P

RE
ROSTATICS
Subabouic Electric
particle Symbol Location
Charge

Prolon p +1 Inside nucleus

Neutron n O Inside muscleus

Flectron e
-
I Outside nudeus.

-unionised parbles are mental

parhcles (Elements)
↳ Have no electrons: no.
provous.

-ionised particles are

charged (ious)

↳ ..op>more or
no.eshop.

-When particles become ions,

they lose or
gaine
electrons not protous

↳ As electrons can easily be removed and

gained.

Positively charge
-

ions lose electrons

(delivery or
et
olet)
~

Negatively changed ions

gain electrons (surplus
Conloud
-

is unit for
charge

↳ +12 d-24+1016
=

prohous

4- 12 = 6.2411013 electrons

-
I proton has change of +1.602710-19)

I deciron has change of -1.602x1079(

-Law of Conservation of
charge.

↳ Charge cannot be created nor

destrayed
in a closed
system
Elerhostatis of electic
is the study Sahonary changed
-

particles

↳ Repulsion ↳ Arrraction

-@ 0 -> t0 Ot #
>cO

Electrical induction where object is

changed
-

is a neutral

without direct contact.

⑰F -
Due

rod,
to

it

particles
negatively changed
attracts
to the
all positive
right and negative
parludes to the cell.
 However, this doesn't horse of attraction (
-

generate a

repulsion

Observations of destrostatics

Unlike Repel

⑥
1) -> Attract, like ->

2) Decreasing distance increases field shrangth,

3)
Increasing a increases field strength,

F
3(a)
=

on
-

F:
we (wheve k =
9x1p9)

Flechic field lines

1) Must rouch
charge

2) Must
enter/leave to the charge

3) Must never
cross

4) Must more
away
from and to O

3) Deusing Field
& shrangle
C FIELD STRENGTH
*

For point change

-

field shangth increases

oThe
-
Elchic

↳ closer to the
As you go
change
↳ As the change's magnitude
increases.

For parallel places

t

I
↳ the distance
Increases as

between the plates is decreased

↳
Increases as the potential
dillerance is increased

↳ Always remains constant.

E
strength)
F
E (Flechic field
I
=
 ↳ Work in
electricity
B
A

a -.

from A B.
required charge
+
-Work is to more

Work is delived as
W =
F,s
-

In Electricity, Work - Elechical pohatial energy

↳w Fs
=

(F qE),(s
=
d)
=

i. W =
gEd
in EPE per unit
-Voltage is the change
of
change

SEDE=-
I

v =
W
...

:w qV
=
Coming
Used her parallel plates)

-
f + f
- t

d
④
*

d then use then use

WegEd.
&
w
qU
=

. . .

-
-Inverse law
square

↳ home is dishibuted radially

Energy a source

(In a
sphere), where intensity decreases
for the source.
as it further
goes

Now in
electricity:

E
c
=

I A
NX
↓

F=
Yan (Cohlomb's ane

E:Eaawa.
I

(E)
~

(m, 9, are constant

u(t)
-

:
EE
-Equipotential lines

EPE
↳ lives of equal
 For
point change.
-

ina
4 be
- lines must circuber

↳ Concentric (same conc

I

↳ Density of lines

you soc
to
point change.

For parallel plaches

-

t
↳ must be
lines straight

"In add in

11 to plates

↳ Evenly spaced

must have
jumps between each EP line
~

the same
energy.
CAW
rate at which lows
↳ A currant is the
change
in a conductor.

9 change passing through

=
=

↳ I a
given point

+: time valven,

↳ Both 8 and & changes can produce a

currant

↳ However, in Batteries, the current

is the stone of electrons.

&Elachon Flow surroun

Flow of electrons

-
Goes from 8 b
Goes from a
surplus of elevirous (A) to a

deficiency of electrone (B)

↳ Conventional Current.

