Politics Micro

POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XII (FOCUS AREA) Dr.
Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor
CHAPTER -1 CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING

1. What are the three major challenges faced by India soon after independence?
(a) Nation building- Followings are the major challenges of nation building
 Unification of people belongs to different cultures, beliefs, religions, castes, languages etc.
 Communal riots and displacement of minorities after the partition of the country.
 Integration of princely states into Indian union.
 Re-organisation of states based on linguistic principle.
(b) Establishment of democracy- India adopted representative democracy based on the parliamentary
form of government. So it was a great challenge to conduct election in India based on universal adult
franchise.
(c) Ensure the Welfare of all the people- To evolve effective policies and programs to bring about
economic development in our country. It was an urgent need to meet the problems of illiteracy,
unemployment and poverty.
2. Describe the circumstances that led to the accession of Hyderabad into the Indian union.
Hyderabad was a Princely State in Indian territory. The Nizam of Hyderabad wanted an
independent status for Hyderabad. But people of Hyderabad started revolt against the oppressive rule of
Nizam. The Nizam used Razakars (para-military force) to suppress the revolt. They atrocities of Razakars
especially to non-Muslims forced the central government to send the army to control the situation. In
1948 September, Indian army defeated Nizam’s force. This led to the accession of Hyderabad into the
Indian union.
3. How did Manipur become the part of India?
The Maharaja of Manipur Bodhachandra Singh signed an ‘Instrument of Accession’ with the
Indian government. However, he gained internal sovereignty over the state. Under the pressure of public
opinion, Maharaja held elections in Manipur in 1948. Manipur became a constitutional monarchy. In the
Legislative Assembly the State Congress favored integration of Manipur with Indian Union. But other
political parties opposed it. In 1949 Maharaja signed a ‘Merger Agreement’ with India without consulting
the Legislative Assembly. Thus, Manipur become the part of India.
4. Describe the factors led to State Reorganization Act in 1956 (Fazal Ali Commission)
After independence, protests began in several parts of the country demanding the formation of
states based on linguistic principles. The ‘Vishalandhra Movement’ demanded a separate Andhra state
for ‘Telungu’ speaking people. Potti Sriramulu went on an indefinite fast that led to his death after 56
days. This caused violent protests in Andhra region. Finally, the Prime Minister announced the formation
of a separate Andhra State in 1952. Consequently, there were country wide protests for linguistic states.
These forced the central government to appoint a State Reorganization commission headed by Fazal Ali
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POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XII (FOCUS AREA) Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor
in 1953. This commission is also known as Fazal Ali commission. The commission submitted its report in
favor of reorganizing states based on language. On the basis of the report the States Reorganization Act
passed in 1956. Consequently, 14 states and 6 union territories came into existence.
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Who was delivered the famous speech 'tryst with destiny’? Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Who was the first Prime Minister of independent India? Jawaharlal Nehru
3, Name of the theory which led to the partition India and Pakistan. Two nations theory
4, who was the chief exponent of ‘two nations theory’? Mohammad Ali Jinnah
5, Name of the organization advanced ‘two nations theory’ Muslim league
6. Who was the leader of the North-Western Frontier province opposed the partition of India?
Khan Abdul Gaffer Khan (He is known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’)
7. Who played an important role in the integration of princely states in Indian union?
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (First Home Minister of independent India)
8. Most princely states merged in India union by signing a document known as- Instrument of Accession
9. Name of the princely states initially resisted to join the Indian Union.
Travancore, Junagadh, Hyderabad, Kashmir and Manipur.
10. Which was the first part of India held election based on universal adult franchise? Manipur
11. Who died on an indefinite fast for the formation of Andhra state. Potti Sriramalu
12. Which is the first state in India formed on the basis of language? Andhra state (1953)
13. When was State Reorganization Commission appointed? 1953
14. Who was the chairman of State Reorganization Commission? Fazal Ali
15. which commission recommended the formation of states based on linguistic principles?
State Reorganization Commission
16. In which year State Reorganization Act was passed? 1956
17. Who was the first election commissioner? Sukumar Sen
CHAPTER 2 -ERA OF ONE PARTY DOMINANCE
1. Why did the first general election in 1952 observes as a landmark in the history of democracy all over
the world?
India was a large country and most of its electorates were poor and illiterate. At that time there
were 17 crore eligible voters. Among them only 15 % were literate. Moreover, democracy had existed
only in the prosperous countries. Even, many of the European countries had not given voting rights to all
women. In this context India’s experiment with universal adult franchise appeared very bold and risky.
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2. Explain the reasons for the extraordinary success of the Congress in the first three general elections.
 Congress party has the legacy of the freedom struggle.
 Many leaders of the freedom struggle were contest in elections as Congress candidates.
 Jawaharlal Nehru’s charismatic leadership.
 The Congress was already a very well-organized political party.
 Congress party was an inclusive party.
1. Which was the event inspired the formation of communist groups in India? Bolshevik revolution (Russia)
2. Who were the leaders of Communist Party of India? A. K. Gopalan, S.A. Dange, E.M.S. Namboodiripad,
P.C. Joshi, Ajay Ghosh and P. Sundarraya
3. In which state communist government came to power through democratic elections? Kerala
4. Who was the first chief minister of Kerala? E.M.S. Namboodiripad
5. Name of the struggle which expelled the first communist ministry in Kerala - liberation struggle
6. When did the major split occur in Communist Party of India? 1964
7. In which year Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was formed within the congress? 1934.
8. Which was the chief ideology of socialist party? Democratic socialism
9. Who the first president of the Congress Socialist Party? Acharya Narendra Dev.
10. Who were the leaders of the Congress Socialist Party? Ram Manohar Lohia, Ashok Mehta, Acharya
Narendra Dev and Jayaprakash Narayan
11 Who was the founder of Independent Labor Party in 1936? Dr. B.R Ambedkar
12. Who was the founder of Scheduled Castes Federation in 1942? Dr. B.R Ambedkar
13. Who was the founder president of Bharatiya Jana Sangh? Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
14. Who initiated the concept of integral humanism? Deen Dayal Upadhyaya
15. Which was the ancestor party of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)? Bharatiya Jana Sangh
16. Who was the founder of the Swatantra Party? C. Rajagopalachari (1959)
17. Which was the guiding principle of the Swatantra Party? An economy free from State control
CHAPTER 3- POLITICS OF PLANNED DEVELOPMENT
1. Describe about the Planning Commission of India.
The Planning Commission of India came into existence in March 1950. It was a non-constitutional
