ljZjsf] e"uf]n – ldq k|;fb l3ld/]

 e"uf]n eGg] zAb cª\u|]hL efiffsf] Geography / u|Ls efiffsf] Geographien eGg] zAb af6 ljsf;
ePsf] xf] h;sf] cy{ Description of Earth eGg] x'G5 . e"uf]n k[YjLsf] cWoog ug]{ zf:q xf] . u|Ls
gful/s O/]6f]:ylghn] k[YjLsf] cWoog ug]{ ePsf]n] o; ljifosf] gfd e"uf]n (Geography) /fv]sf x'g\ .
e"uf]n cª\u|]hL zAb Geography sf] g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f xf] . Geography zAb Geo + graphy ldn]/
ag]sf] 5 . Geo sf] cy{ k[YjL (Earth) / Graphy sf] cy{ Description eGg] x'G5 .
 e"uf]n zAbsf] k|yd k|of]u lu|s ljåfg O/]6f]:ylgh (Eratosthenes) n] u/]sf x'g\ To;}n] pgnfO{ e"uf]nsf
lktf (Father of Geography) elgG5 .
 cfw'lgs e"uf]nsf lktf hd{gsf sfn{ l/6/ -!&&(–!*%(_ x'g\ .
 k[YjLsf ;txdf kfgL afx]s hldgn] 9fs]sf] efunfO{ dxfb]z elgG5 .
महादे श सम्बन्धी संक्षिप्त जानकारी
If]qkmn k"j{–klZrd pQ/–blIf0f
dxfb]z b]z 3gTj e"–efu hg;ª\Vof
-j=ls=ld=_ nDafO{ rf}8fO{
Pl;of 51 150 29.92% $,$%,&(,))) 59.54% 9600ls=ld= 8600 ls=ld=
clk|msf 58 45 20.2% #,)#&),))) 17.20% 7440 ls=ld= 8000 ls=ld=
pQ/ cd]l/sf 41 28 16.5% @,$&,)(,))) 7.60% 4800 ls=ld= 7200 ls=ld=

blIf0f cd]l/sf 14 25 12% !,&*,$),))) 5.53% 5221 ls=ld= 7442 ls=ld=

cG6fs{l6sf 9% !,$),)),))) - - -
o'/f]k 48 34 7% !,)!,*),))) 9.59% 6400 ls=ld= 4800 ls=ld=
ci6]«lnof 23 5 5.3% *^,))))) 0.55% 3900 ls=ld= 3150 ls=ld=
ju{ ls=dL=
-b]z, hg;+Vof, If]qkmn / 3gTjsf] ;|f]tM www.worldometer.com_
dxfb]z ;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿
dxfb]z e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x¿ cUnf] lzv/ xf]rf] :yfg 7"nf] tfn
Pl;of !@ j6f ;u/dfyf **$*=*^ :yfg–d[t;fu/ #(# ld= Sofl:kog-O/fg_
ld= g]kfn
clk|msf !^ 7"nf] – rf8 lslndGh/f] %*(% n]s c;fn -lha'6L–!%^ leS6f]l/of-clk|msf_
;fgf] – O{:jfltlg ld=_
pQ/ cd]l/sf 5}gg\ 8]gfnL, d]lsGn] ^!(* 8]yEofnL $@$ ld= ;'k]l/o/-cd]l/sf_

