TST1501 DISCUSSION CLASS EXERCICES

STRESS AND STRAIN

1. A steel rod, 60 mm diameter and 1 m long, is encased by a cast iron (CI) sleeve 8 mm thick and
of internal diameter 60 mm. The assembly is subjected to a load of 40 kN. Find the stresses in
the two materials and the elongation of the assembly. E for steel = 200GPa and E for cast iron
= 100GPa.

SOLUTION

P = PC + PS --------------- (1)
P =  C AC +  S AS ---------- (2)
C S
= = ---------------- (3)
C  S
The cross-sectional area of steel is
 2
AS =  (60 )  = 2827.4mm 2
4 
The cross-sectional area of cast iron is

AC = (76 2 − 60 2 ) = 1709mm 2
4

From (2)

40 x10 3 = 1709 C + 2827.4 S

23.4 =  C + 1.654 S
  C = 23.4 − 1.654 S − − − − − − − − − −(4)

From (3)

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 TST1501 DISCUSSION CLASS EXERCICES

 S xEC
C =
S
100 x10 3 ( MPa ) S
C =
200 x10 3 ( MPa )
 C = 0.5 S − − − − − − − − − − − − − (5)

Substitute (5) into (4)

0.5 S = 23.4 − 1.654 S

0.5 S + 1.654 S = 23.4
2.154 S = 23.4
  S = 10.86 N / mm 2
  C = 0.5 x10.86 = 5.43 N / mm 2

l C S
= = =
l EC ES
 Cl 5.43 x1x10 3
l = = = 0.0543mm
EC 100 x10 3

2. A concrete column, 50 cm square, is reinforced with four steel rods, each 2.5 cm in diameter,
embedded in the concrete near the corners of the square. If the young’s modulus for steel is
200 GN/m2 and that for concrete is 14 GN/m2, estimate the compressive stresses in the steel
and concrete when the total thrust on the column is 1MN.

SOLUTION

Let subscripts c and s refer to concrete and steel, respectively

P = PC + PS --------------- (1)

P =  C AC +  S AS ---------- (2)

C S
= = ---------------- (3)
C S
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 TST1501 DISCUSSION CLASS EXERCICES

 S C  CS
From (3) -----------  C = ---------- (4), S = -------- (5)
S C

P −  S AS P −  C AC
From (2) -----------  C = ---------- (6), S = ------------ (7)
AC AS

P
Equate (4) = (6), then S =
 
AS + AC  C 
 S 

P
Equate (5) = (7), then C =
 
AC + AS  S 
 C 

The cross-sectional area of steel is

 2
AS = 4  (0.025 )  = 1.96 x10 −3 m 2
4 

The cross sectional area of concrete is

AC = (0.50) − AS = 0.248m 2
2

Therefore:

10 6
S = = 51.76 MN / m 2
(1.96 x10 )−3  14 
+ (0.248) 
 200 

10 6
C = = 3.62 MN / m 2
(0.248) + (1.96 x10 −3 ) 200 
 14 

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 TST1501 DISCUSSION CLASS EXERCICES

4. A bar of steel, having a rectangular cross-section 7.5 cm by 2.5 cm, carries an axial tensile
load of 180 kN. Estimate the decrease in the length of the sides of the cross-section if
Young’s modulus , E, is 200 GN/m2 and poisson’s ratio, v is 0.3.

SOLUTION

The cross-sectional area is

A = (0.075)(0.025) = 1.875 x10 −3 m 2

The average longitudinal tensile stress is

P 180 x10 3
= = = 96.0MN / m 2
A 1.875 x10 −3

The longitudinal tensile strain is therefore

 96.0 x10 6
= = 9
= 0.48 x10 −3
E 200 x10

Therefore the lateral strain is

 = 0.3(0.48 x10 −3 ) = 0.144 x10 −3

The7.5 cm side then contracts by an amount

(0.075)(0.144 x10 −3 ) = 0.0108 x10 −3 m = 0.00108cm

The 2.5 cm side contracts by an amount

(0.025)(0.144 x10 −3 ) = 0.0036 x10 −3 m = 0.00036cm

5. An aluminium rod 8 mm in diameter and 30 mm long is joined to the end of a steel rod 5 mm in
diameter and 60 mm long. The composite rod is then heated through 120 oC.

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 TST1501 DISCUSSION CLASS EXERCICES

(a) Calculate the total increase in length of the composite rod.

(b) If the composite rod was allowed to expand an amount of only 0.15 mm during this 120 oC
temperature change, what stresses would be set up in the aluminium and steel?
(c) Calculate, for (b), the final position of the junction between the two materials after the
change in temperature.
(Let EST= 200 GPa; EAL = 65 GPa; αST = 12 x 10-6/oC; αAL = 22 x 10-6/oC)

SOLUTION

30 mm
60 mm

8 mm Aluminium Steel 5 mm

(a ) l A + l S = L
 A l A t +  S l S t = L
 (22 x10 − 6 )(30)(120) + (12 x10 − 6 )(60)(120) = L
79200 x10 − 6 + 86400 x10 − 6 = L
L = 165600 x10 −6
L = 0.166mm
(b) l A + l S = L
l o A l o S
+ = L
EA ES

If it is allowed to expand by only 0.15 mm, then the composite bar must have been contracted by
0.166 - 0.15 = 0.016mm

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 TST1501 DISCUSSION CLASS EXERCICES

l o A l o S
+ = 0.016
EA ES

30 x A 60 x S
9
+ = 0.016
65 x10 200 x10 9
0.462 x10 −9  A + 0.3 x10 −9  S = 0.016
(0.462 A + 0.3 S )10 −9 = 0.016 − − − − − − − − − (1)

F A = FS
 A A A =  S AS
 A
A = S S
AA
 (8) 2
AA = = 50.272mm 2
4
 (5) 2
AS = = 19.638mm 2
4
 (19.638)
 A = S = 0.39 S − − − − − − − − − (2)
50.272
sub (2) in (1)

[(0.462 x0.39 S ) + 0.3 S ]10 −9 = 0.016

[0.18 S + 0.3 S ]10 −9 = 0.016
0.48 x10 −9  S = 0.016
 S = 0.0333 x10 9 = 33.3MPa
 A = 0.39 x33.3 = 12.987 MPa

(c) Considering aluminium to get the final position of the junction between the two materials.
Free expansion, l A =  A l A t = 22 x10 −6 x30 x120 = 79200 x10 −6 mm

l o A 30 x12.987 x10 6
Due to the stress, l A = = = 0.006mm
EA 65 x10 9
Aluminium extends, 0.0792 − 0.006 = 0.0732mm
Final position of the junction from end of aluminium = 30 + 0.0732 = 30.0732mm