A PROJECT ON CONCEPT OF LIMIT

PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to
KIST SECONDARY SCHOOL
KATHMANDU, NEPAL
Date:25/11/2079
SUBMITTED BY
NISSAN KHATIWADA
I.D. No: 6430
Section: 'S'
Under Supervision: Mr. RAPHI BHANDARI

ABSTRACTS
Set theory is the branch of mathematics that studies sets, which are
collection of objects. Although any type of object can be collected into a
set, set theory is applied most often to objects that are relevant
mathematics.

Chapter-1
Introduction
The word "set" is known to carry the same meaning as the words
collection, class & aggregate. However a set may be thought of as a
well-defined list or collection of material objects such as books and pens
or conceptual objects such as numbers and points. Each object of a set is
called an element or member of the set.
For example, the items you wear: hat, shirt, jacket, pants, and so on.I'm
sure you could come up with at least a hundred.
This is known as a set.

Or another example is types of fingers.

This set includes index, middle, ring, and pinky.
History
The mordern study of set theory was initiated by Cantor and Dedekind
in the 1870s. After the discovery of paradoxes in informal set theory,
numerous axiom of choice, are the best known.
Motivation
The concept of set theory is essential to understand the set operation and
it's types. We can simply use idea of set in our daily life to seperate our
equipments that we use in our life. It helps in the proper management of
various elements that we use in our life.

Limitations
As it is not possible to study all the types of operations on set.In this
project, I limit my study only on type of set, relation between set,
operation set.

Notations
Set are usally denoted by capital letters such as A, B, C, ......., X, Y, Z
and the elements of the set by the small letters such as a, b, c, ......, x, y,
z.
If there are only a few elements, they can be listed individually, by
writing them between curly braces ‘{ }’ and placing commas in between.
E.g.- {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
The second way of writing set is to use a property that defines elements
of the set.
e.g.- {x | x is odd and 0 < x < 100}
If x is an element of set A, it can be written as ‘x  A’
If x is not an element of A, it can be written as ‘x  A’
Special Kinds of Sets
Some special kinds of sets are defined below:

· Empty set
A set having no element is called the empty set or null set or void set. It
is denoted by the Greek letter (phi) or { }.
Example: M = {x: x is a male student in a girl's campus} is an empty set.

· Finite set
A set containing a finite number of elements is known as a finite set.
Example: A ={ x: x is a month of a year } and B ={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9} are the examples of finite sets.

· Infinite set
A set which is not finite is known as infinite set.
Example: A ={x: x is an integer}; B ={x: x is a point on a line} are the
examples of infinite set.
Relation between Sets
A set may have one or more elements common with another set. Also,
two sets may not have elements common to them. Depending upon the
various possibilities, we have the following relations between the sets.

· Subset
A set A is said to be a subset of the set B if every element of A is also an
element of B. This relation is denoted by A ⊆ B. This is read as A is
contained in B or B contains A. Here B is known as supreset of A and we
write as B ⊃ A.
Symbolically,A ⊆ B is defined as x ∈ A ⇒ x ∈ B.
If every element of set A is also an element of B but ther is at least one
element of B which is not an element of A, then A is known as the
proper subset of B.
This relation is denoted by A ⊂ B.
A = {x: x is a letter in English alphabet} B = {x: x is a vowel}
then, B ⊂ A.

· Equal sets
Two sets A and B are said to be equal or identical or same if they have
the same elements.
They are denoted by A = B.
Thus if A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A, then A = B.
Example: A = {a, e, i, o, u} B = {x: x is vowel}
Then, A = B.

· Intersecting sets
Two sets A and B are said to be intersecting if they have at least one
element in common.
Example: If A = {s, u, n} and B = {m, o, n} then A and B are
intersecting sets because the element n is common.

· Disjoint sets
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if they have no element in
common.
Example: A = { s, u, n} and B ={e, a, r, t, h} are disjoint sets because
there no element common between A and B.

· Power sets
The collections or set of all possible subsets of any set S is called the
power set of S, It is denoted by P(S).
Example: If S ={1, 2} then it's subsets are Φ , {1}, {2}, {1, 2}.
So, the power set of S is P(S) = {Φ, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}

· Universal set
A fixed set is said to be a universal set if all the sets under discussion are
the subsets of the fixed set. The universal set is denoted by U.
Example: For the sets of people of different countries, the set is of
people in the world is the universal set.
Venn Diagram
The diagrammatic represntation of sets, set relation and set operation is
known as a venn diagram. It consists of a universal set U represented by
a rectangle, subsets of U by the closed curves and the elements of the set
by the points within the closed curve.