blIf0f cd]l/sf @ -af]lnleof / cfsfGsfu'jf ^(^@ Peninsula Valdes $) ld= df/fsfOjf -ch{]lG6gf_
kf/fUj]_
cG6fs{l6sf 5}gg lk|m6hf]g gfG;]g aG6n];a Unfl;o/ %& ld ef]:tf]s
leG;]g Dofl;km
o'/f]k !* 7"nf] –a]nf¿; Pna|'h %^## /l;of Sofl:kog ;fu/sf] t6 nf8f]uf -?;_
;fgf] – Eofl6sg cf}ift ulx/fO{ @!! ld=
l;6L
ci6]«lnof 5}gg sf;{6]G:h cfO/f tfnsf] t6 cfO/f -Go" ;fpy j]Ny_
lk/fld8÷sf]:sLo':sf] !^ ld=
@$$# ld=
dxfb]z ;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿
nfdf gbLx¿ 3fF;] 7"nf
dxfb]z 7"nf kj{tdfnf 7"nf d¿e"ld
ls=ld=df d}bfg Hjfnfd'vL
Pl;of ofGh] -^#))_ lxdfno @$)) ls=ld= :6]K; c/]laog ;'dfqf
 -ljZjsf] cUnf] ± 7"nf] -O08f]g]l;of_
± sfG5f] kj{tdfnf_
clk|msf gfOn -^^()_ P6nf; @%)) ls=ld= ;fjgf jf ;fxf/f blIf0f lslndGh/f]
e]N8 clk|msf -clk|msf_
pQ/ cd]l/sf ldl;l;lk 7"nf] M ckflnrog/ k|]o/L u|]6 a]l;g df}gfnf]jf
ld;f}/L 8]gfnL nfdf] M /sL -st} ;f]gf/f -cd]l/sf_
-^@$)_ $*)) ls=ld= klg_
blIf0f cd]l/sf cd]hg Pl08h &@)) ls=ld= kDkfh k]6f]uf]lgof ;fGtfdfl/of
-^@(^_ -ch]{lG6gf_ -ch]{lG6gf_ -Ujf6]dfnf_
cG6fs{l6sf NofDa6{-$))_ PN;jy{ #%)) ls=ld= - PG6fs{l6s dfpG6 P/]a;
o'/f]k ef]Nuf cfNk; !@)) ls=ld= :6]K; d¿e"ld P6gf
gePsf] -O6fnL_
ci6]«lnof d/]8fln{ª u|]6l8efOl8ª /]Gh 8fpG; u|]6 leS6f]l/of xfp? xf]P
#&)) ls=ld=
dxfb]zx¿df l;dfgf cltsd ljsl;t /fi6« lxdgbL / b]z
cltsd cf]nlDks
dxfb]z ljsl;t df k|of]u lxdgbL 7"nf] / ;fgf] b]z
/fi6«x¿ x'g] /ª
l;ofr]g -&^
7"nf] b]z – rLg
Pl;of ( j6f kx]Fnf] ls=ld=_ h'g
;fgf] b]z – dflNbE;
rLgdf kb{5
7"nf] b]z – cNh]l/of
clk|msf ## j6f sfnf] lslndGh/f]
;fgf] b]z – ;];]N;
pQ/ cd]l/sf 7"nf] b]z – Sofgf8f
5}gg xjf{8
-gofF ;+;f/_ ;fgf] b]z – ;]G6le;]G6 P08 gf]leh
/ftf]
! k]l/6f] d]l/gf] 7"nf] b]z – a|flhn
blIf0f cd]l/sf
-xfO{6L_ -#) ls=ld=_ ;fgf] b]z – ;'l/gfd
NofDa6{ -$)) ls=ld= nfdf] ljZjsf] 7'nf] / nfdf]
cG6fs{l6sf 5}gg –
lxdgbL xf]_
7"nf] b]z – /l;of
o'/f]k 5}gg lgnf] e6gfhf]s'n
;fgf] b]z – Eofl6sgl;6L
7"nf] b]z – ci6]«lnof
ci6]«lnof $ j6f xl/of] x8{ cfONof08
;fgf] b]z – gfp/
ljleGg dxfb]zsf ljz]iftfx¿
dxfb]z ljz]iftfx¿
Pl;of  ljifdtfsf] dxfb]z ;fy} ljZjsf] 7'nf] dxfb]z (Land of Extremes, Land of diversity)
 ef}ule{s b[li6n] ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] dxfb]z,
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof ePsf]n] o;nfO{ Home of the Men eg]/ lrlgG5 .
 ltAatsf] kfld/ k7f/ ljZjs} cUnf] :yfgsf] k7f/ xf] h'g kfld/ k7f/ %))) ld= prfO{df /x]sf] sf/0fn]
Roof of World klg elgG5 .
clk|msf  pRr ;d:ynLsf] dxfb]z -j/Lk/Lsf] w/ftn eGbf cUnf] t/ ;dyn hdLgnfO{ pRr ;d:ynL_ elgG5 t/
pRr ;d:ynLsf] b]z eg]/ ltAatnfO{ lrlgG5 .
 e"–dWo/]vf, ss{6 /]vf / aqm /]vfn] aLraf6 sf6]sf] dxfb]z, sfnf] ± cFWof/f] dxfb]z, ljZjs} 7"nf] lx/f
vfgL lsDa/vfg ePsf] dxfb]z t/ 7"nf] lx/f a]nfotsf] s'lngfg jf s'lxgf]/ xf] .
  ljZjs} 7"nf] d?e"ld ;fxf/f -*$ nfv ju{ ls=ld=_ !! j6f b]zdf km}lnPsf] 5 .
 Zoo of the World sf] dxfb]z klg elgG5 .
 cNa6{ tfn / dfbfuf:s/ 6fk'sf] dxfb]z h'g 6fk'df ljZjsf (( k|ltzt :tgwf/L hgfj/ kfOG5 .
 pQ/L w'|jb]lv blIf0f w|'j;Dd km}lnPsf], hgfj/x¿sf] cb\e"t a;f]jf; ePsf]
 clk|msf dxfb]zdf kfOg] pi0f ;bfaxf/ hª\un – /]g km/]:6
 e"dWo /]vfsf] pRr ljGb' $^() ld6/ cUnf] /x]sf] 5 .
blIf0f  r/fx?sf] dxfb]z elgG5 .
cd]l/sf  cUnf] :yfgsf] tfn l6l6sfsf #*!) ld= prfO{df / cd]hg, kf/fgf, kf/fUj], cf]l/gf] h:tf k|d'v gbLx¿
/x]sf 5g\ .
 af]lnleofsf] nfkfh ljZjs} cUnf] :yfgsf] /fhwfgL h'g #^$) ld6/ prfOdf /x]sf] 5 . t/ cf}klga]lzs
/fi6«df ltAatsf] Nxf;f eg] #^%^ ld6/ prfOdf /x]sf] 5 .
 ljZjs} ;a}eGbf nfdf] kj{tdfnf l6«gL låk b]lv :6fgg låk;Dd km}lnPsf] Pl08«h xf] h'g sf]nlDaofb]lv
lrnL;Dd & j6f b]zdf km}lnPsf] h;sf] nDafO{ &@)) ls=ld= 5 . o; kj{tdf Lamas hgfj/ kfOG5 .
ljZjs} cUnf] :yfgsf] Hjfnfd'vL cf]hf]; 8]n ;nf8f]
-^,**& ld=_ lrnL / ch]{lG6gf xf] .
 af]lnleofsf nfkfh / ;'qm] u/L @ j6f /fhwfgL 5g\ .
cG6fs{l6sf  kl5Nnf] dxfb]z, lsjL / k]Gu'Ogsf] dxfb]z, lxdrfFb/sf] dxfb]z, Continent of Blue Whale, Continent