body. It has an advisory role. Prime minister was the chairman of Planning Commission. The Planning
Commission of India opted five year plans based on USSR pattern. In 2015 Planning Commission was
replaced by NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India).
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2. What were the key controversies regarding the strategy of development followed in India in the early
years?
Agriculture versus Industry- The first controversy was on agriculture versus industry. Some argued
agriculture should be the center of development planning in India. They argued that emphasize on industry
leads to the backwardness of agriculture and rural India. But the supporters of industrialization argued that
it is very difficult to escape from the cycle of poverty without a drastic increase in industrial production.
Public versus Private Sector- Another controversy was on public versus private sector. The supporters of
capitalist model argued that development should be left entirely to the private sector. The supporters of
socialist model stood for abolishing private property and state control on production and distribution. But
India adopted a mixed economy which contains the elements of both these models.
3. What was the major thrust of the First Five Year Plan?
The First Five Year Plan (1951-1956) sought to get the country’s economy out of the cycle of
poverty. It was drafted by Young Economist K.N. Raj. He declared India should be ‘hasten slowly’. The
First Five Year Plan focused on ‘agriculture sector’. It included large-scale irrigation and dam projects like
the Bhakra Nangal Dam. It focused on land reforms as the key to the country’s development.
4. How did the Second Five Year Plan differ from the First Five Year Plan?
Second five-year plan was drafted under the leadership of P. C Mahalanobis. Second five-year
plan focused on ‘industrialization’. It wanted to bring ‘quick structural transformation’ in all possible
directions in place of slow and steady growth as in First Five Year Plan. The government imposed
substantial tariffs on imports in order to protect domestic industries. A bulk of industries like electricity,
railways, steel, machineries and communication could be developed in the public sector.
1. Who was the chairman of Planning Commission of India? Prime Minister
2. The Planning Commission of India adopted five year plans on the pattern of- USSR
3. Who was drafted first five-year plan? K.N. Raj
4. What was the priority area of first five-year plan? – Agriculture
5. Which five-year plan focused on land reforms as the key for country’s development? First Five Year Plan
6. What was the priority area of second five-year plan? Industrialization
7. Who was the architect of Second Five-Year Plan? P. C. Mahalanobis
8. Who was the Gandhian economist emphasis on rural industrialization in the planning? J. C. Kumarappa
9. Who was the author of the book ‘Economy of Permanence’? J. C. Kumarappa
10. Who was the Congress leader argued for keeping agriculture at the center of planning for India?
Chaudhary Charan Singh
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11. Who played a crucial role in organizing ‘Gujarat Cooperative Milk and Marketing Federation Ltd’?
Varghese Kurian
12. Who is known as ‘Milkman of India’? Varghese Kurian
13. Who is known as the father of ‘White Revolution’ in India? Varghese Kurian
14. Name of the institution that replaced the Planning Commission. NITI Aayog (National Institution for
Transforming India).
15. When did NITI Aayog came into existence? 2015, January 1
CHAPTER 4- INDIA’S EXTERNAL RELATIONS
1. What are the three major objectives of Nehru’s foreign policy?
 Preserve the sovereignty
 Protect territorial integrity
 Promote rapid economic development.
2. What is ‘Panchasheel’?
Panchsheel was an agreement signed by the Indian Prime Minister Nehru and the Chinese Premier
Zhou Enlai in 1954. It was a set of ‘five principles of peaceful co-existence’ between India and China.
3. What were the reason for Indo China war in 1962?
China annexed Tibet in 1950 and began to suppress Tibetan Culture. The Tibetan spiritual leader
Dalai Lama obtained political asylum in India in 1959. China alleged that India government was promoting
anti-China activities. Besides China claimed Aksai Chin area and NEFA (Arunachal Pradesh) within the
Indian territory. In 1962, October China invaded on both the disputed regions and captured some key
areas in Arunachal Pradesh. These factors led to indo china war in 1962.
4. Write the impact of Indo-China war in India politics.
 It strengthened a spirit of nationalism in India.
 Nehru’s foreign policy was severely criticized.
 Defense Minister, V. Krishna Menon, resigned from Nehru’s ministry.
 No-confidence motion against Nehru’s Ministry.
 Congress lost some key by-elections to Lok Sabha.
 It led to split in communist party of India.
 The process of the reorganization of Northeast region began soon after the China war.
5. Explain the circumstances led to Indo-Pak war in 1965.
A series of conflict started between India and Pakistan on Kashmir issue. In April 1965 Pakistan
launched armed attacks in the Rann of Kutch area of Gujarat. This was followed by a bigger offensive in
Jammu and Kashmir. Then the Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri ordered Indian troops to launch a
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counter-offensive. Indian army reached close to Lahore. The hostilities came to an end with the UN
intervention.
6. What was Tashkent Agreement?
Tashkent Agreement was an agreement by which Indo-Pak war came to an end. It was signed by
Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan President Ayub Khan in 1966. Soviet Union
played an important role to made Tashkent Agreement. (Tashkent, then in USSR and currently the capital
of Uzbekistan).
7. Describe the factors led Bangladesh liberation war in 1971 (Indo-Pak war).
In the general election of 1970 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s Pakistan People Party was secured majority
in West Pakistan while the Awami League led by Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman secured majority in East
Pakistan. The people of East Pakistan were treated as second class citizens by the rulers based in West
Pakistan. The Pakistani rulers were not willing to accept the Awami League’s demand for a federation. In
1971 the Pakistani army arrested Sheikh Mujib and started a reign of terror in East Pakistan. The people
of East Pakistan started a struggle to liberate ‘Bangladesh’ from Pakistan. India supported the freedom
struggle in Bangladesh. It led to a war between India and Pakistan in 1971. Finally, Pakistan army
surrendered and Bangladesh became independent in 1971.
8. What was Shimla Agreement?
Shimla Agreement was signed between Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistan
President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on 3 July 1972. It secured peace between India and Pakistan since Indo-Pak
war in 1971.
1. Which article of the Indian Constitution says the Promotion of international peace and security? Art 51
2. Who was the first foreign minister of India? Jawaharlal Nehru
3. Who was the Tibetan spiritual leader accompanied the Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in his visit to India in
1956? Dalai Lama
4. Who was the Tibetan spiritual leader sought asylum India in 1959? Dalai Lama
5. Where does Dalai Lama live in India? Dharmashala (Himachal Pradesh)
6. Who was the first Prime Minister visited China after Nehru? Rajiv Gandhi
7. Who was the Defense Minister resigned from Nehru’s ministry after the India-China war in 1962? V.K.
Krishna Menon
8. Name of the agreement by which Indo-Pak war in 1965 came to an end. Tashkent Agreement
9. What is the basic principle of India’s nuclear doctrine? No first use
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CHAPTER-5 CHALLENGES TO AND RESTORATION OF THE CONGRESS SYSTEM

