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Guide Protection Ground
Guide Protection Ground
In an ideal world, electrical utilities would deliver clean, reliable power to business critical
systems. Unfortunately, this is not the reality. Appropriate systems are required to ensure
necessary power availability and quality is achieved as simply and cost effectively as
possible.
This is not as easy as it sounds. Different applications have different requirements, depend-
ing upon the size and type of equipment being supported, the cost of downtime and
the organization’s availability goals. Plus, disruptions in power availability and quality can
originate from a variety of sources and take a number of forms. Also, the environment being
protected is not static: availability requirements may increase over time and the contents of
the data center are subject to regular change.
These factors make issues such as lifecycle costs, adaptability, and ease of service more
important then ever when selecting appropriate power protection. The following five ques-
tions can be used to ensure these issues are adequately addressed:
The answers to these questions can help ensure the power protection system meets
application requirements as simply and cost-effectively as possible. Failing to consider
these factors can result in a power system with high lifetime costs, unnecessary
complexity or poor performance.
1
The Basics Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
The UPS serves two critical functions: it pro-
A power protection system is configured
vides backup power in the event of an inter-
using four basic types of equipment:
ruption in utility power, and, depending
• Transient Voltage Surge Suppression upon topology, “conditions” utility power to
(TVSS) systems eliminate power disturbances that can shut
down or damage sensitive electronics.
• Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
systems (including batteries for power The battery capacity of the UPS determines
during short-term outages. Ensuring how long the system can provide power to
uninterrupted power during longer the load in the absence of utility power. Typ-
term outages requires a backup power ically, battery plants are sized to provide
source, usually an on-site generator.) 10 to 20 minutes of power at full load in
large data centers. Smaller facilities or high-
• Static Transfer Switches (STS) and other power applications may be configured with
switchgear more battery capacity.
• Power Distribution Units (PDU) The degree of power conditioning provided
by a particular UPS system is a function
Depending upon the configuration, the
of its topology. The International Electro-
system may include one or all of these
technical Commission (IEC) defines three
components.
types of UPS topology: passive standby
Transient Voltage Surge Suppression (TVSS) (offline), line interactive, and double
A “transient” is a brief but extreme burst conversion (online).
of energy that can travel across AC power,
A passive standby, or off-line, UPS mainly
telephone or data lines. About 35 percent
provides short-term outage protection. It
of all transients originate outside the facility
may include surge suppression, but does
from lightning, utility grid switching, elec-
not provide true power conditioning and
trical accidents and other sources. The
is typically used in non-critical, desktop
remaining 65 percent come from inside the
applications.
facility, often when large power-consuming
systems, such as motors or building air con- Line interactive UPS systems monitor
ditioning systems, are switched on. incoming power quality and correct for
major sags or surges, relying on battery
Fuses and circuit breakers are designed
power to enhance the quality of power to
for overcurrent protection and do not pro-
the load. This topology eliminates major
vide transient voltage protection. The IEEE
fluctuations in power quality, but does not
(Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engi-
protect against the full range of power
neers), recommends TVSS at both the ser-
problems and does not isolate connected
vice entrance and the data center. This pro-
equipment from the power source.
tection can be integrated into the UPS or
installed as standalone devices.
2
An online double conversion system pro- Establishing Availability
vides the highest degree of protection for Requirements
critical systems. Rather than simply moni-
toring the power passing through it, as with Availability refers to the percentage of time
the line interactive approach, a double con- that a system is available, on line, and
version UPS system creates new, clean AC capable of doing productive work. It is typi-
UPS topology has a
power within the UPS itself by converting cally described as an annual percentage, or
major influence on
incoming AC power to DC and then back number of “nines.” A system with “three
system performance
to AC. This not only provides precisely regu- nines” availability is 99.9 percent available,
and should be a key
lated power, but also has the advantage of which translates into 8.8 hours of downtime
factor in matching the
isolating the load from the upstream distri- annually. “Fives nines” availability — the
UPS to the application.