of Science ,White Continent
 j}1flgsåf/f ;a}eGbf a9L vf]h cg';GWffg u/]sf] dxfb]z,
 cG6fs{l6sfdf 3';]sf ;d'b|x¿ /f]; / j]8]n x'g\ .
 jl/kl/af6 s'd]? dxf;fu/n] 3]/]sf] o; dxfb]znfO{ Ice-Sheet sf] dxfb]z klg elgG5 .
 g]kfnaf6 e'jgl;Fx ljZjsdf{ -;g\ !(*^ df_ of] dxfb]zdf @ k6s k'u]sf lyP .
 ;j}eGbf a9L vlghkbfy{ ePsf] dxfb]z,
 gf;fn] cG6fs{l6sfdf cg';Gwfgsf nflu vf]n]sf] pku|xnfO{ blIf0f u+u|f]6L elgG5 . To;}n] o;dxfb]znfO{
blIf0f u+u|f]6Lsf] dxfb]z klg elgG5 .
o'/f]k  d¿e"ld gePsf] dxfb]z, ljZjs} 7"nf] sf]0fwf/L jg 6f]ouf jf 6fOuf -sfuh KnfO{ lgdf{0fsf g/d ?vx¿
kfOG5_
 ljZjs} hf8f] x'g] 7fpF evf{]ofG:ofs -–#$ l8u|L_ h'g ;fOj]l/ofdf kb{5 .
 :s]08]lelgog 6fk' ePsf] dxfb]z h'g 6fk'df % j6f b]z /x]sf 5g\ . lkmgNof08, :jL8]g, 8]gdfs{, gj]{ /
cfO;Nof08 kb{5g\ . t/ z'?df 8]gdfs{, gj]{ / :jL8]g lyP h;nfO{ gflb{s b]z elgG5 .
 ljZjsf] 7'nf] /fli6«o lgs'~h 8]gdfs{sf] North East Greenland xf] h:fsf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(&$ d] @! df
ePsf] lyof] eg] xfn If]qkmn ( nfv &@ xhf/ ju{ ls=ld=df /x]sf] 5 .
 ljZjsf] 7"nf] lxdu'kmf O;/L ;]ga]N6 s]e (Austria) df /x]sf] 5 .
 ?;df lxpFn] 3]l/Psf] ;d'b|nfO{ NofK6]e elgG5 .
o'/f]ksf k|folåkx?M
!= ;fOa]l/og -:k]g / kf]r'{un_ @= O6fnL #= afNsg-a'Nu]l/of_ $= :s]lG8g]alog -gj]{ / :jL8]g_
 ;fGtf]l/gL / dfOqmf]g; 6fk' o'/f]ksf] u|L;df k5{g\ .
 Garden of Urbid eg]/ lrlgg] b]z Greece, Italy, France / Spain x'g\ .
 Switzerland nfO{ o'/f]ksf] v]n d}bfg, Ukraine nfO{ Bread Basket / Belgium nfO{ Buffer Zone of
Europe elgG5 .
 o'/f]ksf] Jofkfl/s gbL /fOg xf] .
ci6]«lnof  s+uf?sf] dxfb]z, ljlrqtfsf] dxfb]z, Ps b]z Ps dxfb]z, kftn s'jfsf] dxfb]z, , nfdf] d'ufF
kj{t u|]6Aofl/o/ l/km, 6fk' tyf Kn]l6k;sf] dxfb]z, ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dxfb]z .
 :klgkm]s; / o'sflnK6; ci6«]lnofdf kfOg] cgf}7f la?jf x'g\ .
  ci6«]lnofsf cflbaf;LnfO{ Paf]/f]lhlgh elgG5 eg] u|LgNof08sf afl;GbfnfO{ OGo'6 elgG5 . of]
dxfb]zdf j:t'efp r/fpg] 3fF;]d}bfg nfO{ Rangeland elgG5 .
 o; dxfb]znfO xfn Hjfnfd'vL lalxg klg elgPsf] 5 -xfn Hjfnfd'lvsf] ;+s]t gb]lvPsf]n] dfq
elgPsf] _
 e"dWo/]vfnfO{ g5'g] dxfb]zx¿ pQ/ cd]l/sf, cG6fs{l6sf, o'/f]k / ci6]«lnof x'g\ .;'q NEAA
 ;d'Gb| ;txeGbf klg tn /x]sf b]zsf /fhwfgLx? g]b/Nof08sf] cfD;{8d{ / ch/a}hfgsf] afs' x'g \ .
 ljZjsf ## b]zsf /fhwfgL ;d'Gb| ;txdf /x]sf 5g\ .
blIf0fsf] b]z Go"lhNof08 pQ/sf] b]z cfO;Nof08
blIf0fsf] /fhwfgL Go"lhNof08sf] a]lnªu6g pQ/sf] /fhwfgL cfO;Nof08sf] /]Shfles
blIf0fsf] zx/ lrnLsf] k'G6f Pl/gf; pQ/sf] zx/ gj{]sf] gfON;g
dxf;fu/x¿
 k[YjLsf] If]qkmn %! s/f]8 ju{ ls=ld= h;df #^ s/f]8 () nfv ju{ ls=ld=df kfgL -&)=*Ü_ h;df (&
k|ltzt kfgL g"lgnf] / # k|ltzt kfgL k|m]; /x]sf] 5 ;fy} hldg !$ s/f]8 !) nfv ju{ ls=ld=df
cyjf @(=@ k|ltzt, k[YjLsf] s'n kfgLsf] efudWo] dxf;fu/n] **=( k|ltzt / afFsL !!=! k|ltzt cGo
gbLgfnf tfntn}ofn] 9fs]sf 5g\ eg] ljZjdf d}bfgL efu $! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
 k[YjLsf] ;txdf kfgLn] 9fs]sf] ljzfn hnd08nfO{ dxf;fu/ elgG5 .
 k[YjLsf] ;txdf kfgL @@ s/f]8 3gldn /x]sf] 5 h;df s'n e"efusf] &! k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 .
 dxf;fu/ ;DaGwL cWoog ug{] zf:qnfO{ Oceanography/Oceanology elgG5 .
 pQ/L uf]nf4{df hn;tx / :yn;tx sl/a a/fa/ /x]sf] 5 eg] blIf0f uf]nf4{df :yn ;txsf] t'ngfdf
!% u'0ff a9L hn;tx /x]sf] 5 .
dxf;fu/sf] ljj/0f
If]qkmn ju{
dxf;fu/ cf}ift ulx/fO{ ulx/f] efu kfgL cfsf/
ls=ld=
k|zfGt dxf;fu/ !^ s/f]8 %& $%=
$#)) ld6/ dfl/ofgf 6]«Gr !)(($ ld= lqe'h cfsf/
(Pacific ocean) nfv %Ü
cfGb| dxf;fu/ * s/f]8 @$
#&)) ld6/ k'6f]l/sf] låk (!#* ld= @#Ü S cfsf/
(Atlantic ocean) nfv
lxGb dxf;fu/ & s/f]8 #% hfef 6«]Gr &$%) ld= @)=
#()) ld6/ cw{j[Qsf/
(Indian ocan) nfv -Sunda_ %Ü
lr;f]sf sf/0f kQf gnfu]sf]
s'd]¿ dxf;fu/ @ s/f]8 $$
@$)) ld6/ t/ st} st} Sandwich &Ü lb3{j[Qsf/
(Antarctic ocean) nfv
Trench e]l6G5 .
;'d]¿ dxf;fu/ ! s/f]8 %!
!##) ld6/ df]nlåk %^)* ld= $Ü lb3{j[Qsf/
(Arctic ocean) nfv

