Unit 3 Review Documents

crucial imperfect exposed to insight

depression balance notions context
Part 1 Vocabulary

1. I like knowing when and where a painting was painted, to find out more about its
historical and cultural __________.
2. A class in art history can provide students with __________ into how the minds of
some famous artists worked.
3. When Leonardo da Vinci was fourteen years old, he was  __________ a variety of
technical skills such as chemistry and carpentry as an apprentice.
4. In the painting Flower Day by Diego Rivera, __________ is shown with a flower
vendor in the center and a woman kneeling on each side.
5. American painter Georgia O’Keeffe suffered from __________ that sometimes
kept her from eating or sleeping.
6. Two __________ elements to sculpture are mass and space. Mass is the material
used to sculpt, and space gives the material dimension.
7. Traditional __________ about what you should and shouldn’t eat are often
challenged by new scientific research.
8. Rembrandt’s self-portraits suggest that he may have had __________ sight—both
of his eyes do not look forward.

violate pursue principles geometric

proportion composition ethic

9. Emil Nolde, a Danish artist, didn’t begin to __________ a career as a painter until
he was 31 years old.
10. There are seven __________ of art and design, including movement, pattern, and
variety.
11. Salvador Dalí's painting The Persistence of Memory shows huge clocks that are
out of __________ with their surroundings.
12. Piet Mondrian was a Dutch painter famous for his __________ paintings which
make use of grids and primary colors.
13. Artists who paint pictures of other artists' photos need to be careful not
to __________ copyright laws.
14. Michelangelo's work __________ motivated him to complete huge projects such
as the ceiling in the Sistine Chapel.
 15. Good __________ makes a good photo. Ask yourself: What’s in the background?
What things are framing your photo?

Part 2 Match the word to its definition

insight ethics crucial balance Pursue composition imperfect proportion
geometric context depression notions violate Expose to principles

1. ____________extremely important
2. ____________ ideas or moral beliefs that influence the behavior, attitudes, or
philosophy of a group of people
3. ____________the way in which the parts of something are arranged
4. ____________to follow
5. ____________having faults, missing certain desirable qualities or characteristics
6. ____________an accurate and deep understanding of something
7. ____________state of equal strength or importance
8.  ____________ relating to regular shapes and lines
9.  ____________ to bring into contact with
10. ____________ standards or rules
11. ____________to break or to fail to comply with
12. ____________ ideas or beliefs about something
13. ____________ the size of something in relation to other things
14. ____________ a mental state in which you are sad and feel that you cannot enjoy
anything
15. ____________ the general situation that an idea or an event relates to

Part 3 Type the correct noun, verb, adjective, or adverb form of the word in
parentheses to complete the sentences
1. Fans might agree that David Bowie and Prince were two of the
most ____________ dressed musicians of all time. (style)
2. What's a good way to ____________ your desire to travel if you don't have a lot of
money? (satisfaction)
3. Following a healthy diet and getting regular exercise are two natural remedies
for ____________. (depression)
4. Henri Matisse’s ____________ “cut-out” prints are filled with various shapes in
bright greens, oranges, and blues. (color)
5. Lise didn’t study very hard for the exam; nevertheless, she received
a ____________score. (perfection)
Part 4 Reading Comprehension

The Enigma of Beauty

[1] The search for beauty spans centuries and continents. The Egyptian queen
Cleopatra used eyeliner made from ground-up mineral and lipstick made from
crushed insects. On the other side of the globe, the ancient Maya of Central America
considered crossed eyes beautiful, and hung little balls between children’s eyes* to
develop this look. In 18th century France, wealthy nobles, both male and female, were
obsessed with their appearance. Men wore curly white wigs, powdered their skin
white, and used rouge* and perfume. In cultures throughout the world, people have
gone to extreme lengths to achieve the goal of beauty.

[2] The search for beauty is costly. People in the U.S. spend around six billion dollars
on fragrance and another six billion on makeup every year. Hair- and skin-care
products draw about eight billion dollars each, while fingernail items alone can
account for a billion. In the mania to lose weight roughly 20 billion is spent on diet
products and services—in addition to the billions that are paid out for health club
memberships and cosmetic surgery.*

[3] The search for beauty can also be deadly—or at least highly uncomfortable. A
type of rouge commonly used in the 18th century was made of a sulfur and mercury
compound that caused lost teeth and inflamed gums. People who dusted white powder
on their faces often got sick, and some died, from the lead in the powder. In the 19th
century, women wore whalebone and steel corsets* that made it difficult to breathe.

[4] How do we define beauty? One may as well dissect a soap bubble. We know it
when we see it—or so we think. "What is beautiful is good," said Plato. "Beauty is
truth, truth beauty," wrote the poet John Keats, while the author Anatole France
thought beauty "more profound than truth itself."

