ABSTRACT

Wind energy research plays a vital role in the possibility of

the success story of wind energy as one of the most
promising sustainable energy sources. This continuous
process has been achieved from the era of small wind
turbines to the current Multi-WM standard and beyond. In
this editorial paper, the progress and future outlook of wind
energy research in two main aspects are discussed. The first
aspect is in the area of wind turbine design and computations
which covers engineering modeling and high-fidelity
approaches. The second part of the paper discusses the
usage of data-driven approaches in wind energy research.
The paper compiles and presents the key findings of several
recent studies in these two areas of research. The discussion
of the paper is focused on the technical aspects of wind
energy modeling. The main aim is to provide an overview
about the direction of current research and its importance to
meet future expectations.
 CHAPTER 1
1.INTRODUCTION

Wind power or wind energy is mostly the use of wind

turbines to generate electricity. Wind power is a popular,
sustainable, renewable energy source that has a much
smaller impact on the environment than burning fossil fuels.
Historically, wind power has been used in sails, windmills and
windpumps but today it is mostly used to generate
electricity. Wind farms consist of many individual wind
turbines, which are connected to the electric power
transmission network. New onshore (on-land) wind farms are
cheaper than new coal or gas plants, but expansion of wind
power is being hindered by fossil fuel subsidies.Onshore wind
farms have a greater visual impact on the landscape than
some other power stations. Small onshore wind farms can
feed some energy into the grid or provide power to isolated
off-grid locations. Offshore wind farms deliver more energy
per installed capacity with less fluctuations and have less
visual impact. Although there is less offshore wind power at
present and construction and maintenance costs are higher,
it is expanding. Offshore wind power currently has a share of
about 10% of new installations.
Wind power is variable renewable energy, so power-
management techniques are used to match supply and
demand, such as: wind hybrid power systems, hydroelectric
power or other dispatchable power sources, excess capacity,
geographically distributed turbines, exporting and importing
power to neighboring areas, or grid storage. As the
proportion of wind power in a region increases the grid may
need to be upgraded.Weather forecasting allows the electric-
power network to be readied for the predictable variations in
production that occur.

In 2021, wind supplied over 1800 TWh of electricity, which

was over 6% of world electricity and about 2% of world
energy. With about 100 GW added during 2021, mostly in
China and the United States, global installed wind power
capacity exceeded 800 GW. To help meet the Paris
Agreement goals to limit climate change, analysts say it
should expand much faster - by over 1% of electricity
generation per year.

Regions in the higher northern and southern latitudes have

the highest potential for wind power. In most regions, wind
power generation is higher in nighttime, and in winter when
PV output is low. For this reason, combinations of wind and
solar power are suitable in many countries.
As the clean energy industry emerges from initial stage
caused by the global economic downturn, it is entering a new
stage of rapid change of business. The worldwide demand for
energy is expected to double by the year 2030 and triple by
2050, when fossil fuels will account for no more than two-
thirds of all energy consumed, compared with 79% of the
energy consumed today. Traditional fossil sources such as oil,
gas and coal are not renewable and cause pollution by
releasing huge quantities of carbon dioxide and other
pollutants into the atmosphere, thereby damaging the
environment in many ways, from acid rain to climate change.
To help combat these problems, many states in the United
States are seeking ways to use renewable energy sources,
such as wind, solar and biomass. Along with its
environmental and cost benefits, renewable energy is a
rapidly growing industry with vast potential for economic
growth and job creation. In fact, the U.S. Secretary of
Agriculture has identified wind, solar and biomass as key
factors for advancing the U.S. economy. Wind energy has
recently become the world’s fastest growing source of
renewable energy. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
expects that wind energy will contribute to 20% of the U.S.
electricity supply by 2030. As a result, there has been a
revived interest in wind turbines because they are emissions-
free and wind is renewable and cost-free; however, the
amount of electricity generated and obtained by wind energy
conversion systems is still unsteady, relatively expensive and
difficult to integrate into traditional electricity systems
because of the variation in wind source and unresolved
energy storage issues. On a large scale, spatial variability
describes the fact that there are many different climatic
regions in the world, some much windier than others. These
regions are largely dictated by the latitude, which affects the
amount of insolation. Within any one climatic region, there is
a great deal of variation on a smaller scale, largely dictated by
physical geography – the proportion of land and sea, the size
of land masses and the presence of mountains or plains, for
example. The resource map of wind energy in the United
States [1] indicates that the vast majority of available wind is
very unsteady; strong wind zones are concentrated in certain
regions and not uniformly distributed throughout the nation,
making wind power collection more difficult. Conversely, the
easy-tocollect wind energy is primarily confined to remote
locations, making electricity distribution difficult.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
EARLY AGE(1700 BC):Wind power has been used as long as
humans have put sails into the wind. The Babylonian emperor
Hammurabi planned to use wind power for his ambitious
irrigation project Hero of Alexandria (Heron) in first-century
Roman Egypt described what appears to be a wind-driven
wheel to power a machine.

