PART 1:

PART 1:

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND

HISTORICAL EVENTS IN SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
Learning Objective:
❑ Discuss and explain the concept of science and scientific revolution.

❑ Discuss how the ideas proposed by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud added to inspire the
advancement of the scientific revolution.

❑ Analyze how scientific revolutions is done in various parts of the world like in Latin
America, East Asia, Middle East and Africa.
 PART 1:

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND

HISTORICAL EVENTS IN SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
Learning Objective:
❑ Discuss and explain the concept of science and scientific revolution.

❑ Discuss how the ideas proposed by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud added to inspire the
advancement of the scientific revolution.

❑ Analyze how scientific revolutions is done in various parts of the world like in Latin
America, East Asia, Middle East and Africa.
T
LESSON 1:

UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE AND THE

O SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

P LESSON 2:

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT

I
DEFINED SOCIETY
C LESSON 3:

S CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
It was the period of enlightenment when the
developments in the fields of mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the
views of society about nature.

Influences to Scientific Revolution

1. Science Ideas
2. Humans
3. Society
How can science be defined?
1. SCIENCE AS AN IDEA. IT INCLUDES IDEAS, THEORIES, AND ALL AVAILABLE
SYSTEMATIC EXPLANATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE NATURAL AND
PHYSICAL WORLD.
2. SCIENCE AS AN INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY. IT ENCOMPASSES A SYSTEMATIC AND
PRACTICAL STUDY OF THE NATURAL AND PHYSICAL WORLD. THIS PROCESS
INVOLVES SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION.
3. SCIENCE AS A BODY OF KNOWLEDGE. IT IS A SUBJECT OR A DISCIPLINE, A FIELD
OF STUDY, OR A BODY OR KNOWLEDGE THAT DEALS WITH THE PROCESS OF
LEARNING ABOUT THE NATURAL AND PHYSICAL WORLD.
4. SCIENCE AS A PERSONAL AND SOCIAL ACTIVITY. THIS EXPLAINS THAT SCIENCE
IS BOTH KNOWLEDGE AND ACTIVITIES DONE BY HUMAN BEINGS TO DEVELOP
BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLD AROUND THEM.
 Creativity SCIENTISTS
SCIENCE IDEAS
Passion to
Curiosity know SCIENCE
DISCOVERIES
Passion to
discover TECHNOLOGY
Critical Thinking

Variables that Influence the Development of Science Ideas,

Science Discoveries, and Technology
SOME INTELLECTUALS AND REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

https://copernicusnhd.weebly.com/uploads/4/4/2/5/44253583/header_images/1421028565.jpg

1. Nicolaus Copernicus. His book De revolutionibus orbium

coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in
1543 is often cited as the start of scientific revolution. In this
book he presented a model of the universe where the Sun is
the centerpiece of the universe known as heliocentric.
SOME INTELLECTUALS AND REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

2. Charles Darwin. He published his

book The Origin of Species in 1589. this
book is considered to be one of the most
important works in scientific literature. It
presented evidence on how species
evolved over time and presented traits
and adaptation that differentiate species.
His other book Descent of Man
introduced the idea of all organic life,
including human beings, under the realm https://d.newsweek.com/en/full/1328076/charles-darwin-
portrait.jpg
of evolutionary thinking.
SOME INTELLECTUALS AND REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS

3. Sigmund Freud. He is famous in

the field of psychology. He made a
significant development in the scientific
world through the development of an
important observational method to gather
reliable data to study human’s inner life
called psychoanalysis. For him, this
method of psychoanalysis is a scientific
way to study the human mind and
neurotic illness.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Sigmund_F
reud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA
Mesoamerica (includes the entire area of central America from Southern
Mexico up to the border of South America)

Maya civilization ( is one of the famous civilizations that lasted

approximately 2,000 years) has various contributions like
1. Incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy in their
temples and other religious structures (e.g. the pyramid at Chichen
Itza in Mexico).
2. Measuring time using two complicated calendar systems.
3. Developed the technology for growing different crops and building
elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools.
4. Built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water
to different communities.
5. They built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery
paints made from a mineral called mica.
 6. They are believed to be the first people to produce rubber products
3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
7. They are famous as one of the world’s first civilizations to use a writing
system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics.
8. They are skilled in mathematics and created number system based on
the numeral 20.
9. They independently developed the concept of zero and positional
value, even the before the Romans did.

Inca civilization. The following were scientific ideas tools that they developed to
help them in everyday life.
1. roads paved with stones;
2. Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters;
3. Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow
in all types of land;
4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare
them for planting season.
 5. The first suspension bridge;
6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can
interpret; and
7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic
achievements.

Aztec civilization has also made substantial contributions to science and

technology and to society as a whole like
1. Mandatory education. The Aztec puts value on education; that is why
their children are mandated to get education regardless of their social
class, gender, or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive
education.
2. Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time.
In the Mayan culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec valued the
cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their gods.
3. Antipasmodic medication. They used a type of antispasmodic
medication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which
could help during surgery.
 4. Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in
which the land is divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
5. Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and
planting season.
6. Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in water
systems.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA

India
1. They are famous in medicine like the Ayurveda, a system of traditional
medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC and still
practiced as a form of alternative medicine.
2. They developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the
spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with the 12
equal parts of 30 days each.
3. They tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of
accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjodaro ruler.
 4. Aryabhata (476-550) introduced a number of trigonometric functions,
tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.
5. Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly
explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit, along
with Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the
world.
6. Madhava of Sangamagrama is considered as the founder of mathematical
analysis
China
1. Known for traditional medicines like acupuncture.
2. Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilizations
were compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools.
3. They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and
propeller. Also designed different models of bridges, invented the first
seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility.
4. They also observed the heavenly bodies to understand weather changes
and seasons that may affect their daily activities
 Middle East Countries
1. A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the Father of
Optics for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.
2. Mathematician Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of
the algorithm while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning
of the title of one of his publications.
3. Some scientist considered Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the Father of
Chemistry for his important role in foundation of modern chemistry.
4. Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the
first physician to conduct clinical trials. Among his contributions are the
discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases and the
introduction of clinical pharmacology.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA

1. The development of geometry was a product of necessity to preserve the
layout and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians living along the Nile
River
 2. Egypt as known to be a center of alchemy, which is known as the
medieval forerunner of chemistry.
3. The Lebombo Bone from the mountains between Swaziland and South
Africa, which may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple
mathematical calculation.
4. A six-month lunar calendar is considered to be the oldest known
mathematical artifact dated from 35,000 BCE.

REFERENCES
SERAFICA, JANICE PATRIA J.; PAWILEN, GREG T.; CASLIB, BERNARDO N. JR. & ALATA, EDEN JOY P., (2018)
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY. REX PRINTING COMPANY, INC. 84-86 P. FLORENTINO ST.. STA
MESA HEIGHTS, QUEZON CITY.

ALATA, EDEN JOY P.; CALANO, MARK JOSEPH T. & PAWILEN, GREG T. (2021) A COURSE MODULE FOR SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY. REX PRINTING COMPANY, INC. 84-86 P. FLORENTINO ST.. STA MESA
HEIGHTS, QUEZON CITY.