1. Explain the context of fourth general election (1967) in India.
There was a serious economic crisis during this period. The decline in agricultural production due to
the failure of monsoon, serious food shortage, depletion of foreign exchange reserves, drop in industrial
production and exports, rise in military expenditure and diversion of resources from planning and economic
development. The economic situation triggered off price rise. People started protesting against the increase
in prices of essential commodities, food scarcity, growing unemployment and the overall economic
condition in the country. Bandhs and hartals were called frequently across the country. The government saw
the protests as a law and order problem and not as expressions of people’s problems. This further increased
public bitterness and reinforced popular unrest. In 1967 general election Congress party secure majority in
the Lok Sabha, but with its lowest tally of seats and share of votes since 1952.
2. Discuss the major issue which led to the formal split of the Congress Party in 1969.
Following President Zakir Hussain’s death, syndicate proposed N. Sanjeeva Reddy as the official
Congress candidate. He was an opponent of Indira Gandhi. Indira Gandhi supported the Vice-President V.V.
Giri as an independent candidate. The Congress President S. Nijalingappa issued a whip asking all Congress
MPs and MLAs to vote for N. Sanjeeva Reddy. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi openly called for a conscience
vote. Finally, independent candidate V.V. Giri won the presidential election. The Congress President
expelled the Indira Gandhi from the party. By November 1969 congress party split into two as Congress
(Organisation) and Congress (Requisitionists). Congress (Organisation) led by K. Kamaraj also known as Old
Congress and Congress (Requisitionists) led by Indira Gandhi also known as New Congress. Indira Gandhi
projected the split as an ideological divide between socialists and conservatives, between the pro-poor and
the pro-rich.
1. Who was the Prime Minister of India after Nehru? Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964-66)
2. Who coined the famous slogan ‘Jai Jawan Jai Kisan’? Lal Bahadur Shastri
3. Who was the Prime Minister of India after Lal Bahadur Shastri? Indira Gandhi.
4. Name of the socialist leader who gave the name of ‘non-Congressism’. Ram Manohar Lohia
5. Which was the political party led anti-Hindi agitation in Tamil Nadu? Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
6. Which was the first non-Congress party secured clear majority of seats in a State legislative assembly?
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)
7. Which was the alliance formed by non-Communist and non-Congress parties in 1971? Grand Alliance
8. In which year Privy purse was abolished in India? 1971 (26th Amendment)
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CHAPTER-6 THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC ORDER

1. What reasons did the Government give for declaring a National Emergency in 1975?
In 1974 students of Bihar began a protest against rising prices, food scarcity, unemployment and
corruption. Jayaprakash Narayan was the leader of this movement. Jayaprakash Narayan called for ‘total
revolution’ in the social, economic and political spheres in order to establish true democracy. Jayaprakash
Narayan wanted to spread the Bihar movement to other parts of the country. In 1975, Jayaprakash
Narayan led a people’s march to the Parliament. This was one of the largest political rallies ever held in
the capital. These parties were projecting Jayaprakash Narayan as an alternative to Indira Gandhi. On 12
June 1975, Allahabad High Court justice Jagmohan Lal Sinha passed a judgment declaring Indira Gandhi’s
election to the Lok Sabha invalid. This order came on an election petition filed by Raj Narain. The
opposition political parties led by Jayaprakash Narayan pushed for Indira Gandhi’s resignation. They
organized a massive demonstration in Delhi’s Ramlila grounds on 25 June 1975. Jayaprakash announced
a nationwide satyagraha. He asked army, police and government employees not to obey illegal and
immoral orders. This too threatened to bring the activities of the government to a standstill. On 25 June
1975 the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi recommended the imposition of Emergency to President
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed. He issued the proclamation emergency under article 352.
2. What were the consequences of the declaration of emergency in 1975?
 The police and the administration were turned into political instruments of the ruling party.
 The government suspended the freedom of the Press (Press censorship).
 The government banned Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and Jamait-e-Islami.
 Government banned protests, strikes and public agitations.
 Various Fundamental Rights were suspended, including the right of citizens to move the Court.
 People were arrested and detained under preventive detention act.
 The Parliament brought in many new changes to the Constitution.
 By 39th amendment in 1975 the elections of the President, Vice-President, the Prime Minister and the
Speaker could not be challenged in the Court.
 By the 42nd amendment (1976) the term of the legislatures was extended from 5 to 6 years.
3. Why was Shah commission appointed? What were the major findings of this commission?
The Shah commission was appointed in 1977 by Janata Party government. It was headed by the
retired chief justice J.C. Shah. It inquired the allegations of abuse of authority, excesses and malpractices
during the period of emergency declared in 1975. Shah Commission found that
 Administration and the police became vulnerable to political pressures.
 Nearly one lakh eleven thousand people were arrested under preventive detention laws.
 Severe restrictions were put on the press, sometimes without proper legal sanctions.
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 Emergency witnessed large-scale displacement of people living in Delhi’s poorer localities.

1. What is the slogan of congress party in 1971 election? Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty).
2. Who was the founder of Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)? Charu Majumdar
3. Who was called for ‘Total Revolution’? Jayaprakash Narayan
4. Who was the leader of the nationwide railway strike in 1974? George Fernandes
5. In which case supreme court ruled that some basic features of constitution not to be amended by
parliament at all? Kesavananda Bharati Case.
6. Name the president who proclaimed emergency in 1975 in India. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad
7. In which year national emergency declared in India on a threat of internal disturbance? 1975, June 25
8. Which political party came to power at centre in 1977? Janata Party
9. What was the slogan of Janata Party to campaign in elections? Save Democracy.
10. Who was the first non-congress prime minister of India? Morarji Desai (1977)
CHAPTER-7 RISE OF POPULAR MOVEMENTS

