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    L3 (Integration - 3)

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    Yusuf IT
    The document discusses trigonometric substitution, a technique for evaluating integrals involving expressions like a^2 - x^2, a^2 + x^2, and x^2 - a^2. It explains that these expressions can be simplified by making a substitution of x = a sinθ, x = a cosθ, or x = a tanθ. This allows the integral to be written in terms of trigonometric functions that are easier to integrate. An example problem of integrating √9 - x^2 is shown to demonstrate this technique.

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    L3 (Integration - 3)

    Uploaded by

    Yusuf IT
    6 views13 pages
    The document discusses trigonometric substitution, a technique for evaluating integrals involving expressions like a^2 - x^2, a^2 + x^2, and x^2 - a^2. It explains that these expressions can be simplified by making a substitution of x = a sinθ, x = a cosθ, or x = a tanθ. This allows the integral to be written in terms of trigonometric functions that are easier to integrate. An example problem of integrating √9 - x^2 is shown to demonstrate this technique.

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    The document discusses trigonometric substitution, a technique for evaluating integrals involving expressions like a^2 - x^2, a^2 + x^2, and x^2 - a^2. It explains that these expressions can be simplified by making a substitution of x = a sinθ, x = a cosθ, or x = a tanθ. This allows the integral to be written in terms of trigonometric functions that are easier to integrate. An example problem of integrating √9 - x^2 is shown to demonstrate this technique.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views13 pages

    L3 (Integration - 3)

    Uploaded by

    Yusuf IT
    The document discusses trigonometric substitution, a technique for evaluating integrals involving expressions like a^2 - x^2, a^2 + x^2, and x^2 - a^2. It explains that these expressions can be simplified by making a substitution of x = a sinθ, x = a cosθ, or x = a tanθ. This allows the integral to be written in terms of trigonometric functions that are easier to integrate. An example problem of integrating √9 - x^2 is shown to demonstrate this technique.

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    of 13

    Integration by Trigonometric

    Substitution
    L. A. Nawroz Ibrahim
    The Substitution Rule:
    • 𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑎2
    • Applicable when one of these expressions is in the integrand.
    • a is any positive number.
    • ∫ 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
    • We can change x into something else, then we can lose the radical.
    • How Simplify these expressions:
    • 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒂𝒂 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝝑𝝑
    • 𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝜗𝜗 2 = 𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜗𝜗 = 𝑎𝑎2 (1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜗𝜗)
    • 1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜗𝜗 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜗𝜗
    𝜋𝜋
    • 𝑎𝑎2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜗𝜗 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜗𝜗 , − < 𝜗𝜗 < 𝜋𝜋/2
    2
    • 𝒂𝒂 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝝑𝝑
    • 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
    • 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒂𝒂 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝝑𝝑
    • 𝑎𝑎2 (1 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝜗𝜗)
    • 𝑎𝑎2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝜗𝜗
    • 𝒂𝒂 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝝑𝝑

    • 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐
    • 𝒙𝒙 = 𝒂𝒂 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝝑𝝑
    • 𝑎𝑎2 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝜗𝜗 − 1)
    • 𝑎𝑎2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝜗𝜗
    • 𝐚𝐚 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝝑𝝑
    9 − 𝑥𝑥 2
    Example:

    𝑥𝑥 2 + 22 = 𝑐𝑐 2
    𝑥𝑥 = 4 sin 𝜗𝜗

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