MOSTI

MPORTANTTOPI
CSFROM NEURO2NDYEARANATOMY

(
Studycr
ani
alner
vesi
ndet
ail
from Neur
oanat
omysnel
l
)

1)LOBES,SURFACESANDPOLESOFCEREBRAL
CORTEX

Cer
ebr
um hav
etwohemi
spher
es,

Eachhemi
spher
ehas3sur
faces

i
)super
iol
ater
alsur
face

i
i
)Medi
alSur
face

i
i
i)I
nfer
iorSur
face

LobesofCer
bral
Cor
tex(
5)

i
)Fr
ont
alLobe

i
i
)Tempor
alLobe

i
i
i)Occi
pit
alLobe

i
v)Par
iet
alLobe
v
)Insul
arLobe

Pol
esofCer
ebr
alcor
tex

i
)Fr
ont
alpol
e

i
i
)Occi
pit
alpol
e

i
i
i)Tempor
alpol
e
 2)BRODMANNAREAS1,
2,3,
4,17,
22,
39,
40,
44,
45

Ar
eas1,
2,3

Pr
imar
ysomat
osensor
ycor
tex(
post
cent
ral
gyr
us)

Ar
ea4

Pr
imar
ymot
orcor
tex(
precent
ral
gyr
us)

Ar
ea17

Pr
imar
yvi
sual
cor
tex

Ar
ea22

Pr
imar
yaudi
tor
ycor
tex

Ar
eas22,
39,
40

Wer
nicke'
sar
ea(
languagecompr
ehensi
on)

Ar
eas44,
45

Br
oca'
sar
ea(
mot
orspeechpr
ogr
ammi
ng)

3)GYRIANDSULCIOFLOBESOFCEREBRAL
CORTEX

Fr
ont
all
obe;

3Sul
ci-
>pr
ecent
ral
,super
iorf
ront
al,
inf
eri
orf
ront
al

4Gy
ri-
>pr
ecent
ral
,super
iorf
ront
al,
middl
efr
ont
al,
inf
eri
orf
ront
al,
Tempor
all
obe;

2Sul
ci-
>Super
iorTempor
al,
Inf
eri
orTempor
al

3Gy
ri-
>Super
iorTempor
al,
Middl
eTempor
al,
Inf
eri
orTempor
al

Par
iet
all
obe;

2Sul
ci-
>Postpar
iet
al,
int
rapar
iet
al

2Gy
ri-
>Postcent
ral
,Angul
ar

Occi
pit
all
obe;

1Sul
ci-
>Lat
eral
Occi
pit
al

2Gy
ri-
>Super
iorOcci
pit
al,
Inf
eri
orOcci
pit
al

I
nsul
arl
obe;

1Sul
cus-
>Cent
ral
insul
arSul
cus

2Gy
ri-
>Shor
tinsul
ar,
Longi
nsul
ar
4)RECESSESOFTHI
RDVENTRI
CLE
Ther
ear
etwosmal
lant
eri
orr
ecessesandt
wosmal
lpost
eri
orr
ecesses:

ant
eri
or:supra-opti
crecess(
abov
etheopt
icchi
asm)i
nfundi
bul
arr
ecess(
abov
ethe
pi
tui
tarystalk)

post
eri
or:pi
nealr
ecess.supr
api
nealr
ecess.
 5)PARTSOFCORPUSCALLOSUM,FORNI
XAND
MIDBRAI
N

Par
tsofCor
pusCal
l
osum;

Rost
rum,
Genu,
Body
,Spl
eni
um

Par
tsofFor
nix;

Al
veus,
fimbr
ia,
crur
a,body
,col
umnsoff
orni
x
Par
tsofmi
dbr
ain;
Therear
ethreemai
npar
tsoft
hemi
dbr
ain-t
hecol
l
icul
i
,thet
egment
um,
andt
hecer
ebr
al
peduncl
es.
 6)PINEALGLANDFUNCTI
ON,LOCATI
ONAND
COMMI SSURES

Thepineal
glandi
samidl
i
nestr
uctur
e,l
ocatedbet
weent hetwocerebr
alhemispher
es.I
tis
at
tachedbyastal
ktot
hepost
eri
orwall
ofthir
dventr
icl
e.Inclosepr
oxi
mitytothegl
andarethe
superi
orcoll
i
cul
iofthemidbr
ain–pair
edst
ruct
urest
hatpl
ayani
mpor
tantr
olei
nvi
sion.
Ther
e
aretwotypesofcel
l
spresentwit
hint
hegl
and:

Pi
neal
ocy
tes–hor
monesecr
eti
ngcel
l
s.