1. Identify the reasons which led to the Chipko Movement in U.P in early 1970s.
Chipko Movement began in Uttarakhand region. Forest department refused permission to the
villagers to fell ash trees for making agricultural tools. However, they allowed the same land to sports
manufacturers for commercial uses. The villagers raised the issues of ecological and economic
exploitation of the region. They demanded that local communities should have effective control over
natural resources like land, water and forests. The movement also took up economic issues of landless
forest workers and asked for guarantees of minimum wage. Women also started agitations against the
habit of alcoholism. Finally, the government banned felling of trees in the Himalayan regions for fifteen
years.
2. Describe about Anti-Arrack Movement in Andhra Pradesh?
Anti-arrack movement of 1992 was a women movement in Dubagunta village in Andhra Pradesh.
The slogan of the anti-arrack movement was simple — prohibition on the sale of arrack. They complained
of increased consumption arrack by men in their families. It ruining their physical and mental health and
also affected their family economy. Women were the victims of these ill effects of alcohol. Women in
Nellore came together to protest against the sale of arrack. This movement slowly spread all over the
State. The movement also touched upon other issues of the region that affected women’s life. It provided
a platform to discuss private issues of domestic violence like dowry, sexual violence etc.
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3. Explain about Right to Information (RTI).

The movement for Right to Information started by Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) in
Rajasthan in 1990. They demanded the records of famine relief work and accounts of laborers. The
villagers asking for copies of bills and vouchers and names of persons on the muster rolls who have been
paid wages on the construction of schools, dispensaries, small dams and community centers. In 1996
MKSS formed National Council for People’s Right to Information in Delhi. This led to Right to Information
Act in 2005.
1. Name of the region related to Chipko movement? Uttarakhand
2. Where was Dalit Panthers Organisation formed? Maharashtra (1972)
3. In which state Anti-Arrack movement was started? Andhra Pradesh (1992)
4. Which organization started the movement for Right to Information? Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan
5. In which year Right to Information Act passed? 2005
CHAPTER-8 REGIONAL ASPIRATIONS
1. Explain the roots of Kashmir problem.
At the time of independence Jammu and Kashmir was a Princely State. Its Hindu ruler Hari Singh
wanted Jammu and Kashmir to remain as an independent kingdom. Pakistan claimed over the Kashmir
as a Muslim majority state. National Conference led by Sheikh Abdullah wanted to get rid of the Maharaja,
but was against joining Pakistan. In October 1947 Pakistan sent tribal infiltrators to capture Kashmir. This
forced the Maharaja Hari Singh sign an ‘Instrument of Accession’ with the Government of India. India
agreed to maintain the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah took over as the Prime Minister
of the State of J&K in March 1948.
2. What were the three issues dominating the politics of North-East?
 Demands for autonomy
 Movements for secession
 Opposition to outsiders
3. Explain about the reorganization of the North-East.
Tripura and Manipur were Princely States merged with Indian union after Independence. The
entire North-East region except union territories of Manipur and Tripura comprised the State of Assam.
Later the non-Assamese felt that the Assam government was imposing Assamese language on them.
Leaders of the major tribal communities wanted to separate from Assam. They formed the Eastern India
Tribal Union. Later it transformed into All Party Hill Leaders Conference in 1960. They demanded separate
state for tribal communities. Nagaland State was created in 1963. Tripura and Manipur were upgraded
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into States in 1972. Later Meghalaya (1972), Arunachal Pradesh (1975) and Mizoram (1987) became the
states.
4. Explain about the formation of Mizoram as a state.
Mizo Hills area was an autonomous district of Assam. Assam government was failed to respond
adequately to the great famine of 1959 in Mizo hills. Besides, Assam Official Language Act (1960)
recognized Assamese as an official language of Assam. This led to the formation of the Mizo National
Front (MNF) under the leadership of Laldenga. They started an armed campaign for independence and
adopted guerilla war. In 1986 a peace agreement was signed between Rajiv Gandhi and Laldenga. As per
this accord Mizoram became a state with special powers in 1987.
5. The Assam movement was a combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain.
Assam movement was against the migration of outsiders especially the illegal Bengali Muslim from
Bangladesh. They feared that it would reduce the indigenous Assamese into a minority. They demanded
to deported them. They also felt that natural resources like oil, tea and coal were drained out of the State
and that was the reason for the poverty and unemployment in Assam.
6. Explain the circumstances led to ‘Assam Accord’ in 1985.
In 1979 the All Assam Students Union (AASU) led an anti-foreigner movement. The movement
was against illegal migrations, domination of Bengalis and other outsiders and faulty voters register. They
demanded that all outsiders who had entered the State after 1951 should be sent back. The agitation was
supported by all sections of Assamese people. Finally, an agreement was signed between Rajiv Gandhi
and All Assam Students’ Union (AASU) over the issue of ‘outsiders’ in 1985. This is known as ‘Assam
Accord’ by which those foreigners who migrated into Assam during and after Bangladesh war were to be
identified and deported. Assam accord brought about peace in Assam.
7. How Sikkim merged with India?
Sikkim was a ‘protectorate’ of India. Sikkim’s defense and foreign relations were looked after by
India. Internal administration was with the Chogyal-Sikkim’s monarch. The first democratic elections to
Sikkim Assembly was held in 1974 in which Sikkim Congress won 31 of the 32 seats. Sikkim Congress stood
for the integration of Sikkim with India. In April 1975 Sikkim Assembly passed a resolution asking for full
integration with India. A referendum was held in 1975 that led to the popular approval of the integration.
The Indian Parliament accepted this request. Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian union.
1. Who was the Prime Minister of Jammu &Kashmir immediately after its accession with India in 1947?
Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah
2. Which movement led to the formation of Dravidar Kazhagam? Dravidian movement
3. Who was the founder of Dravidar Kazhagam? E.V. Ramasami Naicker.
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4. Who started self-respect movement in1925? E.V. Ramasami Naicker