dxf;fu/sf] gfd ljz]iftf

k|zfGt dxf;fu/  ljZjsf] 7"nf] ± ulx/f] dxf;fu/,zfGt / ;f}Do dxf;fu/
(Pacific Ocean)  of] dxf;fu/ :k]gsf ef:sf] l8=afNjf]n] kQf nufPsf x'g\ .
(Salty)  :k]gsf cg';Gwfgstf{ kml8{g]G6 d]ugnn] of] dxf;fu/ kf/ ug]{ qmddf 8'ª\uf
rnfpFbf zfGt / ;/n ePsf]n] o;sf] gfd Kofl;lkms /fv]sf x'g\ .
 ;g @)@) sf] /]s8{df o;nfO g'lgnf] dxf;fu/ elgPsf] 5 .
cfGb| dxf;fu/  Sof/]laog ;L=, jfl0fHo, Jofkfl/s / Jo:t tyf /x:odo t6 a/d'{8f lqsf]0f-o;sf]
(Atlantic Ocean) ulx/fO{ !*)) lkm6 /x]sf]_ ePsf] tyf e'dWo/]vfn] aLraf6 sf6]sf] dxf;fu/
 pQ/L w|'jb]lv blIf0fL w|'j;Dd k}mlnPsf] dxf;fu/
 ;nfO{ ;a}eGbf cUnf] 5fn xfGg] dxf;fu/ klg elgG5 .
 ;g\ !(!@ clk|n !$ df ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kfgL hxfh 6fO6flgs P6nflG6s
 dxf;fu/df 8'a]sf] lyof] .
 Caribbean SeacfGb| dxf;fu/;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
lxGb dxf;fu/  bf];|f] ulx/f] dxf;fu/
(Indian Ocean)  of] dxf;fu/ Pl;of, clk|msf / ci6]«lnofsf] aLrdf kb{5 .
(Hottest)  g]kfnaf6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] dxf;fu/, of] dxf;fu/nfO{ st}st} M cfsf/ klg
elgG5 .
 dg;'gL dxf;fu/,t]n kfOg] dxf;fu/,tftf] dxf;fu/ klg elgG5 .
s'd]?  blIf0f w|'jLo dxf;fu/, k|zfGt / cfGb| dxf;fu/;Fu hf]l8Psf],
(Antarctic)  of] cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]zsf] rf/}lt/ blIf0f w|'jsf] cf;kf;df km}lnPsf] 5 .
 w]/} lr;f]sf sf/0f ulx/f] efu kQf gnfu]sf] .
;'d]?(Arctic)  pQ/ w|'jLo dxf;fu/ / b]jLb]jtfsf] k|ltssf] ¿kdf lrlgg] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] / sd
coldest ulx/f] dxf;fu/
ljZjdf /x]sf dxTjk"0f{ !) ;fu/x¿
cf}ift ulx/fO{
;fu/sf] gfd If]qkmn ju{ ls=ld=df laz]iftf
ld6/df
blIf0fL rfOgf ;fu/ #% nfv ju{ ls=ld= !@)) ld6/ ;j}eGbf 7'nf]
Sof/]ljog ;fu/ @& nfv %$ xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= @$)) ld6/ ulx/f]
e"dWo;fu/ @% nfv # xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= !$*% ld6/ clk|msf / o"/f]k 5'6\ofpg]
a]l/ª ;fu/ @@ nfv ^* xhf/ !*) ju{ ls=ld= !$)) ld6/ Pl;of / pQ/ cd]l/sf
5'6\ofpg]
d]lS;sf] ;fu/ !% nfv $@ xhf/ (*% ju{ ls=ld= !%)) ld6/
;L ckm cf]vf]T;s !% nfv @& xhf/ %&) ju{ ls=ld= *$) ld6/ /l;of / hfkfg df
k"jL{ rfOgf ;fu/ !@ nfv $( xhf/ !%) ju{ ls=ld= !*) ld6/
x8\;g j] !@ nfv #@ xhf/ #)) ju{ ls=ld= !@) ld6/ sf]nlDaof / cd]l/sf sd
ulx/f]
hfkfgL ;fu/ !) nfv & xhf/ %)) ju{ ls=ld= !#&) ld6/
s[i0f ;fu/ (Black) $ nfv ^! xhf/ (*)ju{ ls=ld= !!)) ld6/ hlh{of -ANofs l;_
e"dWo/]vf
 k[YjLnfO{ l7s laraf6 cfwf x'g] ul/ k[YjLsf] k"j{ klZrd lbzftkm{ pQ/ blIf0f x'g] ul/ lvlrPsf] t];f{]
sfNklgs /]vfNffO{ e"dWo /]vf elgG5 . k[YjL r]K6f] x'bfF e"dWo/]vfdf u'?Tjfsif{0f sd / w'|adf a9L x'G5 .
 e"dWo/]vLo If]qdf ;fd'lGb|s wf/ k"j{af6 klZrdtkm{ axg] ub{5 . ;a}eGbf nfdf] cIff+z /]vf e"dWo/]vf
xf] .
 e"dWo/]vfsf] pQ/df ()) ;Dd () j6f / e"dWo/]vfsf] blIf0fdf ()) ;Dd () j6f u/L hDdf cIff+z
/]vfx¿ !*) j6f lvlrPsf x'G5g\ .
 of] /]vfdf s'g} klg j:t' /fVbf l;wf x'G5 ;fy} o;df kg]{ pQ/L uf]nf4{df kfgL anticlockwise df v:5
eg] blIf0fL uf]nf4{df kfgL clockwise v:5, e"dWo/]vfdf ;"o{sf] k|sfz l;wf ¿kdf kb{5 . To;}n] a9L
udL{ x'G5 . e"dWo /]vfn] k[YjLnfO{ pQ/ / blIf0f w|'jdf ljefhg ub{5 .
cfIff+z b]zfGt/
b'/L lgwf{/0f u5{ . ;do lgwf{/0f u5{ .
pQ/ / blIf0f lbzftkm{ lvlrPsf x'G5g\ . k"j{ klZrd lbzftkm{ lvlrPsf x'G5g\ .
pQ/df () / blIf0fdf () ul/ !*) j6f x'G5g\ . k"j{df !*) / klZrddf !*) ul/ #^) j6f
x'G5g\ .
k"0f{ a[Qfsf/ x'G5g t/ slxNo} a/fa/ x'b}gg\ . cw{ a[Qfsf/ x'G5g t/ ;w} nDafO{ a/fa/ x'G5g\ .
)
) = e"dWo/]vf elgG5 . ))= k|wfgDfWofGx /]vf
 ())= w|'j !*))= cGt/f{li6«o ltly /]vf
)
! = !!! ls=ld t/ e'dWo/]vfdf !!!=# ls=ld !)= $ ldg]6
cIff+; (Latitude)
 e"dWo/]vf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] u/L k[YjLsf] pQ/ blIf0ftkm{ lvlrPsf t];|f sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ cIff+z
elgG5 . h'g /]vfx¿ k"0f{ j[Qfsf/df lvlrPsf x'G5g\ . h;n] b"/L dfkg ub{5 .
 cIff+z l8u|L, ldg]6 / ;]s]08 PsfO{df gflkG5 .
 cIff+z /]vfx¿ !÷! l8u|Lsf] km/sdf x'G5g\ . !) cIff+zsf] km/sdf ;/b/ !!! ls=ld= km/s kb{5 .
 e"dWo k|b]zdf Go"gtd tfk leGgtf x'gfn] eg] ;a}eGbf a9L udL{ ) ) cIff+z /]vf -e"dWo/]vf_ If]qdf
x'G5 . e"dWo/]vfsf] @) b]vL #) l8u|L ;Dd ;a}eGbf a9L tfkleGgtf /xG5 .
 sd cIff+z If]qeGbf a9L cIff+z If]qdf ;"o{sf] k|sfz 58\s] kb}{ hfG5 .

k[YjLsf] ;txsf] s'g} lglZrt :yfgaf6 k[YjLsf] Jof;sf] csf]{ 5]pdf kg]{ :yfgnfO{ k|ltnf]d (Antipode)
elgG5 .