Gl
i
alcel
l
s–suppor
ti
ngcel
l
s.

Funct
ion;Thepinealgl
andisasmallendocr
ineglandlocat
edwithi
nthebrai
n.It
smainsecr
eti
on
i
smel at
onin,whichr
egulat
estheci
rcadianr
hythm ofthebody
.Itisal
sothoughttopr
oduce
hormonesthatinhi
bitt
heacti
onofotherendocri
neglandsint
hebody .

Thehabenul
arcommi ssur
e,i
sabrai
ncommi ssur
e(abandofnerv
efi
ber
s)si
tuatedinfrontof
thepi
nealgl
andthatconnect
sthehabenul
arnucl
eionbot
hsidesoft
hedi
encephalon.

7)FUNCTI
ONSOFLI
MBI
CSYSTEM
 8)VENTRI
CLES,THEI
RLOCATI
ONS,BOUNDARI
ES
ANDFORAMI NA

Vent
ri
clesar
e(Hol
l
owst
ruct
ure)cav
iti
eswi
thi
nbr
ainf
il
ledwi
thf
lui
d(CSF)

Four
->2Lat
eral
(Lef
tandRi
ght
),t
hir
dvent
ri
cle,
four
thv
ent
ri
cle

Lat
eral
vent
ri
cle-
>C-shaped,
hav
e1cent
ral
body
,3hor
ns(ant
eri
or,
post
eri
or,
inf
eri
or)

Cent
ral
bodyboundar
ies;
Ant
eri
orhor
nboundar
ies

Post
eri
orhor
nboundar
ies;
I
nfer
iorhor
nboundar
ies;
I
nterv
ent
ri
cul
arf
oramen-
>connect3r
dvent
ri
clewi
thl
ater
alv
ent
ri
cles

Thi
rdVent
ri
cle;

Bor
der
s;

Lat
eral
l
y:t
wot
hal
ami

Ant
eri
orl
y:l
ami
nat
ermi
nal
i
s

Post
eri
orl
y:pi
neal
recess
Roof:
chor
oidpl
exus&For
nix

Fl
oor
:opt
icchi
asma,
inf
undi
bul
um,
mammi
l
lar
ybodi
es

Four
thv
ent
ri
cle;

Pr
esentbehi
ndponsandmedul
l
aandi
nfr
ontofcer
ebel
l
um,

Di
amondshaped
CSFin4thventr
iclecanexi
ttosubar
achnoi
dspacet
hroughtwol
ater
alaper
tur
es(
FORAMEN
l
ushka)andsinglemedianaper
tur
e(FORAMENmagendi e)
,

9)CEREBELLUM,I
TSCONNECTI
ONS,FI
SSURES,
LOBES,LAYERS,NUCLEI

Locat
edi
ncer
ebel
l
arf
ossa,

Funct
ions;

Mot
orcont
rol

Mai
ntenanceandpost
ure

Coor
dinat
evol
unt
arymov
ement
s

Mot
orl
ear
ning

Cogni
ti
vef
unct
ion

Cer
ebel
l
arconnect
ionswi
thCNS(
3pai
rsofsy
stems)

1)i
nfer
iorpeduncl
es;
alsocal
l
edr
est
if
orm bodi
es

Connectcer
ebel
l
um wi
thspi
nal
cor
dandmedul
l
athr
oughmai
nlyaf
fer
ent
 (
post
eri
orspi
nocer
ebel
l
art
ract
)