5. Who is Known as Periyar (the respected)? E.V. Ramasami Naicker.
6. Name of the organization led the movement for the formation of ‘Punjabi suba’ or Punjabi speaking
state. Akali Dal
7. Name of the movement which sought to create an independent Sikh state. Khalistan Movement.
8. Who was the founder of Mizo National Front? Laldenga
9.Who was the leader of the movement for independent Nagaland? Angami Zaphu Phizo
10. Who was the founder of Sikkim National Congress? Kazi Lhendup Dorji
11. In which year Goa became a State of the Indian Union? 1987
CHAPTER-9 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIAN POLITICS
1. State the main issues in Indian politics in the period after 1989.
 Defeat of congress party in the election held in 1989.
 Rise of the ‘Mandal issue’ in national politics.
 New economic policy also known as the initiation reforms since 1991.
 Demolition of Babri Masjid at Ayodhya in December, 1992.
 Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991.
2. Briefly explain the ‘end of congress system’ and the era of coalition government.
The 1989 election was marked the end of ‘Congress system’. It led to an era of coalition
governments at the Centre. National Front government of 1989 under V.P. Singh was an alliance of
Janata Dal and some other regional parties supported by the BJP and Left Front. On the Mandal
Commission issue BJP withdrew the support. In 1991 the Congress party came back to power with the
support of AIADMK and some other parties. In 1996 election United Front government under Janata Dal
and several regional parties came to power with the support of Congress and Left. However, congress
party left the United Front government. It led to the general election in 1998 in which National
Democratic Front (NDA) led by BJP came to power. The withdrawal of AIADMK support of NDA led to
another general election in 1999. In this election National Democratic Front (NDA) was re-elected. In
2004 and 2009 elections United Progressive Alliance (UPA) led by congress came to power. However,
this trend was changed in the general elections in 2014 and 2019 elections. Both the elections National
Democratic Front (NDA) could secured majority in Lok Sabha.
3. Explain about Mandal Commission report (Second Backward Classes Commission).
The central government appointed Second Backward Classes Commission in 1978 to investigate
the extent of educational and social backwardness among various sections of Indian society. B.P Mandal
was the chairman of this commission. So it is popularly known as the Mandal Commission. The
Commission gave its recommendations in 1980. The Commission recommended reservation of 27% of
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seats in educational institutions and government jobs for the backward classes. The Mandal Commission
also made many other recommendations, like, land reform, to improve the conditions of the OBCs. In
1990, National Front government decided to implement reservations for Other Backward Classes in jobs
in the central government. This led to violent ‘anti-Mandal’ protests in different parts of the country. The
decision was also challenged in the Supreme Court (Indira Sawhney case). In 1992, the Supreme Court
gave a ruling upholding the decision of the government.
4. What were the two incidents around 1986 became central to the politics of BJP as a ‘Hindutva’ party?
The first incident was the Shah Bano case in 1985. In this case a 62-year old divorced Muslim
woman, had filed a case for maintenance from her former husband. The Supreme Court ruled in her
favour. The orthodox Muslims considered it as an interference in Muslim Personal Law. On the demand
of some Muslim leaders, the government passed the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce)
Act, 1986. The act nullified the Supreme Court’s judgment. The BJP criticized this action of the Congress
government as an appeasement of the minority community.
The second development was that in 1986. Faizabad district court ordered to reopen the Babri
Masjid premises to Hindus for offer prayers. Consequently, this local dispute became a major national
question and led to communal tensions. BJP highlighted this issue. In order to generate public support
BJP organized massive march called the Rathyatra from Somnath in Gujarat to Ayodhya in UP. These
developments are associated with the rise of the BJP and the politics of ‘Hindutva’.
5. Describe the Ayodhya dispute.
In 1986 Faizabad district court ordered to reopen the Babri Masjid premises to Hindus for offer
prayers. The Babri Masjid was mosque in Ayodhya built by Mugal Emperor Babur’s General Mir Baqi in
16th century. Ayodhya was the birthplace of Lord Rama. Some Hindus believe that it was built after
demolishing a temple for Lord Rama. From the late 1940’s onwards the mosque was locked up as the
matter was with the court. As soon as the locks of the Babri Masjid were opened, many Hindu and Muslim
organizations tried to mobilize their communities on this question. Suddenly this local dispute became a
major national question and led to communal tensions. BJP along with the RSS and the Vishva Hindu
Parishad (VHP) highlighted this issue. BJP organized massive march called the Rathyatra from Somnath in
Gujarat to Ayodhya in UP. The supporters of the construction of temple organized a Karseva for building
the Ram temple. In 1992, December 6 they demolished the mosque. This news led to clashes between
the Hindus and Muslims in many parts of the country.
6. Describe about Gujarat riots.
Gujrat riots was large-scale violence in February and March in 2002. The immediate provocation
was that a bogey of a train that was returning from Ayodhya with full of Karsevaks was set on fire in
Godhra. 58 people died in that fire. Suspecting the hand of the Muslims in setting fire to the bogey, large-
13
scale violence against Muslims began in many parts of Gujarat from the next day. Nearly 1100 persons,
mostly Muslims, were killed in this violence
CHAPTER-10 THE COLD WAR ERA
1. Describe about Cold war.
After the Second World War the United States and the Soviet Union became the super powers. It
led to competition, tensions and a series of confrontations between the United States and Soviet Union
backed by their respective allies. Cold War was an ideological struggle between the western alliance
headed by the US and the eastern alliance headed by the Soviet Union. Western alliance represented the
ideology of liberal democracy and capitalism and the eastern alliance represented the ideology of
socialism and communism. Though there were wars in various regions between the two powers and their
allies, it never leads to another global war. Thus it was referred as Cold war.
2. Explain the formation of Non-Alignment Movement (NAM)?
After the second world war, the world was divided into two rival alliances led by USA and USSR.
Consequently, the newly independent nations in Asia, Africa and Latin America were forced to join in
either alliance. Non Alignment offered newly decolonized countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America a
third option that was not to join either alliance. It tries to enabling these countries to pursue independent
policies. The leaders namely Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia), Jawaharlal Nehru (India), Gamal Abdel Nasser
(Egypt), Sukarno (Indonesia) and Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) are known as the five founders of NAM. The
first non-aligned summit was held in Belgrade in 1961. It was attended by 25 member states.
Non-Alliance does not mean isolationism because non-aligned countries played an active role in
mediating between the two rival alliances in the cause of peace and stability. Similarly, non-alignment
does not mean neutrality because non-aligned states, including India, were actually involved in wars for
various reasons. They also worked to prevent and end war between others.
3. Why did India adopt the policy of Non-Alignment?
India’s foreign policy aims to Promote international peace and security. Hence, India advocated
non-alignment as the ideal foreign policy. India wanted to keep away from the military alliances led by
US and Soviet Union against each other. At the same time, non-alignment policy allowed India to gain
assistance both from USA and USSR
1. Who was the leader of Soviet Union at the time of Cuban missile crisis? Nikita Khrushchev
2. Who was the President of USA at the time of Cuban missile crisis? John F. Kennedy
3. Who was the President of Cuba at the time of Cuban missile crisis? Fidel Castro
4. Which conference led to the establishment of the Non Alignment Movement (NAM)? Bandung
Conference in Indonesia in 1955 (Afro-Asian conference)
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5. Where did the first Summit of the NAM was held? Belgrade (1961)
6. Who was the Indian prime minister played an important role in the formation of NAM? Nehru
7.When did NATO came into existence? 1949
8.When did Warsaw Pact came into existence? 1955
9. Name of the organization formed in southeast Asia under the patronage of USA during the cold war
period. Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954
10. Name of the organization formed in west Asia (Middle East) under the patronage of USA during the
cold war period. Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) in 1955
CHAPTER-11 THE END OF BIPOLARITY
1. What were the features of Soviet Economy?
 USSR adopted socialist economy.
 Abolished private property
 Land and productive assets were owned and controlled by the Soviet state
 Economy was planned and controlled by the state.
 Design a society based on principles of equality.
 Ensured a minimum standard of living for all citizens.
 Subsidized basic necessities including health, education, childcare etc.
3. Explain the political system in Soviet Union.
 Soviet political system was bureaucratic and authoritarian.
 There was no democracy and freedom of speech.
 There existed one-party system.
 Communist Party controlled all the institutions of the state.
 Russia was only one of the fifteen republics in USSR but Russia dominated other republics.
 The party refused to recognize the urge of people in other republics.
4. Why did the Soviet Union disintegrate?
The Soviet Union lagged behind the Western countries in technology, infrastructure and
productivity. Food imports increased every year. Government was failed to fulfilling the political and
economic aspirations of citizens. The arm race against western alliance and invasion in Afghanistan (1979)
further weakened the economy. At the same time, ordinary citizens became more knowledgeable about
the economic advance of the Western countries. Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of
the Communist Party in 1985. Gorbachev wanted to normalize the relations with the West and to
democratize the Soviet Union. Therefore, he introduced reform policies of Perestroika (restructuring)
and Glasnost (openness) in USSR. But, these reform were widely criticized even within the communist
party. A coup took place in 1991 that was encouraged by communist Party hardliners. But the people
15
opposed the rule of the Communist Party. Boris Yeltsin emerged as a national hero in opposing this coup.
Boris Yeltsin won in the presidential election held in 1991. Capitalism and democracy were adopted. The
Communist Party was banned. The rise of nationalism in the republics was the most immediate cause for
the disintegration of the USSR. In 1991 December, Boris Yeltsin declared that the Soviet Union was
disbanded.
5. What were the major consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union?
 Disintegration of USSR led to the end of Cold War.
 USA become the sole super power.
 Many of the eastern European countries became sovereign states.
 Capitalism and liberal democracy became the dominant ideology of the world.
 Communist Party of the Soviet Union was banned.
 Formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
 Russia became the successor state of the Soviet Union
 Russia secured seat in the UN Security Council.
6. What was Shock Therapy?
Since the collapse of communism many second world countries began to transmit from an
authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. The model of transition in Russia, Central
Asia and East Europe came to be known as ‘shock therapy’. This transition was influenced by the World
Bank and the IMF. They began to privatize state assets and introduced corporate ownership. Collective
farms were to be replaced by private farming. The free trade regime and foreign direct investment (FDI)
were to be the main engines of change. Most of the countries made trade alliance with west. Western
capitalist states began to control the economy of these states.
7. What were the consequences of Shock Therapy?
 In Russia about 90 % of its industries were put up for sale to private individuals.
 The value of the ruble (Russian currency) declined dramatically.
 The rate of inflation was so high.
 Disintegration of collective farming
 Decreased the GDP of Russia.
 Social welfare system was destroyed.
 Withdrawal of government subsidies.
 There was great economic inequality between people.
16
1.When did Russian Revolution (Bolshevik revolution)? 1917

