Seismic Design of Building Structures

Force deformation characteristics

of RC elements

Ricardo Monteiro
UME Graduate School, IUSS Pavia

Course “Seismic Design of Building Structures” Page 3-1

3 Force-deformation characteristics of RC 1

elements

Materialsof–concrete
3.1 Material properties Concrete

[PP92] Fig. 3.4

2
• Unconfined concrete (e.g. concrete cover)
• Confined concrete (e.g. core)
Course “Seismic Design of Building Structures” Page 3-2
Concrete – unconfined
3.1.1 Unconfined concrete
35
( co,f c')
30
Concrete stress [MPa]

25
cu
20 “Actual stresses”
15 Stress block
f c'
10

5 cu

0
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Concrete strain [−]

Stress-strain-relationship for unconfined concrete:

r Ec
-----c = ---------------------
- with: r = ------------------------- and:
c
= ------- (3.1)
f c' r–1+
r f c' co
E c – -------
co
3
Where:
• f' : compressive strength of concrete (cylinder strength)
Course c“Seismic Design of Building Structures” Page 3-3
• cu : ultimate compression strain of concrete ( cu = 0.004 )
3.1.2
• co : strainConcrete
Confined concrete – unconfined
at peak stress for confined concrete ( co = 0.002 )
• Ec : concrete modulus of elasticity (E c 4700 f c' MPa)
50
Alternatively the( flexural strength of a section can be estimated
cc,f cc')
using the equivalent stress block. For unconfined concrete: cu
Concrete stress [MPa]

40

( co,,f c')
= 0.85 = 0.85 (3.2)
30

cu
Force-deformation characteristics
20
of RC elements (based on course notes by A. Dazio)

Confined concrete
10
Unconfined concrete
0
0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
Concrete strain [−]

Mander’s stress-strain-relationship for confined concrete

([PP92], the equation is the same as for unconfined concrete):

r Ec
------c- = ---------------------- with: r = ------------------------- and:
c
= ------- (3.3)
f cc' r–1+
r f cc' cc
E c – -------
cc
4
Where:
• f cc' : compressive strength of confined concrete
 f' long = K e long f yh , f' trans = K e trans f yh (3.8)
K e : confinement effectiveness confinement
K e = 0.6 for rectangular wall end-sections
Concrete – confined
K e = 0.75 for rectangular sections
c) The compressive strength of the confined concrete can be
computed using Equation (3.4) taking the parameter K from
following diagram:

Smallest effective confining stress ratio

Confined strength ratio K = f’cc/f’c

min(f’long/f’c , f’trans/f’c)

Largest effective confining stress ratio

max(f’long/f’c , f’trans/f’c)

[PP92] Figs. 3.6 and 3.8

5
For a circular section the procedure is similar and for the actual
value of the relevant parameters it is referred to [PP92]. While for
a detailed discussion of Mander’s model it is referred to [Man84]
and [MPP88].

Force-deformation characteristics of RC elements (based on course notes by A. Dazio)

Compression
zone of a ductile
RC structural wall
after spalling of the
concrete cover

[DWB99] 6
 Confinement

90

80

70

60

Stress [MPa]
50

40

30

Concrete
20
Confined concrete
10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Strain [‰] 7
Course “Seismic Design of Building Structures” Page 3-6

3.2 Material properties of reinforcing steel

Materials
3.2.1 – Steel
Monotonic – monotonic
behaviour behaviour
and ductility properties
800
Rm
700