Li
ebet
weenl
owerpar
tof4t
hvent
ri
cleandr
oot
sofCNI
X&CNX

2)mi
ddl
ecer
ebel
l
arpeduncl
es;
alsocal
l
edbr
achi
apont
is

Connectcer
ebel
l
um wi
thponscont
ainonl
yaf
fer
entf
ibr
es

3)super
iorcer
ebel
l
arpeduncl
es;
alsocal
l
edbr
achi
aconj
unct
ive

Connectcer
ebel
l
um wi
tht
hal
amusandmi
dbr
ain

Par
tsofCer
ebel
l
um;

2hemi
spher
esj
oinedbyv
ermi
s

Cer
ebel
l
arf
issur
es;
3

1)Hor
izont
alf
issur
e(l
argest
)

2)pr
imar
yfi
ssur
e(Vshaped-
>di
vi
decer
ebel
l
um t
oant
eri
orandpost
eri
orl
obes)

3)Ret
rot
onsi
l
larf
issur
e

Lobesofcer
ebel
l
um;
3

1)Ant
eri
orl
obe-
>mostsuper
ior-
>cont
rol
unconsci
ouspr
opr
iocept
ion

2)Post
eri
orl
obe-
>lar
gestl
obe-
>cont
rol
finemot
orcoor
dinat
ion(
GABA)

3)Fl
occul
onodul
arl
obe-
>knownasVest
ibul
ocer
ebel
l
um -
>hav
e3par
ts;

2f
locul
l
iand1cent
ral
par
t(nodul
e)r
egul
atesbal
anceandey
emov
ement

Lay
ersofcer
ebel
l
um;
3

1)Mol
ecul
arLay
er

2)Pur
kinj
ecel
lLay
er

3)Gr
anul
arl
ayer
Nucl
eiofCer
ebel
l
um;
4

Fast
igi
alnucl
ei

-r
ecei
vespi
nocer
ebel
l
arandl
aby
rint
hineaf
fer
ent
s

-pr
ojectt
othespi
nal
cor
dandv
ent
ral
thal
ami
cnucl
eus

Gl
obose&Embol
i
for
m nucl
ei(
int
erposednucl
eus)

-sendsint
erposi
ti
orubr
othal
ami
ctr
actt
othel
ater
alt
hal
ami
cnucl
eusandr
ed
nucl
us

Dent
atenucl
eus

-r
ecei
vescor
ti
copont
ocer
ebel
l
arf
iber
s

-sendsdent
ator
ubr
othal
ami
canddent
atool
i
var
ytr
act
s

10)BRANCHESOFVERTEBRAL,BASI
LARAND
I
NTERNALCAROTI DARTERI ES

Br
anchesofVer
tebr
alar
ter
y;

Basi
l
arar
ter
y

Post
eri
orspi
nal
art
ery

Ant
eri
orspi
nal
art
ery

Post
eri
ori
nfer
iorcer
ebel
l
arar
ter
y

Br
anchesofbasi
larar
ter
y;mnemoni
c(PLASP)

Ponti
near t
ery,Labyri
nthi
neartery
, anter
iori
nfer
iorcer
ebel
l
arar
ter
y,super
ior
cerebel
lararter
y,poster
iorcerebralart
ery

Br
anchesofi
nter
nalcar
oti
dar
ter
y;mnemoni
c(CAMPO)

Choroi
dal
art
ery,ant
eri
orcer
ebr
alar
ter
y,middl
ecer
ebr
alar
ter
y,post
eri
or
communicat
ingart
ery
,opht
hal
micart
ery
11)BLOODSUPPLYOFSPI
NALCORDANDDURA
MATTER

Bl
oodsuppl
yofspi
nalcor
d;

Ver
ebralbr
anches(
Ant
eri
orspi
nal
art
ery
,post
eri
orspi
nal
art
ery
)andsegment
al
ar
ter
ies

Bl
oodsuppl
yofDURAmat
er;
mnemoni
cMOVI
A

Maxil
lar
yar t
ery
, occi
pit
alar
ter
y,v
ert
ebr
alar
ter
y,i
nter
nal
car
oti
dar
ter
y,ascendi
ng
pharyngealart
ery

12)DENTI
CULATELI
GAMENTS

Thedenti
cul
ateli
gamentsar
ebi
lat
eraltr
iangul
arl
ater
alext
ensi
onsofpi
a
matert
hatanchorthespi
nal
cor
dtot heduramater
.

