Vector Calculus

Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Matthew Sadiku, 3rd edition

 Vector Calculus

Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical

• Reference: Elements of Electromagnetics by Matthew Sadiku, 3rd edition

Differential Length, Area, and Volume in
Cartesian Coordinates
Differential elements (dx, dy, dz) in the right-handed
Cartesian coordinate systems
Differential surface area general form:
Differential Length, Area, and Volume in
Cylindrical coordinates
Differential Length, Area, and Volume in
Spherical coordinates
Example 1:
Solution:

(a) Calculate the distance BC

𝑑𝒍 = 𝑑𝜌𝒂𝜌 + 𝜌𝑑𝜑𝒂𝜑 + 𝑑𝑧𝒂𝑧
10
𝒍 = (0)𝒂𝜌 + 5 0 𝒂𝜑 + 0
𝑑𝑧 𝒂𝑧
𝒍 = 10𝒂𝑧
𝑙 = 10 units

Note: dρ and ρdφ equals zero since the values of ρ and φ are the same at points
B and C.
Solution:

(b) Calculate the distance CD

𝑑𝒍 = 𝑑𝜌𝒂𝜌 + 𝜌𝑑𝜑𝒂𝜑 + 𝑑𝑧𝒂𝑧
𝑑𝒍 = (0)𝒂𝜌 + 5𝑑𝜑𝒂𝜑 + 0 𝒂𝑧
𝜋
2 5𝜋
𝒍=5 𝑑𝜑 (−𝒂𝑧 ) = (−𝒂𝑧 )
0 2

5𝜋
𝑙=
2
Solution:
(c) The surface area ABCD

𝑑𝑺 = 𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝑧𝒂𝜌

𝑺= 𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝑧𝒂𝜌
𝜋
2 10
𝑺=5 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧𝒂𝜌
0 0
𝜋
2 10
𝑆=5 𝜑 0 𝑧 0
𝜋
𝑆=5 10 = 25π
2
Solution: (d) The surface area AB0

𝑑𝑺 = 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝒂𝑧

𝑺= 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝒂𝑧
𝜋
5
2
𝑆= 𝜌𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑
0 0
2 𝜋
𝜌 5 2
𝑆= 0 𝜑 0
2
25 𝜋
𝑆= = 6.25 𝜋
2 2
Solution:

(e) The surface area AB0

𝑑𝑺 = 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧𝒂𝜑

𝑺= 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧𝒂𝜑

5 10
𝑆= 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑧
0 0
5 10
𝑆= 𝜌 0 𝑧 0
𝑆 = 5 10 = 50
Solution:

(f) The volume ABDCF0

𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝑧

𝑣= 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝑧
𝜋
5 2 10
𝑆= 𝜌𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧
0 0 0
25 𝜋
𝑆= 10 = 62.5 π
2 2
Example 2:
Solution:
(a) the distance DH
𝜋
𝑑𝑙 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜑, 𝜃 = 90° = , 𝑟 = 3
2

𝑑𝑙 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜑

𝜋 𝜋
≤𝜑≤
4 3
𝜋
3
𝑙= 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜑
𝜋
4

𝜋 𝜋
𝑙 = 3 sin 90° − = 0.7854
3 4
Solution:
(b) the distance FG
𝜋
𝑑𝑙 = 𝑟𝑑𝜃, 𝜑 = 60° = , 𝑟 = 5
3

𝑑𝑙 = 𝑟𝑑𝜃

𝜋 𝜋
≤𝜃≤
3 2
𝜋
2
𝑙= 𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜋
3

𝜋 𝜋
𝑙= 5 − = 2.618
2 3
Solution:
(c) the surface area AEHD

𝑑𝑺 = 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑𝒂𝑟

𝑺= 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑𝒂𝑟
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
≤ 𝜃 ≤ , ≤ 𝜑 ≤ ,𝑟 = 3
3 2 4 3

𝜋 𝜋
2 3
𝑆 = 𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑
𝜋 𝜋
3 4
𝜋 𝜋
2 3
𝑆 = 32 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜋 𝜑 𝜋
3 4

𝑆 = 9 0.5 0.2618 = 1.178

Solution:
(d) the surface area ABCD

𝑑𝑺 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃(−𝒂𝜑 )

𝑆= 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

𝜋 𝜋
3 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 5, ≤𝜃≤
3 2
𝜋
5 2
𝑆= 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
3
3
𝜋
𝑟2 5 2
𝑆= 3𝜃 𝜋
2 3

25 9
𝑆= − 0.5236 = 4.189
2 2
Solution:
(e) the volume of the object

𝑑𝑣 = 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑

𝑣= 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
3 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 5, ≤ 𝜃 ≤ , ≤ 𝜑 ≤
3 2 4 3
𝜋 𝜋
5
2 3
𝑣= 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜑
𝜋 𝜋
3 3 4
5 𝜋 𝜋
𝑟3 2 3
𝑆= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜋 𝜑 𝜋
3 3 3 4