600 Rp
Steel stress [MPa]

500 y sh su
fy
400

300
Topar S500C (test)
200 Design assumption for class C steel

100 Agt
0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14
Steel strain [−]

The ductility properties of the reinforcing steel

• Elongation at maximum tensile force: A gt
• Strain-hardening ratio: R m R p 8
are crucial for the seismic performance of RC sections (exten-
sion of the plastic hinge region, tensile fracture of bars, bar
 for loading in compression.
• Comments
Course “Seismic Design of Building Structures” Page 3-7
- Absolute strains approxi-
mately equal.
Materials – Steel – cyclic behaviour
3.2.2 Cyclic behaviour
- Considerable yielding in
compression (Buckling!)
(1) • Comments
- Typical for reinforcing
bars of RC column with - Absolute tensile strain sig-
large axial force. nificantly larger than abso-
- Isotropic hardening for lute compressive strain.
loading in compression - Nevertheless: Considera-
and tension. ble yielding in compres-
sion (Buckling!)
[PP92](2)
Fig. 3.19
- Typical for reinforcing
(3) bars in boundary zones of
The cyclic behaviour of reinforcing bars is controlled by the following walls.
properties: - Isotropic hardening only
for loading in compression.
• The kinematic hardening (1) • Comments
• The isotropic hardening (2)
- Absolute strains approxi-
• The Bauschinger-Effect (3) mately equal.
- Considerable yielding in
Force-deformation characteristics of RC elements (based on course notes by A. Dazio)
compression (Buckling!)
- Typical for reinforcing
bars of RC column with
large axial force.
- Isotropic hardening for
loading in compression
and tension.

[PP92] Fig. 3.19 9

The cyclic behaviour of reinforcing bars is controlled by the following

Course “Seismic Design of Building Structures”
properties: Page 3-8
• The kinematic hardening (1)
Materials
3.2.3 Buckling ofisotropic
• The –hardening
Steel(2)– buckling
the reinforcement
• Observations
(failure mode)
• The Bauschinger-Effect (3)

Force-deformation characteristics of RC elements (based on course notes by A. Dazio)

600
Test
Axial stress [MPa]

400
FE
200

-200

-400

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

UCSD, SFOBB Tak B Axial strain [10 ]
-3

10
In the compression zone of RC sections two types of buckling modes can
be distinguished [PP92], [PSC96]:
 San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge
Skyway Pier: Test setup

© E. Hines & A. Dazio 11

San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge

Skyway Pier: Failure

Compression Tension
12
 Course “Seismic Design of Building Structures” Page 3-13
3.4 Moment-curvature-relationship
3.4 Moment-curvature-relationship
Moment
• Calculation – Curvature relationship
• Calculation
Cross section Longitudinal Longitudinal M+N
600x300
Cross section strains
Longitudinal stresses
Longitudinal M+N
10 Ø18 600x300 strains stresses
10 Ø18
top top -24.0 top
top M=408kNm
M=408kNm
-24.0

-450.0 458.2
-3.50 -3.50 9.61
9.61 -450.0 458.2

bot bot N=-499kN

bot bot N=-499kN
• Properties
• Properties Overstrength Mm

360 Nominal Overstrength

moment Mn Mm
- c=0.004 or
300 - s=0.015 Ultimate Mu
Moment M (kNm)

360 Nominal moment M-nbuckling and fracture

First yield My’ - of reinforcement
240 - c=0.004 or - fracture of hoops
- ...
300 - s=0.015 Ultimate Mu
Moment M (kNm)

180
- buckling and fracture
First yield My’ - of reinforcement
240 120 - fracture of hoops
Cracking Mcr
- ...
60
180
0
0 7 14 21 28 35 42
120 13
Cracking Mcr Curvature (rad/km)
60 Figures created with the software Response-2000 by Professor Evan Benz, UToronto [Ben01]

0
0Force-deformation7characteristics of RC
14elements 21 28(based on course35
notes by A. Dazio)42

Moment
Course “Seismic Design of – Curvature
Building relationship Page 3-14
Structures”
Curvature (rad/km)
(bilinear approximation)
Figures created with the software Response-2000 by Professor Evan Benz, UToronto [Ben01]
• Bilinear approximation
Force-deformation characteristics of RC elements Mm (based on course notes by A. Dazio)

Mn
Mu
360
Nominal yield ( y,Mn)
300 M’y
Moment M (kNm)

240 First yield ( ’y,M’y)

180

120

60
’y y u

0
0 7 14 21 28 35 42
Curvature (rad/km)
Procedure for the idealization of a M- -relationship: 14

a) Find the point along the M- -relationship where the outer-

Elastic deformation – Yield displacement Δy
Δy
Δy
Fy Moment Curvature Fy

θy

Lv

Vy Vy

My My φy My
FyL3vM y L2v L
Δy = = ⋅ = φ y ⋅ v ⋅ L v = θ yL v
3EI EI 3 3 15

What about after yielding?