Theyarefor
medbypi amat erofthespinal cor
dcoursingi
n-bet
weent he
dorsal
andv entr
alnerverootsbil
ater
all
y .Theyfuncti
ontoprovi
dest abi
li
tyto
thespi
nalcordwithinthevertebr
alcanal .Thereareusual
l
y21pai rsevenly
spacedal
ongt helengthofthespinalcor dbutthei
rnumbercanr angefrom 18
to24pair
s.
13)CI
RCLEOFWI
LLI
S
Thecir
cleofWil
l
isi
stypi
cal
l
ycomposedofthreecer
ebralandtwocommunicat
ing
art
eri
esthatl
i
nkthei
nter
nalcar
oti
dar
ter
iesandthever
tebrobasi
l
arsyst
em

Thest
ruct
ureoft
heci
rcl
eofWi
l
li
sincl
udes:

-
>lef
tandr
ighti
nter
nal
car
oti
dar
ter
ies.

-
>lef
tandr
ightant
eri
orcer
ebr
alar
ter
ies.

-
>lef
tandr
ightpost
eri
orcer
ebr
alar
ter
ies.

-
>lef
tandr
ightpost
eri
orcommuni
cat
ingar
ter
ies.

-
>basi
l
arar
ter
y.

-
>ant
eri
orcommuni
cat
ingar
ter
y.
14)LUMBARPUNCTURE

Lumbarpunctur
e,alsoknownasaspi nalt
ap, i
samedi calprocedurei
nwhi chaneedl
e
i
sinsert
edint
ot hespinalcanal,mostcommonl ytocoll
ectcerebrospi
nalfl
uidfor
di
agnosti
ctesti
ng.Themai nr easonforalumbarpunct ureistohelpdiagnose
di
seasesofthecentralnervoussy st
em, i
ncludingthebrai
nandspi ne.

l
umbarpunct ureisgener
all
yperfor
medatorbelowt heL3-L4inter
space.Asageneral
anatomicalr
ule,t
helinedr
awnbet weenthepost
eriori
li
accrestsoftencor
responds
cl
oselytothelevelofL3-
L4.Theinter
spacei
sselectedaft
erpalpati
onofthespinous
processesateachlumbarlevel
.
15)CAUDAEQUINA,CONUSMEDULLARI
S,FI
LUM
TERMINALE,
Themostdi st
albulbouspartofthespi
nalcordiscalledtheconusmedull
ari
s,andits
taper
ingendcontinuesasthef i
l
um ter
minale.Distal
tothisendofthespi
nalcordisa
coll
ecti
onofnerveroots,
whi charehor
setai
l-l
ikeinappearanceandhencecal
ledthe
caudaequina(Lat
inforhorse'stai
l
).
16)REFLECTI
ONS/
FOLDI
NGSOFDURAMATER
Dur
alRef
lect
ions

Themeni ngeal
lay
erofdur
amat
erf
oldsi
nwar
dsuponi
tsel
ftof
ormf
ourdur
al
ref
lect
ions.

Theser
efl
ect
ionspr
ojecti
ntot
hecrani
alcav
ity
,dividi
ngi
tint
osever
al
compar
tments–eachofwhichhousesasubdivi
sionoft
hebrai
n.

Thef
ourdur
alr
efl
ect
ionsar
e:

Fal
xcerebri–pr
oject
sdownwar
dst
osepar
atet
her
ightandl
eftcer
ebr
al
hemispher
es.

Tent
orium cer
ebel
l
i–separ
atestheocci
pit
all
obesf
rom t
hecer
ebel
lum.I
t
cont
ainsaspaceanter
omedi
all
yforpassageoft
hemidbr
ain–thet
entor
ial
not
ch.