bution system. standard many data centers aspire to —
translates into less than six minutes of
UPS topology has a major influence on downtime annually.
system performance and should be a key
factor in matching the UPS to the applica- With power availability, an additional factor
tion. Historically, “online” and “double con- should be considered: the availability of
version” were synonymous. However, some conditioned power. Is it acceptable for sys-
manufacturers now market line interactive tems being protected to operate on uncon-
UPS systems as “online” systems. Always ditioned utility power for short periods of
clarify how a particular UPS would be classi- time? Answering this question requires bal-
fied under IEC standards – not the manufac- ancing the increased risk of operating on
turer’s own terminology. unconditioned power versus the added cost
of UPS redundancy, which is required to
Static Transfer Switch (STS) minimize or eliminate the time protected
Redundancy is often designed into the equipment is exposed to utility power.
power system to eliminate single points of
failure. When redundant UPS systems are If the cost of downtime is low, the invest-
used in a distributed redundant configura- ment in redundant systems may not be war-
tion (see Figure 4, Continuous Availability ranted. If the cost of downtime is high, fail-
architecture) there must be a means of ing to design redundancy into the system
switching between systems that is transpar- could result in significant financial losses. At
ent to the load. This is the function of the minimum, the following should be consid-
static transfer switch. ered when calculating downtime costs:
3
Lost revenue: area can ripple across the grid to create
The impact of downtime on customers, a widespread outage. This is one of the
either through an inability to complete reasons power protection is essential for
transactions or reduced service. The business critical systems.
cost of loss of goodwill and reduced
However, not all problems are externally
customer confidence can also be con-
generated. Some studies show that up
sidered. Businesses may not only lose
to 80 percent of disturbances occur
transactions, but customers as well.
downstream from the UPS. The power
Recovery Costs: system must isolate protected equip-
…not all problems are The time and out-of-pocket expense ment from internally generated distur-
externally generated. required to restore the system. This bances, in addition to ensuring an unin-
Some studies show includes service costs as well as the cost terruptible source of incoming power.
that up to 80 percent to replace systems damaged by surges
of power disturbances Maintenance:
or other power anomalies.
occur downstream Power systems require regular main-
from the UPS. The Adding up these costs, plus others specific tenance to ensure proper protection.
power system must to a business, will produce an average cost During maintenance, power to the load
isolate protected per hour of downtime that can be used to may be interrupted or power that is dis-
equipment from evaluate the return on investment of power tributed to the load may be uncondi-
internally generated system components required to achieve tioned, depending upon system design.
disturbances, in higher levels of availability. Power systems can be designed for 100
addition to ensuring percent concurrent maintenance, mean-
an uninterruptible ing all system components can be ser-
source of incoming The Causes of Downtime viced without affecting power to the
power. load.
The major causes of power system down-
time include utility outages, human error, New Equipment:
externally and internally generated distur- New systems are added to the data
bances, maintenance of power system com- center on a regular basis. This may require
ponents (depending on system configura- that power be shut off to some systems
tion), and failure of power system compo- while new components or distribution
nents (depending on system configuration). equipment are added, depending upon
the configuration of the power system.
Power Problems:
Disruptions in incoming utility power are Equipment Reliability:
unavoidable, whether caused by lightning No product is 100 percent reliable, but
strikes, construction projects or prob- differences do exist between equipment
lems with power company equipment. failure rates and the number of parts used
The widespread blackout that affected in different UPS designs. Knowing a man-
the U.S. in August 2003 demonstrated ufacturer will stand behind its products
just how quickly a small problem in one can minimize downtime caused by low
reliability designs.
4
The Five Questions Operational Support
Adding a UPS adds to the power system
1. What level of availability is the provides protection against short-term
power system expected to support? interruptions in utility power and the
To a large extent, the “architecture” of the ability to ensure a controlled shutdown
power system determines the level of avail- in the event the outage exceeds UPS
ability it can support. There are four basic battery capacity. This increases power
system architectures, each providing a dif- availability to 99.99 percent, or less
ferent level of protection and availability. than one hour of unplanned downtime
annually. The UPS can also condition
Basic Protection the power being delivered to the load.