Plastic hinge

16
[DBW99] Plastic zone of a ductile RC structural wall

17

Plastic deformation – Ultimate displacement Δu

Δu
Fu Moment Curvature

θu hpl = Plastic zone

hsp = Strain penetration
Lv Lpl = Plastic hinge

hpl
Vu Lpl

Mu hsp
Mu φp φy
φu
Lp = 0.08 ⋅ L v + 0.022 ⋅ fs ⋅ dbl
18
 Ultimate deformation Δu
φu Δu
φp φy Δy Δp
Fu

θu
θy
θp
Lv

Lpl Lpl
Vu
Mu
( )
Δ u = θ uL v = θ yL v + φ u − φ y ⋅ L pl ⋅ (L v − 0.5 ⋅ L pl )
19

Nonlinear force-deformation relationship

(ductility)
Δ
F F
Fu
θ
Fy
Reality
Lv

Approx.

V
Δ
M Δy Δu

Δy = f(φy), Fy = f(My), Δu = f(φy, φu), Fu = f(Mu),

20
 Ro : Overstrength
SE : Code-required strength for earthquake forces
After design,
( E Ed inRC
EC8)members can give us more
• Major reasons forOVERSTRENGTH
flexural overstrength of RC sections:
Material Resistance Provided Redistribution
strength factors reinforcement of sectional
> forces
needed
Ed Rd
reinforcement
Rk
R d = ----------
M Because of:
M = resistance • Minimum rein-
forcement
factor
• Good detailing

1.25 1.15 , 1.50 1.0 - 1.3 0.8 - 1.3

Ro
Flexural overstrength factor o = ------ typically: o = 1.5 – 2
SE
21

Force-deformation characteristics of RC elements (based on course notes by A. Dazio)

The effective elastic stiffness

Structure MDOF Equivalent

SDOF
m6
m5
m4 m*
m3
m2 k* h*
m1

kMMS = Σ kWände

The effective elastic stiffness of the structure corresponds to the

stiffness k* that the equivalent SDOF system needs to have in order
to show a similar dynamic behaviour as the structure.

22
 The effective elastic stiffness

Base shear F
k*

k* k*

F F
Displacement

Displacement
Displacement

Time Time 23

RC members crack very soon

Effective elastic stiffness
1) Computed value
(My’,φy’)
moment

Mʹy First yield

EI eff =
φ ʹy
curvature
2) Estimated value for preliminary design

Beams Columns Walls

Rect. section à 0.40 Ig N/(fcdAc)>0.5 à I=0.80 Ig N/(fcdAc)=0.2 à I=0.45 Ig

T- or L-section à 0.35 Ig N/(fcdAc)=0.2 à I=0.60 Ig N/(fcdAc)=0.0 à I=0.25 Ig

N/(fcdAc)=-0.05 à I=0.40 Ig N/(fcdAc)=-0.1 à I=0.15 Ig

According to [NZS 3101] 24

 EXAMPLE
Name: .......................................................

Course “Seismic Design of Building Structures”

October 26 - 30, 2015 Grade: .......................................................
Dr. Ricardo Monteiro, UME School, IUSS Pavia

Homework 1

Part A: Force-deformation characteristics of a RC Wall

25
The objective of this assignment is to become familiar with different tools for analysing the force-defor-
mation behaviour of RC structural elements. To this purpose, Part A of Homework 1 asks you to com-
pute the nonlinear force-deformation relationship (pushover curve) of the cantilever wall shown in Fig-
ure 1.
Example – RC wall
a) b)

Test Unit WSH3

Figure 1: RC wall WSH3 tested
500
at ETH Zurich under quasi-static loading. Test setup (a) and reinforcement
400 layout (b). All dimensions in [mm].
300

1) Compute the nonlinear moment-curvature relationship of the wall depicted in Figure 1.