Fal
xcer
ebel
l
i–separ
atest
her
ightandl
eftcer
ebel
l
arhemi
spher
es.

Di
aphagmasellae–coversthehypophysi
alfossaofthesphenoi
dbone.I
tcont
ains
asmallopeni
ngforpassageofthestal
kofthepitui
tar
ygland.
17)CAVERNOUSSI
NUSBOUNDARI
ESAND
CONTENTS

Thecaver noussinusesar el
ocatedwi t
hin
themiddlecr anialf
ossa, oneithersi
de
ofthesellaturcicaofthesphenoi d
bone(whi chcont ai
nst hepitui
tary
gland)
.Theyar eenclosedbyt he
endostealandmeni ngeallayer
soft he
duramat er.
Thebor
der
soft
hecav
ernoussi
nusar
easf
oll
ows:

Ant
eri
or–super
ioror
bit
alf
issur
e.

Post
eri
or–pet
rouspar
toft
het
empor
albone.

Medi
al–bodyoft
hesphenoi
dbone.

Lat
eral
–meni ngeal
lay
eroftheduramaterr
unni
ngf
rom t
her
ooft
o
t
heflooroft
hemiddlecr
anial
fossa.

Roof–meningeall
ayeroftheduramatert
hatat
tachest
otheant
eri
or
andmi
ddlecli
noidprocessesoft
hesphenoi
dbone.

Fl
oor–endosteal
layerofdur
amat ert
hatov
erl
i
est
hebaseoft
he
gr
eat
erwingofthesphenoidbone.

Cont
ent
sofcav
ernoussi
nus;
mnemoni ctoremembert hecontentsandt heirrelati
ont ooneanot her
i
s:OTOM CAT, whereOTOM ( ocul
omot orner ve,tr
ochlearnerve,
ophthal
micbranch,maxil
larybranch)refer
st ot helateralwall
content
sfrom superi
ortoinferi
or,
andCAT( internalcarotidart
ery,
abducensnerve,t
rochl
earner v
e)refer
st othehor izontalcontents,
fr
om medi al
tolater
al.

Eachcav
ernoussi
nusr
ecei
vesv
enousdr
ainagef
rom:

Opht
hal
micveins(
super
iorandinf
eri
or)–t
heseent
ert
hecav
ernous
si
nusvi
athesuper
ioror
bit
alfi
ssur
e.

Centr
alv
einoft
heret
ina–dr
ainsi
ntot
hesuper
ioropht
hal
micv
ein,
or
di
rect
lyi
ntot
hecav
ernoussi
nus.

Sphenopar
ietal
sinus–empt
iesi
ntot
heant
eri
oraspectoft
he
caver
noussinus.

Superf
ici
almiddl
ecer
ebr
alv
ein–cont
ri
but
est
othev
enousdr
ainage
ofthecerebr
um

Pt
ery
goi
dpl
exus–l
ocat
edwi
thi
nthei
nfr
atempor
alf
ossa.
18)OTHERSI
NUSES(
VENOUS)LOCATI
ONS

Sagi
tt
alsi
nuses

Super
ior:Resi
desinthebaseofthefalxcerebr
iandr
unsbet
weent
hef
oramencaecum
andint
ernalocci
pit
alpr
otuberance.

I
nfer
ior
:Resi
desi
nthef
reebor
deroft
hef
alxcer
ebr
i,dor
sal
tot
hecor
puscal
l
osum

St
rai
ghtsi
nus

Li
eswi
thi
nthepost
eri
orendoft
hef
alxcer
ebr
iandi
nthemi
ddl
eoft
het
ent
ori
um
cerebel
l
i.

Sphenopar
iet
alSi
nus

Locat
edal
ongt
hef
reebor
deroft
hel
esserwi
ngoft
hesphenoi
dboneoft
heskul
l
.

Cav
ernoussi
nus

Si
tuat
edonei
thersi
deoft
hesel
l
atur
cicaoft
hesphenoi
dboneoft
heskul
l
.