Basic hardware protection of connected For most critical applications, an online
equipment is typically accomplished double-conversion UPS is recommen-
through a TVSS and PDU. The TVSS ded as it delivers the most consistent
keeps noise and high voltages from power quality.
reaching the load, preventing equip-
ment damage. This system does not High Availability
prevent unexpected shutdown resulting A High Availability architecture adds
from loss of utility power. It delivers redundancy at the UPS level of the
approximately 99.9 percent availability, system to increase availability to
depending upon the reliability of the between 99.999 percent (five minutes
utility power source. annually) and 99.99999 percent (3 sec-
onds annually). With these systems,
maintenance on all but the PDU can
Basic Operational
Protection Support
5
be performed concurrently, eliminating Continuous Availability
the majority of planned downtime. This The highest-level system is a Continu-
can be accomplished through parallel ous Availability architecture, which uti-
redundancy or 1+1 redundancy. lizes a dual-bus with distributed redun-
dancy to deliver near 100 percent avail-
A parallel-redundant system has two or
ability. This system includes two or
more UPS modules connected in paral-
more independent UPS systems — each
lel to a common distribution network.
capable of carrying the entire load.
It uses enough modules to carry the
Each system provides power to its
maximum projected load, plus at least
own independent distribution network.
one additional module for redundancy.
No power connections exist between
During normal operation all modules
the two UPS systems. This allows 100
share the load. If a module has to be
percent concurrent maintenance and
taken off-line, the other modules have
brings power system redundancy to
the capacity to carry the full load.
every piece of load equipment as close
In a 1+1 redundant system, each UPS to the input terminals as possible — key
system can carry the full load, creating to ensuring both maintainability and
redundant power paths for part of the fault tolerance throughout the facility.
system.
1+1 Redundancy
Parallel
Redundancy
(N+1)
High Availability
6
Where little time is The right architecture for a particular appli- 2. What are the lifetime costs of the
available for mainte- cation will depend on the cost of downtime power system?
nance-related down- and the degree of flexibility that exists
time or the cost of to accommodate planned downtime for The initial cost of a power system repre-
downtime is high, a maintenance. Where little time is available sents only part of the total costs of owning
High or Continuous for maintenance-related downtime or the the system. Initial costs will always play a
Availability architec- cost of downtime is high, a High or Con- significant role in the decision-making pro-
ture should be tinuous Availability architecture should be cess; however, organizations are increas-
considered. considered. ingly factoring lifecycle costs into their
technology purchasing decisions. This is rel-
evant to power systems in terms of perfor-
mance and capacity planning.
7
effective in the long run than the combined Many data center designers prefer to locate
initial cost and expansion cost of a modular the UPS system outside the data center in
system. an auxiliary room to avoid consuming valu-
able data center floor space with support
For example, if initial capacities are 40 kVA
systems. However, this approach is only
and capacities in five years are projected
possible if a room-level approach to protec-
to be 80 kVA, installing a 40 kVA modular
tion is adopted. If power protection is dealt
system and expanding it to 80 kVA later can
with on a rack-by-rack basis, the designer
be more than twice the cost of installing a
does not have this flexibility and, over time,
traditional 80 kVA system initially.
the UPS systems can consume a significant
An N+1, or parallel redundant configuration, amount of floorspace, reducing the space
strikes an excellent balance between scal- available for racks.
ability and lifecycle costs while providing
Some data center managers prefer to have
High and Continuous the redundancy required to achieve five
the UPS in the data center with the equip-
Availability systems nines availability.
ment being protected. The UPS vendor
are not simply collec-
should have the flexibility to support equip-
tions of discrete com-
ment in the data center or outside of it.