EARLY MIDDLE AGE(9th CENTURY): Wind-powered machines

used to grind grain and pump water, the windmill and wind
pump, were developed in what are now Iran, Afghanistan
and Pakistan. The first practical windmills were in use in
Sistan, a region in Iran and bordering Afghanistan.

LAST MIDDLE AGE(12th CENTURY): The first windmills in

Europe appear in sources dating to the twelfth century. These
early European windmills were sunk post mills.

(18th CENTURY): Windmills were used to pump water for salt

making on the island of Bermuda, and on Cape Cod during
the American revolution.[13] In Mykonos and in other islands
of Greece windmills were used to mill flour and remained in
use until the early 20th century. Many of them are now
refurbished to be inhabited.

(19th CENTURY): The first wind turbine used for the

production of electricity was built in Scotland in July 1887 by
Prof James Blyth of Anderson's College, Glasgow (the
precursor of the University of Strathclyde). In 1891 Danish
scientist, Poul la Cour, constructed a wind turbine to
generate electricity, which was used to produce hydrogen by
electrolysis.

(20th CENTURY): By 1908 there were 72 wind-driven electric

generators from 5 kW to 25 kW. The largest machines were
on 24 m (79 ft) towers with four-bladed 23 m (75 ft) diameter
rotors. In 1957 Johannes Juul installed a 24 m diameter wind
turbine at Gedser, which ran from 1957 until 1967. This was a
three-bladed, horizontal-axis, upwind, stall-regulated turbine
similar to those now used for commercial wind power
development. In 1927 the brothers Joe Jacobs and Marcellus
Jacobs opened a factory, Jacobs Wind in Minneapolis to
produce wind turbine generators for farm use. These would
typically be used for lighting or battery charging, on farms out
of reach of central-station electricity and distribution lines. In
30 years the firm produced about 30,000 small wind
turbines, some of which ran for many years in remote
locations in Africa and on the Richard Evelyn Byrd expedition
to Antarctica.[28] Many other manufacturers produced small
wind turbine sets for the same market, including companies
called Wincharger, Miller Airlite, Universal Aeroelectric, Paris-
Dunn, Airline and Winpower.

(21st CENTURY): The steady run-up in oil prices after 2003 led
to increasing fears that peak oil was imminent, further
increasing interest in commercial wind power. Even though
wind power generates electricity rather than liquid fuels, and
thus is not an immediate substitute for petroleum in most
applications (especially transport), fears over petroleum
shortages only added to the urgency to expand wind power.
Earlier oil crises had already caused many utility and
industrial users of petroleum to shift to coal or natural gas.
Wind power showed potential for replacing natural gas in
electricity generation on a cost basis.

Ted Bechtel(2009):  Design of markets and services across US

and other countries would be useful to compare in how they
accommodate renewable, intermittent resources. There is
not general agreement on value of wind to system during dry
and wet years. Solutions are specific to the projects. 
Operating experience has been the biggest impediment to
utilities. Bureau’s idea of pilots in US is a good concept. Case
studies of existing integrated projects are very useful. 
Analysis and research of projects where pricing and risk have
been assessed are very useful. Coordination between
Western and Bonneville needs to occur. There may be an
opportunity in the Pacific Northwest to have a group focus on
this for the region.

Sangroya Deepak(2015): , High cost of generating energy

from wind is a cause of concern. Total Cost of installing an
onshore wind power system in India is 1300 to 1450 USD
/KW [39]. Wind turbine cost including tower and installation
can be as much as 84% of the total project cost. Similar to
other renewable energy technologies, high upfront cost of
wind power is barrier to their uptake, despite the fact there
is no fuel price risk after its installation. Hence, it is important
to concentrate on development of new, technically
advanced, state of art wind turbines which are cost effective
and reduces per unit cost of wind power. It is vital for Indian
government to increase investment in the R&D of wind
turbines and wind resources assessment programme. With a
high quality wind resource assessment, efficiency of wind
farm can be increased which can subsequently reduce per
unit cost of generation.

Nahún Edgardo-Portillo (2019): nThe Road to the Future for

Renewable Energy in Central America, to develop a wind
energy project is estimated an approximate cost of $ 36.5
million dollars to generate electricity for about 30 years. It
would have a capacity to produce about 13 megawatts. The
cost of kWh would be around 0.16$, which according to the
price and the economic conditions of the area, it may require
subsidies from developed countries, so that their local
inhabitants can pay for it. One of the limitations of the study
is that we focus on wind turbine technologies that involve
the aerodynamic, structural improvement of the blades in
the monitoring system, among others, that have not yet been
implemented in Central America.

Qasim A. Alabdali (2020): It was found that it is very

important to reduce the global energy-related CO2
emissions. So, the wind energy the one of the best solutions
for CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the global offshore
wind market is growing very rapidly. This rapid growth is due
to the technological developments. The use of offshore wind
farms can provide more than the maximum amount of
electricity generated today worldwide. The offshore wind can
help drive energy transitions by decarbonising electricity and
by producing low-carbon fuels. The offshore wind can
provide 50 % of global electricity supply in the next 20 years.
The wind energy will play an important role in the world
energy system. It could solve the problem of the global
warming and save the planet for next generation.