2.Who was the founder of Bolshevik communist party? Vladimir Lenin
3. Which ideology was highlighted by the Soviet Political System? socialism
4. Who was the successor of Vladimir Lenin in USSR? Joseph Stalin (1924-53)
5. Who was the leader of USSR during the period of Second World War? Joseph Stalin
6. Who held responsible for the Great Terror of the 1930s in USSR? Joseph Stalin
7. Who was the leader of USSR after Joseph Stalin? Nikita Khrushchev (1953-64)
8.Which was the dominant political party in USSR? Communist party
9. Name of the military alliance led by the USSR which held the eastern socialist bloc (Second world)
together. Warsaw Pact (1955)
10.In which year Berlin wall falls? 1989, November 9.
11. Who introduced economic and political reform policies of perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost
(openness) in USSR? Mikhail Gorbachev
12. In which year Soviet Union was disintegrated? 1991
13. Who led the protests against the Soviet regime in 1991? Boris Yeltsin
14. Who was the first elected President of Russia? Boris Yeltsin (1991)
CHAPTER-12 US HEGEMONY IN WORLD POLITICS

1. What is meant by Hegemony? Explain the three dimensions of Hegemony in the contemporary
international politics.
Hegemony is the political, cultural, economic or military predominance or control of one state
over others. The three dimensions of hegemony related to contemporary international politics are.
 Hegemony as hard power- Hegemony as a hard power implies the predominance of military power
and military technology of the super power over other states.
 Hegemony as structural power- Hegemony as structural power implies the predominance of the
superpower on the grounds of global economic structure. It depends on the ability of the super
power to establish certain norms for order and must sustain the global structure. For example,
Internet relies on a global network of satellites most of which are owned by the US government.
 Hegemony as soft power- Hegemony as soft power implies the capacity of the super power to create
‘manufacturing consent’ from the rest of the world in the cultural dimensions. Thus, hegemony
implies class predominance in the social, political and particularly ideological spheres. Here dominant
country can win the consent of dominated countries favorable to them.
17
1. Who claimed the fight for Kuwait would be the ‘mother of all battles’? Saddam Hussein
2. Who was the US President during the period of first gulf war? George H.W. Bush
3. Who was the commander of U.N coalition in the first gulf war? Norman Schwarzkopf
4. Name of the US President who hailed the emergence of a ‘new world order’ on the crisis in the Persian
Gulf. George H.W. Bush
5. Name of the UN operation in the first gulf war. Operation desert storm
6. The US led military operation in Iraq in march 2003 is known as. Operation Iraqi Freedom
CHAPTER-13 ALTERNATIVE CENTRES OF POWER