ponents. They are sys-
3. What is the impact of the power
tems in which all com- If the UPS is installed in the data center, the
system on data center space?
ponents must work current — and future — footprint of the UPS
together to ensure This question may be addressed as part of system should be considered. Fixed capac-
seamless operation at the lifecycle cost analysis or may be consid- ity systems are typically more compact
the time they are ered separately. Either way, it should not be and consume less data center floor space
needed most. ignored. The cost per square foot of data than a modular system delivering the same
center space is higher than general building capacity (see Figure 5).
space and increasing equipment densities
are putting the squeeze on data center
floorspace. Although new generation serv-
4. How will the power system be tested
ers and communication systems are typi-
and installed?
cally smaller than their predecessors, they
are almost always more powerful and For lower level systems, testing and installa-
generate more heat per rack than the sys- tion may not be critical factors to consider.
tems they replace. This heat density then But as system complexity increases, these
becomes the key factor in how much floor- factors become more important.
space is required for each rack.
High and Continuous Availability systems
In regard to power systems, two factors are not simply collections of discrete com-
affect data center space utilization: equip- ponents. They are systems in which all
ment location and footprint. components must work together to ensure
seamless operation at the time they are
8
• What are the number and length of UPS
power feeds required?
9
designing redundancy into the system as Conclusion
close to the point of use as possible, as
shown previously with the High and Con- The goal of any power system is to achieve
tinuous Availability architectures. At min- the appropriate levels of power quality and
Does the power
imum, an external maintenance bypass system availability as simply and cost-effec-
system provide the
should be considered to enable service per- tively as possible.
monitoring, control
and access sonnel to manually route incoming power Understanding the cost of downtime is
management around the UPS during service. an important first step in selecting a
capability required by power system architecture. Increasing
Determining how UPS service will be per-
the responsible party dependence on the IT infrastructure is
formed is also important. This is a function
in your organization? increasing the cost of downtime while also
few organizations are equipped to deal with
in-house; therefore, the service capabilities reducing the time available for scheduled
of the UPS vendor should be considered maintenance.
during the selection process. Some UPS Power system costs should be considered
vendors have their own service organiza- based on the system lifecycle, rather than
tion, but many rely on third-party con- solely on initial cost. Also, consider power
tractors to provide service in most areas. system floorspace requirements in light of
This can increase the complexity of service the impact increasing server and switch
management and often reduces the exper- densities are having on data center space
tise and accountability of service personnel. requirements.
Consider whether factory-trained service
personnel and parts are available locally and Finally, develop a service and installation
the experience of the service organization. strategy as early in the process as possible.
Treating service and installation as an after-
The number of UPS systems also impacts thought can prevent the system from
service management. It can be much more achieving expected levels of availability.
difficult to coordinate service across 10 or
12 small UPS systems, compared to two The job of managing a dynamic IT infra-
or three larger systems. Having more sys- structure is difficult enough without adding
tems also increases the parts count, which extra complexity that results when the
increases the likelihood of failure. power system does not meet application
requirements. Understanding the basics of
Finally, UPS monitoring can have a signifi- power system design and asking the right
cant impact on service and availability. Does questions before equipment is installed can
the power system provide the monitoring, ensure the power system eliminates, rather
control and access management capability than adds to, IT concerns.
required by the responsible party in your
organization?
10
LIEBERT CORPORATION
1050 D EARBORN DrIVE
P.O. B OX 29186
COLUMBUS, O HIO 43229
800.877.9222 (U.S. & C ANADA O NLY)
614.888.0246 (O UTSIDE U.S.)
FAX: 614.841.6022
www.liebert.com
11
PROTECCION DE FALLAS A
TIERRA EN SISTEMAS DE
DISTRIBUCION
ANTECEDENTES
• Introducción
La detección de las fallas a tierra de alta impedancia en los sistemas de distribución de
MT es uno de los problemas más difíciles y cada vez más frecuentes.