ljleGg cIff+z /]vfx¿

!= ss{6 /]vf (Tropic of @#!÷@ l8u|L pQ/L cIff+z %=sl6a4 /]vf %) tn dfly
cancer) /]vf Doldrums
@= ds/ /]vf (Capricon) @#!÷@ l8u|L blIf0fL ^=3f]8] cfIff+z Horse !%)- @%) b'a} lt/
cIff+z /]vf latitude
#= s'd]? j[Q (Antarctic ^^!÷@ l8u|L blIf0fL &=Jofkfl/s jfo' Trade #))- #%) b'a}lt/
Circle) cIff+z winds
$= ;'d]? j[Q (Arctic Circle) ^^!÷@ l8u|L pQ/L cIff+z *=uh{g]jfnf rfln;f $))– ^))
/]vf
 e"dWo/]vfsf] %) tn / dfly ;"o{sf ls/0f l;wf kg{ uO{ cToflws tfkqmd eO{ xfjf g} gx'g] jf ePsf] xfjf ult
klg zfGt tj/n] axg] If]qnfO{ sl6a4 /]vf (Doldrums) elgG5
k|wfgdWofGx /]vf
 k[YjLsf] 7Ls aLraf6 cfwf x'g] u/L k[YjLsf] pQ/ w|'jb]lv blIf0f w|'j;Dd lvlrPsf] 7f8f] )) sfNklgs
b]zfGt/ /]vfnfO{ k|wfgdWofGx /]vf elgG5 .
 k|wfgdWofGx /]vf z"Go l8u|Ldf b]zfGt/ dflgG5 . k|wfgdWofGx /]vf k"j{sf] ;do l56f] / klZrdsf] ;do
l9nf] x'G5 .
 k|wfgdWofGx /]vfb]lv k"j{tkm{ !@ j6f / klZrd tkm{ !@ ul/ @$ j6f ;do If]q lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
b]zfGt/ (Longitude)
 k|wfg dGWofGx /]vfsf] k"j{ klZrd lbzftkm{ lvlrPsf 7f8f sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ b]zfGt/ elgG5 .
 b]zfGt/ sfNklgs /]vf xf], h;n] ;dosf] dfkg ub{5 . b]zfGt/ /]vf cw{j[Qfsf/ x'G5 t/ nDafO{ a/fa/
x'G5g\ . !) b]zfGt/sf] km/sdf $ ldg]6 x'G5 . b]zfGt/ /]vfx¿hDdf #^) j6f x'G5g\ .
 k|wfgdWofGx /]vfsf] k'j{ tkm{ !*) cf]6f b]zfGt/ /]vf / klZrd tkm{ !*) u/L #^) ) b]zfGt/ /]vfdf
!$$) ldg]6 cyf{t\ @$ 306f ;do lgwf{/0f x'G5 .
 b]zfGt/ /]vfx¿ pQ/ tyf blIf0fL w|'jdf cGTo x'G5g\ .
 b]zfGt/ /]vfsf] ;xof]un] :yfgLo ;do kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .
 !%) b]zfGt/ a/fa/ ! 306f ;do km/s kb{5 .
cGt/f{li6«o ltly /]vf
 ljZjsf] ltly, ldlt, 5'6\ofpg] !*)) b]zfGt/ /]vfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ltly /]vf elgG5 .
 Pp6} :yfg jf b]zleq ltly, ldlt, ;do / af/df Ps ¿ktf Nofpg cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf afª\uf]l6ª\uf]
u/L lvlrPsf] x'G5 t/ ;d'Gb|df eg] l;wf x'G5 .
  cGt/f{li6«o ltly /]vf afª\uf]l6ª\uf] geO{ l;wf ePdf of] /]vfn] sf6]sf b]zx¿df b'O{lt/ b'O{ k|sf/sf ut]
tyf af/ x'g] ;d:of ePsf]n] To:tf] x'g glbgsf nflu of] /]vf afª\uf]l6ª\uf] kfl/Psf] 5 .
 ;g\ !**$ gf]e]Da/ ! df )) lu|gljrsf] ;donfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cGt/f{li6«o ltly /]vfsf] cfwf/df
ljZjsf] tLlyldlt lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
;do (Time)
 ;"o{sf] l:ylt cg';f/ ljleGg :yfgsf ;dox¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf x'G5g\ .
 k[YjL klZrdaf6 k"j{lt/ 3'Dg] ePsf]n] k|To]s !% b]zfGt/df ! 306fsf] lx;fan] ;do km/s k5{ .
 h:t} k"j{tkm{ !*) b]zfGt/ /]vf × $ ldg]6 ;do km/s kg]{ x'Fbf k"j{sf] ;do &@) ldg]6 cyf{t \ !@
306f l56f] / klZrdsf] ;do k|wfg dWofGg /]vfb]lv !@ 306f l9nf] x'G5 . To;}n] ljZjdf Time zone
sf] ;+Vof @$ /x]sf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf /]vfx¿
nfOg 5'6\ofpg] cfwf/
d]s df]xg nfOg la|l6z k|ltlglw Sir Mc Mohan åf/f ;g\ !(!$ df rLg / ef/t aLr lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
(Mc Mohan Line) %%) dfOn nfdf] ;Ldf /]vfnfO{ Mc Mohan Line elgG5 . xfn of] ;Ldf /]vfnfO{ rLgn]
c:jLsf/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
8\o'/]G8 nfOg of] ;g\ !*(# df ef/t / ckmuflg:tfg aLr lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ;Ldf /]vf xf] . h;nfO{ xfn
(Durand Line) ckmuflg:tfgn] c:jLsf/ ub{5 .
d[To'/]vf cd]l/sf / lnlaoflar ljjfb k/]sf] cGt/fli6«o hn;Ldf /]vf .
lxG8]gju{ nfOg ;g\ !(!& df hd{gL / kf]NofG8 aLr lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ;Ldf /]vf .
(Hindenberg Line)
/]8 lSnkm nfOg ;g\ !($& df ef/t / kfls:tfg aLr lgwf{l/t ;Ldf /]vf
(Red Clif Line)
d]lhg6 nfOg bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ;dodf hd{gsf] ;Defljt cfqmd0faf6 aRg k|mfG;n] :jLh/Nof08b]lv
(Miginot Line) a]lNhod;Dd agfPsf] lsNnf
c8{/ lgl;nfOg bf];|f] ljZj o'4tfsf ljh]tf /fi6«x¿n] kf]NofG8 / k"jL{ hd{gL aLr lvr]sf] /]vf .
(Order Neisse Line)
l;uk|m]8 nfOg (Seigfried hd{gLåf/f lgld{t hd{gL / k|mfG; aLrsf] ;Ldf /]vf .
Line)
d]g/]xd nfOg ?; / lkmgNofG8 aLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf .
o'/]lzof o'/f]k / Pl;of dxfb]znfO{ 5'6\ofpg] Ps xf]rf] kxf8 / ;fgf] gbL .
!& Kof/fnfn pQ/ blIf0f leotgfd larsf] ;Ldf/]vf, tL b]zaLr PsLs/0f eO/s]sf]n] xfn o;sf]
cl:tTj 5}g\ .
@) Kof/fnfn lnlaof / ;'8fg aLrsf] /]vf
@@ Kof/fnfn pQ/df OlhK6 / ;'8fg / blIf0fdf jf]T:jfgf / gfldlaof aLrsf] /]vf
@$ Kof/fnfn ef/t / kfls:tfg aLr, kfls:tfgåf/f dfu ul/Psf] ;Ldf/]vf h;nfO{ ef/tn] c:jLsf/
ub{5 .
#* Kof/fnfn pQ/ / blIf0f sf]l/of aLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf
$( Kof/fnfn SofG8f / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf aLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf .
kj{tdfnf
 kj{tdfnfn] ljZjsf] !@ k|ltzt e"–efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
 ljZjs} ;a}eGbf nfdf] kj{tdfnf Pl08h -sl/a &@)) ls=ld=_ xf] .
 ljZjs} cUnf] / 7"nf] kj{tdfnf lxdfno kj{tdfnf xf] . of] Pl;of dxfb]zdf kb{5 .
 ax'd"No wft' kfOg] x'gfn] Pl08h kj{tdfnfnfO{ ;DkGg kj{tdfnf elgG5
 d+un u|xdf ;u/dfyf eGbf $ bf]Aa/ cUnf] kj{t 5 h;sf] gfd Nix-Olympia xf] .
 ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr 6fk'n] lrlgg] 6fk' Puncak Jaya, xf] eg] ;d'b| leqsf] pRr kj{tdfnf sfl8{n]/f -k|zfGt
dxf;fu/_ xf] eg] nfdf] kj{tdfnf Mid Ocean Ridge xf] .
 ljZjdf ;jf{lws kmf]6f] lvlrPsf] kxf8 km'hL -hfkfg_ xf] .
 af}4, lxGb', O:nfd wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| dflgg] Adam's Peak >Ln+sfdf kb{5 .
 ci6]«lnof dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] kj{tdfnf Great Dividing Range xf] .
 ;d'b|sf] lkFwaf6 ;a}eGbf pRr :yfgdf /x]sf] kxf8 df}gfsL xf] .
 b]jL b]jtfx¿sf] af;:yfg dflgg] kj{t ;'d]? kj{t xf] eg] lu|s b]jL b]jtfx¿sf] af;:yfg dflgg] kj{t
dfp06 cf]nDk; xf] . dfp06 cf]nDk; lu|;sf] ;jf]{Rr kj{t xf] .
 cd]l/sfsf $ e"tk"j{ /fi6«klt hh{ jfl;ª6g, yf]d; h]km/;g, ca|fxd ln+sg / 6]8L ?Hj]N6sf] d'vfs[lt
c+lst ul/Psf] kxf8 dfpG6 /;df]/ xf] .
 g]kfnsf gbLgfnfx¿n] aufPsf] df6f] hDdf eP/ a+ufnsf] vf8ldf lgld{t kxf8nfO{ Go"df]/ elgG5 .
ljleGg kj{tdfnf / ltgsf] cjl:ylt
kj{t z[ª\vnf dxfb]z b]z ljz]iftf
lxdfno kj{t Pl;of Dofgdf/b]lv ljZjs} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / cUnf] /
prfO{ M **$*=*^ ld= ckmuflg:tfg;Dd ljZjsf !)( pRr lxdfnodWo]
nDafO{ M@$)) (^ lxdfn o;} kj{t z[ª\vnfdf
ls=ld= /x]sf 5g\ .
u|]8 l8efOl8ª /]~h ci6]«lnof ci6]«lnof ci6]«lnof dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
prfO{M @@@* ld= kj{tdfnf
nDafO{= #&)) oxfF :gf]xL kj{tdfn ;d]t k5{
ls=ld=
cfNk; o'/f]k k|mfG;, :jLh/Nof08, o'/f]ksf] 7'nf] kj{tdfnf
prfO{M=$*!) ld= cli6«of, O6fnL
nDafO{ !@))
ls=ld=
o'/fn o'/f]k ?; o'/f]k / Pl;ofnfO{ hf]8\g]
prfO{M !*(% ld=
nDafO{ @%))
ls=ld=
/sL pQ/ cd]l/sf cd]l/sf / Sofg8f pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] d'Vo tyf nfdf]
prfO{M $$)! ld= kj{tdfnf
nDafO{ $*))
ls=ld=
;fOgfO clk|msf OlhK6 O;fO{ wd{;Fu ;DalGwt / of]
prfO{M @@*% ld= kj{tsf] af/]df afOandf pNnv]
nDafO{ ##@ ls=ld= /x]sf] .
P6\nf; clk|msf df]/f]Ssf], 6\o'lgl;of / clk|msfsf] d'Vo kj{tdfnf
prfO{M $!^& ld= cNh]l/sf
nDafO{ @%))
ls=ld=
km'hL -km'hL,#&&^_ Pl;of hfkfg ljZjdf w]/}n] kmf]6f] lvr]sf], lrq
-Hjfnfd'vLaf6 sf/]sf] / cf/f]x/0f u/]sf],
ag]sf]_ hfkfgsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] kj{t xf]
P8D; lks Pl;of >Ln+sf tLg wdf{jnDaLx¿ lxGb', af}4 /
d'l:ndsf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb|
;'d]? Pl;of ef/tsf] pQ/fv08 lxGb' b]jL b]jtfx¿sf] jf;:yfg
ePsf] kj{t
 ljGWofrn Pl;of ef/tsf] pQ/ k|b]z, dWo lxGb' CifLd'lgx¿f] jf;:yfg ePsf]
k|b]z u'h/ft / ljxf/
s}nfz Pl;of –rLg rLg lzjsf] jf;:yfg ePsf] dflgG5
ab|Lgfy Pl;of ef/tsf] pQ/fv08 z+v/frfo{n] jf; u/]sf] lzj
dlGb/ ab|Lgfywfd /x]sf]
kfld/ Pl;of tflhls:tfg, rLg / ss]l;o;, o;nfO{ ufdf]{lks
ckmuflg:tfg elgG5 .