200
Actuator force [kN]

You can make the following assumptions: 100

0
• Shear span: Lv = 4.56m
-100
• Axial load: N = 690kN
-200
• Concrete: fc’ = 39.2MPa (concrete cover: 1.5cm)
-300
• Reinforcement: -400
According to Figure 2. Experimental behaviour

Hints: -500
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
2620 40 60 80 100

i) The computation of the moment-curvature relationship should be carried out by means of a sec-
Top displacement [mm]

tion analysis program which allows: 1) the input of user-defined stress-strain relationships of the
materials and 2) the output of the strains occurring along the depth of the cross-section. Possible
Moment-curvature – exact (software)

27

Moment-curvature – exact

28
 Moment-curvature – exact

16.01.2

29

Capacity design
Maximum Moment – estimate

(1 2 e )l w

30

Fundamentals of Seismic Design Course 7, 16.1.2013 17

 Force-displacement – approximation
WSH3

500

450

400

350
Base shear [kN]

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Top displacement [mm]

31

Force-displacement – comparison
Test Unit WSH3
500

400

300

200

100
Force (kN)

0
-125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125

-100

-200

Experimental
-300
Numerical

-400

-500
Top Displacement (mm)
32
 Example of pushover curve

Data of the building

• Existing building built
in the sixties

• 5-story

• 1 x wall direction

• 1 x frame direction

For the time being only

the wall direction will
be considered

33

Geometry
m 5=213t

16 17 18 C 19 20

m 4=380t

m 3=380t
11 12 13 B 14 15

6 10
m 2=380t

7 8 9

380t

1 2 3 A 4 5

mtot = 1733t

34
 RC walls

Beams @ midspan Beams @ column

Columns Type A Columns Type B

35

Wall direction
Real structure MDOF SDOF
Δ Δ
m5 Δ/Γ
m*=1163t
m4
Fd Fd Fd
m3
h*=11.95m

m2
k*
m1

kMDOF=ΣkWalls
36
 Moment-curvature relationship
Wall 6
„Ultimate“

Bending moment [MNm]

Nominal yield εs = εs,max, εc = εc,max
2 Ø20 5 Mn
My‘
4

First yield Nominal strength

3
4000

εs = εy εs = 0.015
36 Ø8 εc = 0.002 εc = 0.004
2

1
2 Ø20 φy‘ φy φu
0
200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

N = -1099kN Curvature [10-3 m-1]

37

Calculation of the pushover curve of a wall

a) Plastic hinge length
L pl = 0.08 ⋅ 11950 + 0.022 ⋅ 450 ⋅ 20 = 1154 mm

b) Nominal yield
h *2 11.95 2
Δ y = φy ⋅ = 0.814x10 −3 ⋅ = 0.039m
3 3
Mn 4450
Fy = *
= = 372kN
h 11.95
c) Ultimate
⎛ 1.154 ⎞
Δ u = 0.039 + (6.896 − 0.814)x10 −3 ⋅ 1.154 ⋅ ⎜ 11.95 − ⎟ = 0.119m
⎝ 2 ⎠
Mu 4950
Fu = = = 414kN
h* 11.95
38
 Force-displacement-relationship
900
Fu=828kN
800 Fy=744kN
Total base shear F d [kNm]

700 „Building“

600
500
Fu=414kN
400 Fy= 372kN
Wall
300
200
100 Δy/Γ=0.039m Δu/Γ=0.119m
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Horizontal displacement, Δ /Γ [m] 39

ADRS spectrum with capacity curve

5
Elastic design spectrum
(Z3b, BWK I, BGK C)
4
Sad, Fd/m* [m/s ]
2

w R ,d
3 α eff = = 0.86
wd

2 T=1.55s

1
Capacity curve
wR,d/Γ wd/Γ wu/Γ
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Sud, w/Γ [m] 40