Pet
rosal
sinuses

Super
ior
:Theyr
unal
ongt
hepet
rouspar
toft
het
empor
albonei
nthebaseoft
he
 t
ent
ori
um cer
ebel
l
i,t
ermi
nat
ingi
nthesi
gmoi
dsi
nus.

I
nfer
ior
:Theyexi
tthecav
ernoussi
nusandt
ermi
nat
eint
hesi
gmoi
dsi
nus.

Occi
pit
alsi
nus

Li
eswi
thi
nthefi
xedpartoft
hefalxcer
ebell
i
,runningf
rom t
hef
oramenmagnum
towardst
heinter
nalocci
pit
alpr
otuberance.

Tr
ansv
ersesi
nus

Tr
avel
sinthebaseofthetent
ori
um cer
ebel
l
i,al
ongt
heocci
pit
albone,
ter
minat
ingat
theconf
luenceofsi
nuses.

Si
gmoi
dsi
nus

Theycousealongtheposter
iorcr
anial
fossa,
originat
ingfrom thet
ransv
ersesi
nuses
andendingi
nthejugularf
oramenviathejugularbulb.
19)LOCATI
ONSOFCRANI
ALNERVESNUCLEI
Grossl
y,al
lcr
ani
alner
veshav eaNucleus.Wit
htheexcept
ionoft
heol
fact
oryner
ve(
I)
andopti
cnerve(
II
),al
lthenucleiar
epresenti
nthebr
ainst
em.

Themi dbrainoft hebrainstem hasthenucl eioftheoculomot ornerve(II

I)and
tr
ochlearnerve( IV);t
heponshast henucl eiofthetri
gemi nalnerve(V),
abducens
nerve(VI)
, f
acial ner
ve( VI
I)andv est
ibulocochlearnerve(VIII
);andthemedul lahasthe
nucl
ei ofthegl ossopharyngealnerve(IX),vagusnerv e(X),accessor
yner ve(XI)and
hypoglossalner ve(XII
).Theolfactor
yner ve( I
)emer gesfrom theolfact
orybulb,and
dependingslightlyondi vi
siontheopticner ve(I
I)isconsideredtoemer gefrom the
l
ateralgeniculatenuclei.
20)ALLTRACTSNAMESANDFUNCTI
ONS
Ascendi
ngTr
act
s;

Tr
act
s Car
ryi
mpul
sesf
or

Ant
eri
orspi
not
hal
ami
c Li
ghtt
ouch&pr
essur
e

Lat
eral
spi
not
hal
ami
c Pai
n&t
emper
atur
e

Post
eri
orwhi
tecol
umn Pr
opri
ocepti
on,vi
brat
ion,
posit
ion,
di
scr
iminat
ivet
ouch,2pointdi
scri
minat
ion

Anter
ior&poster
iorspi
nocer
ebel
l
ar+ Unconsci
ousi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom ski
n,j
oint
s&
cuneocer
ebel
lart
ract muscles

Spi
not
ect
al Spi
novi
sualr
efl
exes,
somepai
n&t
emper
atur
e
i
mpulses,

Spi
nor
eti
cul
ar Pat
hwayfori
nfor
mat
ionf
rom ski
n,j
oint&
muscl
es

Descendi
ngt
ract
s;

Tr
act
s Car
ryi
mpul
ses

Cor
ti
cospi
nal Vol
unt
ary
,ski
l
ledmov
ement
s

Ret
icul
ospi
nal Faci
l
itat
eori
nhi
bitv
olunt
arymov
ement

Tect
ospi
nal Post
ure,
visual
ref
lexes

Rubr
ospi
nal Faci
l
itat
efl
exor
s,i
nhi
bitext
ensor
s

Vest
ibul
ospi
nal Faci
l
itat
eext
ensor
s,i
nhi
bitf
lexor
s

Ol
i
vospi
nal Muscul
aract
ivat
ion
21)i
mpor
tantTr
act
spat
hways
22)CORPUSSTRI
ATUM,INTERNALCAPSULE,I
TS
PARTS&BOUNDARI ES