Flow of O change,
-
Goes from
o (deliciacy)
-> Of (surplus)
-
Used in classical physics (also in Y11(2).
↳ DC rAL

directional flow
↳ PC (Direct Courans) is
a one

vr

I
--

-I

↳ A) (Alternating currand) is a blow of currant

direction
that periodically changes/flips in

v
-
Due to Terminal
switching #>D
N

A:
0 +

for current to exist.

↳ Conditious required

1) Must be a closed circuit

1
IP to
-

-
 2) Must have a
potential
difference (Vollage
↳ Potential difference creates a "Force"
from the
that pushes the current

High potential End * to the Low

potential End
O
↳ Resistance

↳ Is meterials resist the flow

rendency
a to

of
charge
conductor,
As a
charge moves
through a

collide with
electrons will
containing energy
in the
particles and hence lose
energy
form of heat (Resistive Heating)

lows
↳ Conductors -

Materials where charge

Grady.
-

Eg. Metals

where
doesn'
↳ Insulators -Materials charge

How
fiaely
Non-cherds.
-

Eg. contain delocalised

-Metals are
good conductors as
they
electrons.
 PfiEOECON
01
ij
↑
i

minimal loss
-

Collisions result in energy

loss due to heat.
:less energy

↳3 Resistance equation:

↳R
E
=

~
Ohm's Law:

object and
voltage
a
↳ The across an

current running through

it are
directly
proportional.
: v x I
R is constant).
(Where
i v IR
=

-Ohmia Non-Ohmic Resistors vr

I
v

abide Ohrms
↳ Ohmic resistors by

law, hence Resistance is always

constant
#
 ↳ Non-Ohnic resistors down t v

I
abide
by Ohm's law,
hence

Resistance is dependent
as
other factors such
on

Current and Voltage T

I

-Water Analogy:
The
is the pahantal dilerace
pump

#The
-
-

The whom is the earl

onwide 1s resistan
-

ATS
↳ Parallel ↳ Series

⑦ 0 O

J0.J0 E
=

↳ Combination

=
↳ Kirchholt's
Current Law:

↳ "The algebraic sum of currents at

any

point is zero"

-
I,I 0A.
=

Im=Four. (Of a point)

&
In
~

i
↑
In
⑤ I.
↓
+ I2 +Is =
n+Is

2
- Iz I

Is
: FEnrIs-nIs=O
i
2 I =
0.

↳ Kirchholl' Vollage Law.

↳ "The directed sum of potential

circuit is zero."
differences around a

- 2v = 0V

-Umained: Viest.
VA

FMre
i v, = VA +
Vy + Vc

N. =
VB

VI
↳Characteristics of Series Circuit

1) vollage:

UBallery =
V, +Vn +Uz +--tUn

↳where Un is the vollage drop across

resistor n.

2) Curral:

11 In
IBattery: In
= : ....

↳ Where In is the current passing

through resistor n.

3) Resistance

R
= R, tRz tR3 0... + Rn.

↳ Characteristics of Parallel Circuits

1) vollage.
~ =
V, = Vc =
vs =...= Un
Ballery
&Where Un is
voltage drop across Branch a

2) Curran

IT 1, =

+ I +Ist... In
 ↳ where It is surreal branch
entering
th
↳ In is the current of the n

branch.

3) Resistance

I
*

= t,+knt ...+ Ru

↳ Please look back at roles for derivation.

ER
↳ Power is the role at which is converted
energy
from electrical energy
into
any
other form
(Omily in

Electricity).
(p
1E
W
=
=

Heat (Icaber)
↳ Examples: ->
-Electrical -> light (lightbulb)
energy
↳ Mechanical (Blender)

(p 0
v(t)
=
=

v
=

p= VI Cowan's law - V =

(x)
c
X
P
(1R)I
=

p (()v
=

p I"R
k
=
p =

Resistor used dissipala Flechical

A is device to
energy
-

HE, KE, ME...

↓ EE ->
~
kilowatt hours

↳ Ikwh =
energy produced when a device

of IW is
with a
power

on
for 1 hu.

: (w(n 1
=

x(3600) (1000)
=
36000000.