1. Describe the factors led to the rise of Chinese economy.
Chinese economy was based on the Soviet model. The economy growth of china was insufficient
to meet the needs of growing population. Agricultural production was not sufficient to generate a surplus
for industry. Its industrial production was not growing fast enough. In 1978, Deng Xiaoping announced
the ‘open door’ policy in China. It led to higher productivity by foreign investments. It was followed by
the privatization of agriculture (1982) and industry (1998). The new economic policies helped the Chinese
economy to break from stagnation. Chinese economy began to grew at a faster rate. The new trading
laws and the creation of Special Economic Zones led to a phenomenal rise in foreign trade. China’s
accession to the WTO in 2001 has been a further step in its opening to the outside world.
1.In which year European Economic Community was formed? 1957
2.In which year European Union was established? 1992
3.Name of the treaty which led to the formation of European Union. The Treaty of Maastricht (1992)
4.What is the common currency of European Union (EU)? Euro
5. In which year Euro was introduced in the 12 European Union (EU) members? 2002 January
6. Britain’s decision to withdraw from the European union is known as BREXIT.
7. Expansion of ASEAN. Association of South East Asian Nations
8.Name of the organization of ASEAN that deals with the coordination of foreign and security. Asian
Regional Forum.
9.Name of the three ASEAN countries to which India made trade agreements. Malaysia, Singapore and
Thailand.
24.In which year ASEAN-India FTA came into effect? 2010
18
CHAPTER-14 CONTEMPORARY SOUTH ASIA

1. Mention the areas each of cooperation and disagreement between India and Bangladesh.
India and Bangladesh has differences over the following
 Differences over the sharing of the Ganga and Brahmaputra river waters.
 Illegal immigration of Bangladeshis to India.
 Bangladesh’s support for anti-Indian Islamic fundamentalist groups.
 Bangladesh’s refusal to allow Indian troops to move through its territory to northeastern India.
 The two countries could not resolve their boundary dispute for a long while.
India and Bangladesh cooperate on following issues.
 Economic relations have improved considerably in the last 20 years.
 Bangladesh is a part of India’s Look East policy
 Cooperate on disaster management and environmental issues.
 In 2015, they exchanged certain enclaves.
 Cooperation on identifying common threats.
2. Explain the special relationship between India and Nepal
Citizens of two countries are allowed to travel and work in other country without visas and passports.
3. What are the major areas of conflict between India and Nepal?
 Relationship between Nepal and China.
 Nepal government’s inaction against anti-Indian elements.
 Maoist movement in Nepal given the rise of Naxalite groups in various Indian states
1. When did South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) came into existence? 1985.
2. Expansion of SAARC. South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.
3. Expansion of SAFTA. South Asian Free Trade Agreement
4. South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) was signed by the members of SAARC in the year- 2004
24. South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) came into force on- 2006
CHAPTER-15 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
1. What are the objectives of United Nations Organization? Describe the principle organs of United
Nations Organization.
United nation was established in 1945. 51 states were signed in the United Nations Charter. The
present strength of the UNO is 193. Followings are the objectives of UNO
 Maintain peace and security in the world.
 Prevent international conflict and differences
 facilitate cooperation among states.
19
 It also aims to bring about social and economic development all over the world.
Organs of UNO
 General Assembly- It consists of the representatives of all member states. Each state has one vote.
General Assembly can conduct debates and discussions global issues. Major decision in the General
Assembly requires two third majority and other matters requires simple majority.
 Security Council- It’s chief function is to maintain international peace and security. It consists of 5
permanent members and 10 non-permanent members. Permanent members are United States,
Russia, United Kingdom, France and China. The permanent members of the Security Council have
veto power. The non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for the term of two
years. The decisions of the Security Council are binding on all the UN members.
 Secretariat- Secretariat is responsible for the administration and coordination of UN affairs. It was
headed by the Secretary General. He is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendations
of Security Council. The term of the Secretary General is 5 years.
 International Court of Justice- It settle disputes between states in accordance with international law.
It gives advisory opinions on international legal issues. There are 15 judges in the International Court
of Justice. They are elected by the absolute majority of General Assembly and Security Council for
the term of 9 years. Its headquarters is at Hague.
 Economic and Social Council- It is responsible for the coordination of economic, social, humanitarian
and cultural activities carried out by the UN. Its members are elected for the term of 3 years. There
are 54 seats in Economic and Social Council based on geographical representation.
 Trusteeship Council- It supervises the government of trust territories and lead them to self-
government. It was suspended in 1994 with the independence of Palau the last UN trust territory.
2. What are the criteria for the new permanent and non-permanent members of the Security Council?
UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan initiated an inquiry in 1997 regarding the restructuring of the
UN. Since then, some of the criteria that have been proposed for new permanent and non-permanent
members of the Security Council. A new member should be:
 A major economic power.
 A major military power.
 A substantial contributor to the UN budget.
 A big nation in terms of its population
 A nation that respects democracy and human rights.
 A country that would make the Council more representative of the world’s diversity in terms of
geography, economic systems, and culture
20
3. Explain the reasons for India’s claim for the permanent membership in the UN Security Council?
 India is a growing economic power in the world

 India is the second most populous country in the world.
 India is the world’s largest democratic country.
 India has participated in all of the initiatives of the UN.
 India’s role in the UN’s peacekeeping efforts is a long and substantial one.
 India is a regular financial contributor to the UN.
4. Which are the chief agencies of UNO
 World Health Organisation (WHO)

 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
 United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
1. Which is the prime objective of United Nations? Maintain peace and security in the world
2. Where is The International Court of Justice located? Hague (Netherlands).
3. Which agency of UN concerned with the safety and peaceful use of nuclear technology? International
Atomic Energy Agency
4. Which was the successor of General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs? World Trade Organization (WTO)
5. Name of the Non-Governmental Organisation that campaigns for the protection of human rights all
over the world. Amnesty International
6. which is the international Non-Governmental Organisation involved in research and advocacy on
human rights. Human Rights Watch
7. UN day celebrate on - October 24
CHAPTER-16 SECURITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