kj{t z[ª\vnf dxfb]z b]z ljz]iftf

ss]l;o; Pl;of / o'/f]k /l;of, hlh{of/ /
ch/j}hfg
cNa6{ pQ/ cd]l/sf Sofg8f
cf]nlDks pQ/ cd]l/sf cd]l/sf
h'/f]÷h'/f o'/f]k k|mfG; / :jL6\/Nof08
:k]gfOg lxN; o'/f]k O6fnL
jNsfg o'/f]k a'Nu]l/of
ag]{h cfNk; o'/f]k :jLh/Nof08
ANofs dfpG6]g o'/f]k a]nfot black forest - Germani
dfp06 cf/f/ft o'/f]k 6sL{
;fofg Pl;of / o'/f]k d+uf]lnof b]lv ?; ;Dd
Pk]gfOG; o'/f]k O6fnL b]lv ;fgdfl/gf] ;Dd
h;s/ -h+;f/_ Pl;of n2fvb]lv l;+w' gbL ;Dd
skf{lyog o'/f]k
Kjolen o'/f]k gj]{ / :jL8]g (Third Scander klg elgG5)
Queen o'/f]k :jLh/Nof08
Pl08h b=cd]l/sf ljZjsf] nfdf] kj{tdfnf &@)) ls=ld= nDafO{df e]g]h'Pnf,
sf]nlDaof, OSj]8/, k]¿, af]lnleof, lrnL / ch]{lG6gf u/L & j6f
b]zdf km}lnPsf] -;'q ABC K.P e]O{_
ljZjsf nfdf kj{tdfnfx¿
qm=;= kj{tdfnf nDafO{
1. Mid Ocean Ridge 40,389 km सस.नं.१ को समुन्र सित्रको पर्वतमाला
2. Andrige 7200 km हो िने अरू सबै जसमनका पर्वतमाला
3. /sL 4800 km हुन ् ।
4. u|]8 l8efOl8ª /]~h 3700 km
5. 6«fG; :oflG6«l6s -cG6fs{l6sf_ 3500 km
6. Kunlun 3000 km
7. o'/fn 2500 km
kj{tdf ljZjsf] ! k|ltzt / :ynd08ndf @^ k|ltzt hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5
ljZjsf *))) ld= dflysf !$ j6f lxdfnx¿
gfd b]z prfO{ -ld6/_ kj{t >]0fL
;u/dfyf g]kfn *,*$*=*^ lxdfno -v'Da'_
dfpG6 s] 6' -u8\ljg cl:6g_ kfls:tfg *,^!! sf/fsf]/d, Savage Mountain
s~rghª\3f g]kfn *,%*^ lxdfno, Gold River
 Nxf]T;] g]kfn *,%!^ lxdfno
dsfn' g]kfn *,$^# lxdfno
rf]o' g]kfn *,@)! lxdfno
wf}nflul/ g]kfn *,!^& lxdfno
dgf:n' g]kfn *,!^# lxdfno
gfd b]z prfO{ -ld6/_ kj{t >]0fL
g+uf kj{t ef/t *,!@% lxdfno
cGgk"0f{ g]kfn *,)(! lxdfno
uz]/a|'d k|yd (K5), Beautiful kfls:tfg *,)^* sf/fsf]/d
mountain klg elgG5 .
a|f]8lks k|yd (K3) kfls:tfg *,)$& sf/fsf]/d
uz]/a|'d låtLo (K4) kfls:tfg *,)#$ sf/fsf]/d
l;;f kfª\df, uf];fOyfg lxdfn rLg *,)!# sf/fsf]/d
d?e"ld
 afn'j}afn'jf ePsf], kfgL gePsf] ;'Vvf cg'j{/ e"dLnfO{ d?e"dL elgG5 .
 Pl;ofsf] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] d?e"dL c/]laog d?e"dL xf] eg] ljZjs} 7"nf] d?e"dL clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ;xf/f
d?e"dL xf] . d':tfªnfO{ g]kfnsf] d?e"dL eg]/ lrlgG5 .
 jftfj/0fdf k/]sf] gsf/fTds c;/sf sf/0f df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm Pj+ pTkfbsTjdf sdL cfpg] cj:yfnfO{
d?e"lds/0f elgG5 .
 ;fdfGotof d?e"ldnfO{ @ -afn'jfo'Qm d?e"ld / r§fgL d?e"ld_ efudf afl8Psf] 5 .
d?e"ld