[5] "Beauty is health," says one psychologist. "It’s a billboard saying ‘I’m healthy. I
can pass on your genes.'" And our awareness of it may start at a very early age. In one
set of studies, six-month-old babies were shown a series of photographs. The faces in
the pictures had been rated for attractiveness by a group of college students. After
more than a decade of studies like these, psychologist Judith Langlois became
convinced that babies are more drawn to attractive faces than to unattractive ones.
[6] The idea that even babies judge appearance makes sense to many researchers. In
studies done by psychologists such as Victor Johnston and David Perrett, men
regularly showed a preference for women with certain features: larger eyes, clear skin,
fuller lips, and a smaller nose and chin. Another study suggests that women prefer
men with large shoulders and a narrow waist. According to scientists, the mind
unconsciously tells men and women that these traits—the full lips, clear skin, strong
shoulders—equal health and genetic well-being. In other words, it’s a fundamental
part of human nature to look for these qualities in a mate.

[7] Not everyone agrees with this notion, however. Anthropologist C. Loring Brace
points out that what is considered attractive in one culture might not be in another.
Look in most Western fashion magazines, for example, and the women on the pages
are thin. But is this the "perfect" body type for women worldwide? Biologist Douglas
Yu and anthropologist Glenn Shepard say no. They found in one study, for example,
that native peoples in southeast Peru preferred shapes regarded as overweight in
Western cultures.

[8] Take another example: In every culture, one’s hairstyle sends a clear message.
Short hair often signifies discipline and restraint. Think about soldiers, monks, and
prisoners. Long hair means freedom and unconventional behavior. Think of the 1960s
hippies and members of motorcycle gangs. There are exceptions, of course. Think of
the dancer Isadora Duncan, who was considered one of the freest spirits of her era.

[9] In the Huli culture of Papua New Guinea, men grow their hair long as a symbol of
health and strength. Teenage boys in this culture learn from a young age to style and
decorate their hair—a behavior more commonly associated with the opposite gender
in many cultures. It is also the men in this culture who are the objects of beauty. For
certain festivals and celebrations, men dress up and paint their faces. The more
colorful a man is, the more masculine—and attractive—he is considered.

[10] For better or worse, beauty plays a role in our lives. But it is extremely difficult
to define exactly what makes one person attractive to another. Although there do seem
to be certain physical traits that are considered universally appealing, it is also true
that beauty does not always conform to a single, uniform standard. A person’s cultural
background, for example, may influence what he or she finds attractive in others.

[11] In fairy tales, only the pure of heart can see the handsome prince in the ugly frog.
Perhaps we are truly human when we come to believe that beauty is not so much in
the eye, as in the heart, of the beholder.*

Adapted from ""The Enigma of Beauty" by Cathy Newman: National Geographic

Magazine, Jan 2000

____________
*A person with crossed eyes has eyes that are not aligned correctly; each eye seems to
be looking in a different direction.
*Rouge is make-up that makes a person’s cheeks look red.
*Cosmetic surgery is a surgical operation meant to make a person look more
attractive.
*A corset is a garment worn under one’s clothes to make one look thin.
*"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder" is an old expression in English meaning,
"What people consider beautiful varies from person to person."

1. In the title, the word Enigma is closest in meaning to ________.

A. mystery
B. expense
C. understanding

2. What is the main idea of paragraph 1?

A. In some cultures in the past, men were more obsessed with beauty than women.
B. One characteristic shared by the Egyptians and the Maya is their desire to look
beautiful.
C. The quest for beauty is common to virtually all eras, all cultures, and all places.

3. According to the information in paragraph 3, which of the following could cause

death?
A. rouge
B. facial powder
C. corsets

4. Which of the following used whalebone to make themselves more attractive?

A. French men in the 18th century
B. men and women in the 1700s
C. women in the 1800s

5. What does the author mean when she writes, "One may as well dissect a soap
bubble" (paragraph 4).
A. It is virtually impossible to define beauty.
B. Beauty, like soap bubbles, does not last long.
C. Being beautiful requires a great deal of effort.
6. The research done by Yu and Shepard supports the theory of ________.
A. Victor Johnson and David Perrett
B. Loring Brace
C. Judith Langlois

7. The Maya used a technique to prevent their children developing crossed eyes.
A. True
B. False
C. Not given

8. The U.S. spends more money on beauty products than any other country.
A. True
B. False
C. Not given

9. It can be inferred that Isadora Duncan had short hair.

A. True
B. False
C. Not given

10. Among the Huli, women teach teenage boys how to do their hair in order to be
more attractive.
A. True
B. False
C. Not given