1. Define security. Explain traditional concept of security.
Security implies freedom from all the threats either external or internal. The traditional notion of
security covers both the external threats and internal security of a country.
a. External threats- External threats consist of the threat of war from outside the country. Thus it
concerned with the use, or threat of the use of military force. There are different components of
security policy to prevent external threats such as deterrence (concerned with preventing war)
defense (limiting or ending war), balance of power, alliance, disarmament, arms control etc.
21
b. Internal security- Internal security concerns the violence or the threat of violence inside the
borders of the nation. Thus Internal security concerned maintenance of internal peace and order by
the government.
2. Explain Non-traditional concept of Security.
The non-traditional concept of security concerns a wide range of threats and dangers affecting
the conditions of human existence. It covers not only the states but also individual and communities. Non-
traditional views of security have been called ‘human security’ or ‘global security’.
Human Security -Human security is about the protection of people more than the protection of states.
The concept of human security not only protect individual from violent threats but also from other threats
such as hunger, disease, natural disasters etc. Now it also encompasses economic security and threats to
human dignity. In other words, broadest formulation of human security agenda includes ‘freedom from
want’ and ‘freedom from fear’, respectively.
Global Security- The idea of global security emerged in the 1990s in response to the global nature of
threats such as global warming, terrorism, health epidemics like AIDS and bird flu and so on. No country
can resolve these problems alone.
3. What are the new threats of security in accordance with the non-traditional conceptions of security?
Following are the new threats of security in accordance with the non-traditional conceptions of security.
 Terrorism- Terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately.
Terrorist groups seek to change a political condition by force or threat of force.
 Human rights violations- It includes the violation of political, economic and social rights as well as the
rights of colonised people, indigenous minorities etc.
 Global poverty- Global poverty is the another sourse of insecurity. It refers to low economic growth,
low national income and low standard of living of developing countries.
 Health epidemics- Health epidemics is a serious threat to a country’s security because diseases such
as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), HIV-AIDS, bird flu etc. spread across countries.
CHAPTER-17 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

1. What were the outcomes of Rio-Summit 1992?
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
in June 1992. This was also called the Earth Summit. The summit was attended by 170 states, thousands
of NGOs and many multinational corporations. It made the cooperation of states to conserve, protect and
restore earth’s ecosystems. Following are the outcomes of Rio-Summit.
 Rio-Summit produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity and forestry and
recommended a list of development practices called Agenda 21.
22
 Consensus on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility (Sustainable development).

 Accepted the special needs of the developing countries in the application and interpretation of rules
of international environmental law (common but differentiated responsibilities)
2. What is meant by ‘Sustainable Development’?
It is an approach of development which combining economic growth with ecological responsibility.
3. What is meant by Global Commons?
There are some areas of the world which are located outside the sovereign jurisdiction of any one
state. They include atmosphere, Antarctica, ocean floor and outer space. These are known as global
commons.
4. What is meant by ‘Common but differentiated responsibilities’?
The developed countries argued that everyone to be equally responsible for ecological
conservation. The developing countries feel that much of the ecological degradation are the product of
industrial development of the developed countries. Hence, they must also take more responsibility.
Moreover, the developing countries are in the process of industrialization and they must not be subjected
to the same restrictions imposed on the developed countries. Thus, special needs of the developing
countries must be considered in the application and interpretation of rules of international environmental
law. This argument was accepted in the Rio Declaration at the Earth Summit in 1992 and is called the
principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’.
5. What is Kyoto Protocol?
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement setting targets for industrialised countries to cut
their greenhouse gas emissions. Certain gases like Carbon dioxide, Methane, Hydro-fluorocarbons etc.
are considered at least partly responsible for global warming. It has disastrous consequences for life on
Earth. The protocol was agreed to in 1997 in Kyoto in Japan. Kyoto protocol was based on the principles
set out in United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992.
6. Explain India’s stand on environmental issues.
 India signed and ratified Kyoto Protocol in August 2002.
 At the G-8 meeting in June 2005 India argued that the major responsibility of curbing emission rests
with the developed countries.
 India emphasizes that economic and social development are the first priorities of the developing
countries.
 India opposed the discussion in the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) about
introducing binding commitments on rapidly industrializing countries
 India demanded that the developed countries should provide financial resources and clean
technologies to developing countries to meet the existing commitments under UNFCCC.
23
 India demanded that SAARC countries should adopt a common position on major global
environmental issues.
7. Describe the measures adopted by India to improve the environment.
 India’s National Auto-fuel policy mandates cleaner fuels for vehicles.

 The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 outlines initiatives to improve energy efficiency.
 Electricity Act, 2003 encourages the use of renewable energy.
 Importing natural gas and encouraging the adoption of clean coal technologies.
 National Mission on Biodiesel using about 11 million hectares of land to produce biodiesel by 2011-12.
CHAPTER- 18 GLOBALISATION
1.What is Globalization?
Globalization is a process of flawing ideas, people, capital, commodities, technologies, services
etc. from one part of the world to another. The crucial element of Globalization is the ‘worldwide
interconnectedness’. Globalization is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural
manifestations.
2. What are the political consequences of Globalization?
 Globalization reduces the capacity of the state.
 Multinational companies influenced the decisions and policies of the government.
 Market becomes the prime concern to set down economic and social priorities.
 Replacement of old welfare state into minimalist state.
 Enhanced technologies facilitate the government to collect information about its citizens for better
administration.
3. What are the economic consequences of Globalization?
 Greater trade in commodities across the globe.
 Restrictions on importing goods have been reduced.
 Easy flow of capital across countries enhanced foreign investment.
 Flow of ideas across national boundaries such as spread of internet
24

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POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XII (FOCUS AREA) Dr.

Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor

CHAPTER -1 CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING

CHAPTER-5 CHALLENGES TO AND RESTORATION OF THE CONGRESS SYSTEM

CHAPTER-6 THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC ORDER

 Emergency witnessed large-scale displacement of people living in Delhi’s poorer localities.

CHAPTER-7 RISE OF POPULAR MOVEMENTS

3. Explain about Right to Information (RTI).

4. Who started self-respect movement in1925? E.V. Ramasami Naicker

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1.When did Russian Revolution (Bolshevik revolution)? 1917

CHAPTER-12 US HEGEMONY IN WORLD POLITICS

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

CHAPTER-13 ALTERNATIVE CENTRES OF POWER

CHAPTER-14 CONTEMPORARY SOUTH ASIA

 India is a growing economic power in the world

4. Which are the chief agencies of UNO

 World Health Organisation (WHO)

CHAPTER-16 SECURITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

CHAPTER-17 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

 Consensus on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility (Sustainable development).

 India’s National Auto-fuel policy mandates cleaner fuels for vehicles.

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