Las pruebas también permitieron calcular el orden de las resistencias de fallas a tierra y
el comportamiento de la resistencia en función del tiempo, observándose que en
general la resistencia de falla al inicio es alta y con el transcurso del tiempo disminuye.
En la tabla de a continuación se puede observar que estos valores dependen del tipo de
terreno y en algunos casos pueden tener valores muy altos.
3
RESISTENCIAS DE FALLAS
EN FUNCION DEL TERRENO
TIPO DE SUELO INTERVALO RESISTENCIA
EN PUNTO DE TIEMPO DE FALLA
DE FALLA (ms) (ohmios)
Una vez que se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios en las pruebas realizadas y que
ELECTROLIMA decidió la implementación de estos relés en toda su red de
distribución con líneas aéreas, BBC mostró interés y se le sugirió modificar el diseño
de uno de sus relés de potencia de manera de tener una sensibilidad equivalente a los
relés anteriormente mencionados, fabricados por ASEA, dando como resultado el
modelo REX911.
• Tensiones Homopolares
Para poder efectuar la detección de las tensiones homopolares simplemente hay que
reproducir la ecuación matemática en un circuito eléctrico, tal como se muestra a
continuación:
R
S
T
3 Vo
Vo = ( V R + V S + V T ) / 3
• Corriente Homopolar
5
Al respecto indicamos que fue ASEA de Suecia el primer fabricante que proporcionó
este tipo de transformadores de corriente, existiendo en la actualidad varios
fabricantes que tienen en su línea de producción estos transformadores especiales.
IR
IS
IT
Io = ( I R + I S + I T ) / 3
Ir Ir - Iex
Iex Relé
IR
Ir + Is + It
Iex I rele
I rele = ( Ir + Is + It ) - Iex
Existen básicamente dos tipos de sistemas de distribución, sistemas con neutro aislado y
sistemas con neutro puesto a tierra, sin embargo existen sistemas intermedios, por ejemplo un
sistema puesto a tierra a través de una resistencia.
10 kV
A1
60 kV A2
YD
An
Vr
Vr
Vt Vs
Vt Vs
10 kV
A1
60 kV A2
DY
An
Vr Vr
Vt Vs
Vt Vs
Por consiguiente, con la finalidad que la detección de la falla sea selectiva, se hace necesario la
implementación de relés direccionales de sobrecorriente homopolar en cada alimentador, en
caso de utilizar relés no direccionales, todos los relés operarían.
10
10 kV
Abierto para la secuencia
homopolar
A1
Co
60 kV A2
Co
G
YD Co
An
Co falla a tierra
I>o
El circuito equivalente para el análisis de este tipo de fallas será efectuado de acuerdo a la
teoría de las componentes simétricas y se muestra a continuación :
Z1
Ef
Z2
3 Rfalla
SET Io
C T0 C0 C 0´ Vo
donde :
11
Debido a que generalmente las reactancias homopolares son mucho mayor que las reactancias
de secuencia positiva y negativa del sistema, podemos aproximar el circuito anterior como sigue
:
Ef
3 Rfalla
SET Io
Rele I o´
C T0 C0 C 0´ Vo
donde :
12
Ef
Io =
1
(3Rf ) 2 +
w (CTo + Co + Co ′ )
2 2
CT 0
I 0′ = I 0
CT 0 + C0 + C0′
I 0′ =
Ef
1
(3Rf )2 +
(wCT 0 )
2
I 0′
V0 =
wCT 0
Las ecuaciones mostradas las podemos graficar con la finalidad de poder visualizar el
comportamiento del sistema en función de diferentes capacidades homopolares y de
resistencias de fallas a tierra, resultando lo siguiente :
100
RESISTENCIA 25
50
DE FALLA 100
10 200
A TIERRA (ohm)
Io (amp)
400
800
1000
2000
1
Adicionalmente, en caso de utilizarse relés direccionales estos no operarían debido a que las
tensiones homopolares generadas serían muy pequeñas, debajo del 1%, los relés direccionales
necesitan de 3 a 5 % de tensión para poder polarizarse.