Cold/Ice Dry
-lzt÷w|'jLo_ -;'Vvf_
– PG6fs{l6s – ;xf/f
– cfs{l6s – uf]jL
 6'G8«f xfjfkfgLnfO{ zLt d?e"ld tyf t];|f] w|'|jsf] xfjfkfgLsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .
 ef/tsf] yf/ d?e"ldaf6 g]kfnsf] klZrdL efudf rNg] tftf] xfjfnfO …n"Ú elgG5 .
 :k]gsf] /fhwfgL d]l8«6df d?e"ld Go"gs/0f;DaGwL ;Dd]ng ;]K6]Da/ #–$, @))& df ;DkGg eof] .
 lxdfnL k|b]znfO{ g]kfnsf] d?e"ldsf] k|b]z eg]/ lrlgG5 .
 ljZjsf] ;'Vvf d?e"dL cf6fsfdf -lrnL_ xf] .hxfFaf6 ;g\ @)!( sf] clk|ndf ;a}eGbf a9L Black Hole
sf] tl:a/ lvlrPsf] lyof] .
 ;fx/f d?e"ldaf6 klZrd tkm{ axg] tftf] ;'Vvf w'nf]o'Qm jfo'nfO{ xf/d6g elgG5 .
 luA;g / l;Dk;g d?e"ld ci6«]lnofdf k5{g\ .
ljZjsf 7"nf d?e"ldx¿
qm=;+= gfd k|sf/ If]qkmn
1. PG6fs{l6s (Cold Ice, zLt d?e"dL) w'|ljo d?e"ld ! s/f]8 $) nfv
2. cfs{l6s(Cold Ice, zLt d?e"dL) w'|ljo d?e"ld ! s/f]8 #( nfv *% xhf/
3. ;fxf/f -!! j6f b]zdf km}lnPsf]_ pi0f *$ nfv ju{ ls=dL eGbf a9L
4. ci6]«lnog pi0f @& nfv
5. c/]laog -anf}6]_ -Pl;ofsf * j6f pi0f @# nfv #) xhf/
/fi6«_
6. uf]lj -rLg / d+uf]lnof_ Cold winter !@ nfv (% xhf/
7. sfnfxf/L- jf]:jfgf_ pi0f ( nfv
 8. ch]{lG6gfsf] lenL k]6fuf]lgog Cold winter ^ nfv @) xhf/
9. O/fs,hf]8{g / l;l/of pi0f % nfv @) xhf/
10. u|]6 j]l;g Cold winter $,(@,)))
e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x?
 Rff/}lt/af6 hldgn] 3]l/Psf] ;fd'lGb|s lsgf/f ;Dd ghf]l8Psf] /fi6«nfO{ e"kl/j]li7t /fi6« elgG5 .
 ljZjdf hDdf $* j6f e"kl/j]li7t /fi6« 5g\ .
 ljZjdf e"kl/j]li7t ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?sf] ;+Vof ## /x]sf] 5 .
 ljZjdf ljsl;t d'n's e"kl/j]li7tsf] ;+Vof !% /x]sf] 5 .
ljZjsf 7'nf ljZjsf ;fgf hg;+Vof a9L hg;+Vof sd
sfhls:tfg Eofl6sg l;6L Olyof]lkof Eofl6sg l;6L
;fgdfl/gf]
d+uf]lnof o'uf08f ;fgdfl/gf]
-ljZjsf] k'/fgf] b]z_
Rff8 lnr]:6fog ckmuflg:tfg lnr]:6fOg
gfOh/ P08f]/f pHh]ls:tfg ;fpy cf];]lrof
dfln nSh]Dju{ g]kfn P08f]/f
e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x?sf] juL{s/0f
bf]xf]/f] (Double) cw{ (Semi) Psf]xf]/f] (Single)
 s'g} klg e"kl/j]li7t d'n's cs}{  s'g} d'n'ssf] yf]/} efun] dfq  #* b]z
l5d]sL e"–kl/j]li7tn] 3]l/Psf] 5 ;fd'lGb|s lsgf/f 5f]Psf] 5 eg]  s'g} Pp6f
eg] To;nfO{ bf]xf]/f] e"kl/j]li7t To:tfnfO{ cw{ e"kl/j]li7t /fi6« e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«n]
elgG5 . elgG5 . dfq 5f]Psf 5 eg]
 Plzofsf] pHj]ls:tfg / o'/f]ksf]  ljZjdf a]gLg, af]l:gof To;nfO{ Psf]xf]/f]
lnr]:6fOg ul/ ljZjdf @ j6f xh{uf]legf, s+uf], uflDaof, O/fs, elgG5 .
bf]xf]/f] e"kl/j]li7t /fi6« /x]sf hf]8{g, :nf]e]lgof / 6f]uf] ul/ *
5g\ . j6f b]z /x]sf 5g\ .
 pHj]ls:tfgnfO{ ckmuflg:tfg,
sfhls:tfg, lslh{ls:tfg,
t's]{ldlg:tfg / tfhls:tfgn]
3]/]sf 5g\ eg] lnr]:6fOnfO{
cli6«of / :jL6h/Nof08n] 3]/]sf
5g\ .

gbL (River)
 lxpF klUnP/ cyf{t\ kfgLsf] k|fs[lts d'xfgaf6 lg:s]/ w/ftndf aUg] kfgLsf] lgoldt k|jfxnfO{ gbL
elgG5 .
 gbL pTklQ x'g] 7fpFnfO{ d'xfg / cGTo x'g] 7fpFnfO{ d'v elgG5 .
 d'Vo gbL;Fu ldNg] ;–;fgf gbLnfO{ ;xfos gbL (Tributary) / 7"nf] gbLaf6 5'l§P/ uPsf] gbLnfO{
zfvf gbL (Branch) elgG5 .
 b'O{ gbL ldNg] :yfgnfO{ bf]efg elgG5 eg] tLg gbL ldNg] :yfgnfO{ lqj]0fL elgG5 .
 gbLn] bfofFafofF sd / lkFwdf a9L lvofpg] x'Fbf gbLsf] dfu{ 'V' cfsf/sf] x'G5
ljZjsf k|d'v gbLx¿
gbL nDafO{ -ls=ld=_ dxfb]z÷b]z v:g] 7fpF ljz]iftf
gfOn -lgn_ ^^() clk|msf–!! b]z e"dWo;fu/ ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL,
OlhK6nfO{ gfOnsf] a/bfg elgG5
.
 cd]hg ^@(^ b=cd]l/sf – cfGb| dxf;fu/ ljZjsf] 7"nf] ^ j6f b]z eP/,
a|flhn ;f]nf]df]O; gbL klg elgG5 .
ldl;;LkL ^@$) p=cd]l/sf– d]lS;sf] vf8L ljZjsf] t];|f] nfdf],!) j6f /fHo
ld;f}/L cd]l/sf eP/ aUg]
ofGh] –ofª;L ^#)) Pl;of–rLg rfOgf ;L Pl;ofsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] /
ljZjsf] t];|f] 7"nf]
xjfªuf] %$^$ Pl;of–rLg af]xfO{ ;fu/ w]/} afn'jf af]Sg], kx]Fnf] gbL,
(Yellow sea) rLgsf] zf]s / ljZjf;3ft gbL
elgG5 .
cf]gL %%^) Pl;of–$ b]z cf]jLsf] vf8L
kf/fgf $**) b=cd]l/sL–% b]z Rio De La
Plata
Plg;L %%#( /l;of / d+uf]lnof pQ/L w|'j
dxf;fu/
s+uf] $&)) clk|msf–( b]z cfGb| dxf;fu/
gfOh/ $@)) clk|msf–!) b]z ufogfsf] vf8L t]n gbL elgG5 .
d]sª $#%) Pl;of–^ b]z ;fpy rfOgf cGTf/f{li6«o :t/sf] gbL,^ j6f b]z
;L eP/ aUg]
ef]Nuf #^(@ o'/f]k Sofl:kog ;fu/ o'/f]ksf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] / 7"nf],
k'/fgf] gfd Rha xf] .
cd'/ @*@$ ?; / rLg Tatar strait
8]Go'a @*$@ o'/f]k Anfs ;L !) b]z eP/ aUg] cGTf/f{li6«o
o'/fn gbL :t/sf] gbL
a|xd k'q @*(& Pl;of–ef/t a+ufnsf] vf8L
d/] 8fln{ª #&)) ci6]«lnof PGsfpG6]6 j]
6]D; ^@(^ o'/f]k pQ/L ;fu/
;/bl/of c/a ;fu/