Thecorpusst r
iat
um ismadeupoft hecaudat enucleusandt helenti
form nucl
eus.The
caudatenucleusbulgesintothelateralventr
icleandiscompr i
sedofahead, bodyand
atail
.Thecaudatenucl eusisanarchedst r
uctureandfrequent l
ycanappeart wiceon
secti
oningthebrain.Theheadi santeriorposteri
ortothegenuoft hecorpuscallosum.
Thebodyoft hecaudat enucleusextendspost eri
orandl ater
altotheposi t
ionofthe
thal
amus.Thet ail
oft hecaudatenucl euscurvesinani nferi
orandant er
iordir
ection
i
ntothet emporall
obeendi ngintheamy gdaloi
dbody .

Thelentif
orm nucleusisfoundlateralt
otheheadofthecaudatenucleusandt hal
amus.
Anteri
orl
yitisconnectedt otheheadoft hecaudat
enucleusbygraymat t
er.The
l
ateralaspectofthelenti
form nucleusisref
err
edtoastheputamen,andisclosely
rel
atedtotheclaustrum andt heinsul
a.Thetwomedialpart
softhelenti
form nucl
eus
areref
erredtoast heglobuspal l
i
dus.
Theint
ernalcapsul
eismadeupoff i
veparts.Thesear
etheanteri
orlimb,genu,
post
eri
orli
mb, ret
rol
ent
if
orm andsubl
enti
form part
softhei
nternalcapsul
e

ant
eri
orl
i
mb(
ant
eri
orcr
us)

l
i
esbetweent
heheadoft
hecaudat
enucl
eusmedi
all
yandt
hel
ent
if
orm nucl
eus
l
ater
all
y

genu

l
i
esmedi
alt
otheapexoft
hel
ent
if
orm nucl
eus

post
eri
orl
i
mb(
post
eri
orcr
us)

l
i
esbet
weent
het
hal
amusmedi
all
yandt
hel
ent
if
orm nucl
eusl
ater
all
y

r
etr
olent
if
orm par
t

l
i
esbehi
ndt
hel
ent
if
orm nucl
eus

subl
ent
if
orm par
t

l
i
esbel
owt
hel
ent
if
orm nucl
eus
23)NUCLEIOFHYPOTHALAMUS
 24)TRANSVERSESECTI
ONOFSPI
NALCORD,PONS
ANDMI DBRAIN
Tr
ansv
ersesect
ionofspi
nal
cor
d;
Tr
ansv
ersesect
ionofpons;
Tr
ansv
ersesect
ionofmi
dbr
ain;
 25)NUCLEIOFANTERI
ORANDPOSTERI
ORGREY
COLUMNOFSPI NALCORD

Ant
eri
orgr
eycol
umn(mot
or);
3gr
oupsofnucl
ei

1)Medi
algr
oup-
>recei
veandsendi
mpul
sest
omuscl
esofneckandt
runk,

Thesenucl
eiar
epr
esental
lov
erspi
nal
cor
d

2)Cent
ral
group-
>recei
veandsendi
mpul
sest
odi
aphr
agm,
accessor
yner
vei
nvol
ved

Thesenucl
eiar
epr
esenti
ncer
vical
&lumbosacr
alsegment
sofspi
nal
cor
d

3)Lat
eral
group-
>recei
veandsendi
mpul
sest
omuscl
esofl
i
mbs

Thesenucl
eiar
epr
esenti
ncer
vical
&lumbosacr
alsegment
sofspi
nal
cor
d

Post
eri
orgr
eycol
umn(sensor
y);
5

1)mar
ginal
i
snucl
eus

2)nucl
eussubst
ant
iagel
ati
nosacar
ryi
mpul
sesofpai
n,t
emper
atur
e&t
ouch

3)nucl
euspropr
iuscar
ryi
mpul
sesofposi
ti
on,
propr
iocept
ion,
vibr
ati
on,
2poi
nt
di
scri
minat
ion

4)nucl
eusdi
rsal
i
s(Cl
arkecol
umnC8-L4)

5)v
iscer
alaf
fer
entnucl
eus(
T1-L3)
COMPILEDBYI
BAD
KHAN