10 kV
A1
60 kV DY Co
A2
Co
G
Co
3Io
Xo
An
Co falla a tierra
Z1
Ef
Z2
3 Rfalla
SET Io
Xo
C0 C 0´ Vo
C T0
donde :
14
Z1
Ef
Z2
3 Rfalla
SET
Rele Io
Xo Vo
donde :
Ef
Io =
(3Rf ) + (Z1 + Z 2 + Xo)
2 2
generalmente Z1 = Z 2 ≈ Xo
Ef
I0 =
(3Rf )2 + (3Z1)2
V0 = Io. Xo
Irele = 3Io
15
• Transformadores de Tensión
Sean las tensiones nominales del sistema y del relé las siguientes :
10 011
. 011
.
kV
3 3 3
• Transformadores de Corriente
La selección de la relación de transformación del transformador de corriente toroidal
seccionable se realiza considerando una resistencia de falla de cero ohmios ( R falla = 0 ohm ),
con la finalidad de obtener la mayor corriente posible, luego aplicando las ecuaciones anteriores
llegamos a lo siguiente :
Ef
Io =
1
wCT 0
Para la zona de Lima, calculando la ecuación anterior llegamos a la conclusión que las
máximas corrientes que podrían presentarse están en el orden de los 200 Amps. y siendo la
corriente nominal del relé de 1 Amp., se desprende que la relación de transformación más
conveniente es de 200/1 Amp.
Esta deducción hay que calcularlo para cada zona en la que se aplicaría la protección, con la
finalidad de elegir una relación de transformación más adecuada.
Io
Xc T 0
Vo
• Sensibilidad Máxima
La selección de la sensibilidad máxima del relé se efectúa considerando por ejemplo que la
máxima resistencia de falla que se pretende detectar es de 2000 ohm. Luego se tiene lo
siguiente :
I relé = 10000/ √3 = 14 ma
2000x200
CRITERIOS DE CALIBRACION
Para la calibración de la protección direccional de sobrecorriente homopolar, simplemente se
procede a aplicar las ecuaciones vertidas, por ejemplo, si tenemos un sistema de distribución
de 10 kV cuya reactancia homopolar total es de 400 ohm y se desea calcular los ajustes para
una falla a tierra de 500 ohm, siendo la relación de transformación de 200/1 A, se obtiene lo
siguiente :
10 3
Io = = 3.72 A en el primario
(3x500) + 4002
2
I rele = 3 Io 200 = 56 ma
I relé = 56 ma
17
El fenómeno descrito anteriormente merma notablemente la calidad del servicio, por lo que en
la aplicación de este tipo de protección debe existir un ajuste adecuado de la protección de
manera que este opere ante la mayoría de fallas a tierra por desprendimiento del conductor y no
ocurran muchas aperturas por descargas en aisladores, lo que generalmente es dificil de
conseguir.
18
segunda
descarga a
tierra
primera
descarga a
tierra
A continuación se muestra un gráfico de una descarga del tipo evolutivo que se ha registrado en
el sistema de distribución de la zona de Lima. En el registro cada curva representa la tensión
línea a tierra de cada fase, en esta observamos que existía inicialmente una falla a tierra en la
fase con menor tensión, cercano a los 200 voltios mientras que en las otras fases la tensión es
casi 10 kV, esto debido al desplazamiento del neutro, recordemos que en condiciones normales
de operación cada fase debería estar a 5773 voltios. Luego de un periodo de tiempo, otra de
las fases descarga a tierra, esto se manifiesta en que la tensión cae y las otras se recuperan, y
finalmente se despeja la falla retornando todas las tensiones a 5773 voltios.