125 27
𝑆= − 0.5 (0.2618) = 4.276
3 3
Solve the following problems in
your notebook:
4

5
Line, Surface and Volume Integrals
 These are integrals that involve vector quantities and
which are useful in deriving vector operations
 will facilitate understanding of electromagnetic fields
Line Integral
𝑏
𝑭 ∙ 𝑑𝒍
𝑎
Where: F is a vector and dl is differential displacement along a
path from a to b
Example:

𝑏
𝑭 ∙ 𝑑𝒍 is the integral of the tangential component of force F along the path from a
𝑎 to b

*Evaluating this line integral will give the value of incremental work in the above example.
 Figure from Sadiku

For path from a to b,

For a closed path abca,

“closed contour line integral”

- Called the “circulation of A around L”

Example:
Solution:
Summing up,

Circulation is -1/6
Surface integral
Allows us to ascertain the
amount of vector field F that is
passing through a differential
surface element dS.

The surface integral or the flux of

A through S is denoted as

For closed surface,

Example:

Solution: Converting V into cylindrical:

𝑉 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑧 = 𝜌𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑
s1
Let:
s4
𝐴= 𝑆
𝑉𝑑 𝑆 =

s5 s3 𝑠1
+ 𝑠2
+ 𝑠3
+ 𝑠4
+ 𝑠5
𝑉𝑑 𝑆

𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 + 𝐴5
s2
 For 𝐴2 , 𝑧 = 0, 𝑑 𝑺 = 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑(−𝒂𝑧 )

For 𝐴1 , 𝑧 = 2, 𝑑𝑺 = 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝒂𝑧 𝜋
1
2
𝐴2 = 𝜌𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝒂𝑧
𝜋 0 0
1
2
𝐴1 = 𝜌𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝒂𝑧 𝜋
0 0 1
2
𝐴2 = 𝜌2 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝒂𝑧
𝜋 0 0
1
2
2
𝐴1 = 𝜌 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜑𝒂𝑧
0 0 𝐴2 = 0
1 𝜋
𝜌3 2 For 𝐴3 , 𝜌 = 1, 𝑑𝑺 = 𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝑧(𝒂𝜌 )
𝐴1 = 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑) 0 𝒂𝑧
3 0
𝜋
2
2
2 4 𝐴3 = 𝜌𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝜌𝑑𝜑𝑑𝑧(𝒂𝜌 )
𝐴1 = 1 − 0 − 0 + 1 𝒂 𝑧 = 𝒂𝑧 0 0
3 3
𝜋
2
2
𝐴3 = 𝜌2 𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑑𝜑𝑑𝑧𝒂𝜌
0 0

2
𝑧2
𝐴3 = 12 1 + 1 𝒂𝜌 = 4𝒂𝜌
2 0
 𝜋
For 𝐴4 , 𝜑 = , 𝑑𝑺 = 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧(𝒂𝜑 ) For 𝐴5 , 𝜑 = 0, 𝑑𝑺 = 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧(−𝒂𝜑 )
2

1 2 𝐴5
𝐴4 = 𝜌𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧(𝒂𝜑 ) 1 2
0 0 = 𝜌𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧(−𝒂𝜑 )
0 0
𝜋
2
2 𝜋
𝐴4 = 𝜌𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧(𝒂𝜑 ) 2
2
0 0 𝐴5 = 𝜌𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑑𝜌𝑑𝑧(−𝒂𝜑 )
0 0
2 1 2 2
𝜌 𝑧 1 2
𝐴4 = 0 + 1 𝒂𝜑 = 1𝒂𝜑 𝜌2 𝑧2
2 0
2 0 𝐴5 = 0 + 1 (−𝒂𝜑 ) = −1𝒂𝜑
2 0
2 0

𝐴= 𝑆
𝑉𝑑𝑆 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4 + 𝐴5

4
𝐴= 𝑆
𝑉𝑑𝑆 = 𝒂𝑧 + 0 + 4𝒂𝜌 + 1𝒂𝜑 − 1𝒂𝜑 = 𝟒𝒂𝜌 + 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝒂𝑧
3
Volume integral

𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑣
volume integral of the scalar ρv over the volume v
where ρv is a scalar volume density
Example:
Find the volume of a cylinder that has a radius a mm
and length L mm. Compute the total charge enclosed
if ρv = 0.1 coulomb/mm3

Q = ρv ∆v = 0.1 π𝑎2 𝐿 = 0.1𝜋𝑎2 𝐿 coulombs