasis
condition that causes
pitting, nail discoloration,
and other symptoms.

Onycholysis
HAIR DISORDERS
Hair disorders can be caused by any of the following:
Alopecia (nonscarring). Skin disorders, certain drugs,
certain diseases, autoimmunity, iron deficiency, severe
stress, scalp radiation, pregnancy, family history, hormonal
changes, hairstyle or hair treatments, medications, or
pulling at your own hair.
HAIR DISORDERS
1. Hair loss is the most common condition that affects our hair, some types are temporary,
while others are permanent.
2. Androgenic alopecia: Baldness in both genders/sexes that are based on genetics.
3. Traumatic alopecia: Hair loss due to damage to your scalp from hair styling, through
rubbing your scalp repeatedly against a surface or hat, or by playing with and breaking your
hair.
4. Dandruff causes white or yellow flakes on your scalp and hair shaft.
5. Head lice, are tiny, crawling insects that live in a person’s head hair.

Androgenic Alopecia Traumatic Alopecia Head Lice

GLAND DISORDERS
1. Hyperhidrosis: Excessive sweating. The sweating may affect your whole body, or it may only
affect certain areas. Primary hyperhidrosis is caused by faulty nerve signals that trigger
eccrine sweat glands to become overactive.
2. Seborrheic dermatitis: Scaly, red patches that affect your face, chest, or back. When it’s on
your head, It causes scaly patches, inflamed skin, and stubborn dandruff. It usually affects
oily areas of the body, such as the face, sides of the nose, eyebrows, ears, eyelids, and chest.
3. Sebaceous hyperplasia: A skin condition common in people who are older that causes
small, yellowish bumps on your skin.
4. Mastitis - is the inflammation of the mammary gland, regardless of cause, characterized by
physiological, chemical, and generally bacteriological changes in milk and by pathological
changes in glandular tissue.
Mastitis Seborrheic Dermatitis

Hyperhydrosis Sebaceous Hyperplasia