12000
10000
TENSION
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
14:13:23
14:13:23
14:13:23
14:13:24
14:13:24
14:13:24
14:13:25
14:13:25
14:13:25
14:13:26
HORA
Si analizamos en detalle las formas de tensiones y corrientes de una falla a tierra notamos que
tiene un alto componente de armónicos de tercer orden, por lo tanto es imprescindible que los
relés direccionales de sobrecorriente homopolar tengan filtros de tercera armónica. En el
gráfico siguiente mostramos en detalle la naturaleza de la onda de tensión de la fase fallada.
20
• Estadística de Fallas
La distribución porcentual del tipo de fallas para la zona de Lima aproximadamente es como
sigue :
Transitorias 60 %
Fallas a tierra 90 %
Permanentes 30 % Caidas de líneas 3 a 5 %
Otras fallas 10 %
Esto significa que solo un 5 % de las fallas en distribución se deben a conductores caídos,
razón por la que se instala la protección contra fallas a tierra, sin embargo el sistema de
distribución detectaría y despejaría un 85 % de las fallas que se deben en un gran porcentaje a
descargas transitorias y permanentes en aisladores; dicho de otra forma de cada 100 fallas la
protección debería despejar 10 fallas de fases y 5 fallas por conductores caídos, en total 15
fallas, 15 interrupciones. Sin embargo la protección contra fallas a tierra despejaría
adicionalmente 85 fallas, 60 transitorias y 25 permanentes; es decir 85 interrupciones
adicionales, lo que evidentemente afectaría la calidad del servicio.
• Transformadores de corriente
Trafo de corriente
Envoltura de plomo
I
Falla a tierra
I>o I rele = 0
Para evitar todos estos inconvenientes, la puesta a tierra de la cabeza terminal de cable debe
pasar por el transformador de corriente toroidal, tal como se indica a continuación :
Trafo de corriente
Envoltura de plomo
Falla a tierra
I>o I rele = I
arandela aislante
plancha aislante
tubo de plástico
arandela aislante
CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES
• En sistemas con NPT los relés direccionales no funcionan, deben usarse relés de
sobrecorriente no direccional.
• En sistemas con NPT no deben usarse cargas conectadas al neutro ya que esto impide la
discriminación de las fallas a tierra por los relés de sobrecorriente homopolar.
• La protección en sistemas con Neutro Aislado con un solo alimentador es posible con relés
de sobretensión homopolar.
• Es necesario que se respeten las áreas debajo de las líneas aéreas ya que si el conductor
eléctrico le cae a una persona, esta sufrirá el efecto eléctrico y mecánico y luego funcionaría
la protección.
• Los sistema aislados tienen una ventaja sobre los sistemas puestos a tierra desde el punto
de vista de la tensión que se vería sometida una persona ante la caída de un conductor, en
los sistemas aislados la tensión fase tierra del conductor caído es baja, mientras que en los
sistemas puestos a tierra esta tensión prácticamente no varía con la falla siendo del orden
de 5773 voltios para una red de 10 kV.
• Es importante hacer notar que todas las protecciones existentes en el mundo para que
puedan operar primero tiene que existir la falla y después el relé estaría en condiciones de
detectar y despejar la falla. Esto significa que la protección de sobrecorriente homopolar
para que funcione primero tiene que caer el conductor al suelo para generar la corriente
homopolar, es decir, si la línea cae encima de personas o viviendas estas serán sometidas
al efecto eléctrico y después operaría la protección. No existe protección alguna que detecte
el conductor en el instante que se rompe, ya que en ese momento no existe la corriente
homopolar, parámetro determinante que indica la falla a tierra.
• También hay que evitar instalar otros tipos de redes debajo de las líneas aéreas que impidan
que el conductor llegue al suelo al romperse y no ser detectado por la protección.
Adicionalmente se corre el riesgo que la tensión de 10 kV pase a la red instalada debajo de
la línea con todos los problemas que puede ocacionar esta eventualidad a los usuarios de
esas redes, por ejemplo una red telefónica.
CAA
98.03.10