gbL;Fu cGo k|;ª\ux¿

 Father of water / Old man river eg]/ ldl;l;kL ld;f}/L gbLnfO{ lrlgG5 .
 ljZjsf] hf]8{g gbLdf df5f kfOb}g .
 @ k6s;Dd e"–dWo/]vfnfO{ sf6\g] ljZjsf] Ps dfq gbL s+uf] xf] .
 ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf a9L jfn'jf af]Sg] gbL Xjfªuf] xf] -bf]>f] a9L afn'jf af]Sg] gbL g]kfnsf] sf]zL xf]_ !)
b]z eP/ aUg] gbL 8]Go'j xf] h'g hd{gL cli6«of, x+u]/L, r]sf]:nf]eflsof, o'uf]:nfeflsof, o's]g, dfn8f]ef,
;lj{of,a'Nu]l/of / ?d]lgof x'Fb} aU5 .
 o'/f]ksf] 8]Go'j gbL leogf, a'9fkf]:6 / j]nu|]8 u/L # b]zsf /fhwfgL cjl:yt 5g\ .
 d]sªnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o gbLsf] gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5 .
 kfFr gbLsf] e"ld eg]/ ef/tsf] k~hfanfO{ lrlgG5 .
 Pl;ofsf] d]sª gbL rLg, adf{, nfcf];, yfONof08, sDaf]l8of / leotgfd u/L ^ /fi6« eP/ aUb5 .
 xfO{ ;L eGgfn] ;a} b]zn] pkof]u ug{ kfpg] v'nf ;d'b| xf] .
 o'/f]ksf] /fOg gbLsf] hndfu{ ;jf{lws Jo:t cGtM :ynLo hndfu{ xf] . To;}n] o'/f]k sf] Jofkfl/s gbL
/fOgnfO{ elgG5 .
s'g zx/ s'g gbLsf] lsgf/df <
zx/ gbL zx/ gbL zx/ gbL
sfo/f] lgn aUbfb l6lu|; sf7df8f}+ afudtL
 s/fFrL l;Gw' ofª\u'g O{/fjlt lbNnL od'gf
8lAng lnkm] cf]6faf ;]06n/]G; k6gf u+uf
n08g 6]D; hd{gL /fOg snsQf x'UnL
/f]d 6fOa/ sf]nDaf] s]nfgL /+u'g OGb|fjtL
d:sf] df]sfjf afl;G6g l8=;L= kf]6f]Dofs 8];s]g PNa
6f]lsof] ;'ldbf Go"of]s{ x8;g a}+ss d]td
Ao'g;{cfo{; nfKnf6f nfxf}/ /fjL gbL jf;f{ le:t'nf
jln{g l:k| u'xf/L a|xdk'q leogf 8\ofg'a
gfl;s uf]bfj/L >Lgu/ e]|nd cfu/f od'gf
sfa'n sfa'n aln{g ?rL Onfxfjfb u+uf, hd'gf, ;/;tL
c+sf/f l/lhn lkm/f]h/k'/ ;thn r6ufp e}ofgL
6f]/G6f] zx/ cf]G6fl/of] jf]g /fOg nvgp uf]dtL
dlG6«on ;]G6 n/]G; ;f]n xfg gbL ;+3fO{ ofª=l; Yofª
vft{'d gfOn sfgk'/ u+uf lkmnf8]lNkmof 8]nfj/
Source: Cracku.in
lxdgbL (Glacier)
 Glacier zAb French sf] glash-SAy af6 cfPsf] xf] .
 lxdfnL kxf8x¿df k/]sf] lxpF y'lk|P/ tx tx ylkFb} hfFbf dflyNnf] txsf] rfkn] ubf{ tNnf] txsf] lxpF
lrKn]/ tyf kUn]/ aUg] lxpFsf] k|jfxnfO{ lxdgbL (Glacier) elgG5 . h;nfO{ River of Ice klg elgG5 .
 lxdgbLn] cfˆgf] dfu{df /x]sf r§fg pKsfpFb} aUbf aGg] 7"nf 7"nf vfN8fnfO{ lxd;fu/ elgG5 eg]
lxdgbLn] aufP/ NofPsf] df6f], afn'jf, 9'ª\uf, emf/kft cflb kbfy{nfO{ lxdf]9 elgG5 .
 pQ/L kfls:tfgsf] sf/fsf]/d sflZd/l:yt Pl;ofsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] Glacier - Baltoro Glacier
(62 km) xf] .
 hxfF lxdgbL Terminate x'G5 To;nfO{ Glacier foot elgG5 .
 lxdgbLnfO{ # k|sf/df juL{s/0f ug]{ ul/G5 M
lxdgbL

j]zL lxdgbL dxlåkLo lxdgbL k]mbL lxdgbL

– kxf8L w/ftndf lglZrt – kxf8sf] 7"nf] e"–efu – kxf8sf] km]bdf b'O{ jf
j]zL eP/ aug] lxdgbL . 7fs]/ ;d'b|;Dd aUg] b'O{eGbf a9L lxdgbL ldn]/
h:t} M v'Da' lxdgbL . ag]sf] lxdgbL
 k[YjLsf] w/ftnsf] lgbL{i6 prfO{dfly x/avt lxpF hDg] :yfgnfO{ 5'6\ofpg] sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ lxd/]vf
(Snow line) elgG5 .
 lxd/]vf ;fdfGotofM %))) ld6/ jf ;f] eGbf a9L prfO{df kfOG5 .
 ;d'b|df t}l/g] 7"nf 7"nf lxpFsf l9Ssf -8Nnf_ nfO{ lxdlznf 'Iceberg' elgG5 eg] lxdf]9 y'llk|P/ aGg]
nfdf] l9:sf] h:tf] e"–cfs[ltnfO{ P:s/ (Esker) elgG5 .
 g]kfnsf] xf]rf] lxd/]vf uf]/vf lhNnfdf /x]sf] $%)) ld6/ cUnf] ?kLgfnf xf] .
 pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] nfdf] lxdgbLnfO{ a]l/ª elgG5 .
lxdgbL b]z lxdgbL b]z
Fox Newzealand Arial America
Schlatenkess Austria Gorner Switzerland
lxdgbL ;DaGwL cGo hfgsf/L
 lxdgbL k|foM lha|f] cfsf/df a5g\ .
 lxdgbL au]sf] 7fpFdf aGg] s'jf h:tf] ulx/f] vfN8f]nfO{ vfkf]{; elgG5 .
 g]kfnsf] 7"nf] lxdgbL v'Da' ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf kb{5 .
 g]kfnsf] nfdf] lxdgbL nfª6fª /;'jf lhNnfdf k5{ .
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] / 7'nf lxdgbL NofDa6{ -cG6fs{l6sf_ xf] . h:fsf] nDafO{ $)) ls=ld= / rf}8fO{
$) ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 .
lxdf]9 % k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M
clGtd lxdf]9 lxdgbLsf] cGt x'g] :yfgdf y'lk|Psf] lxdf]9
;txL lxdf]9 lxdgbLsf] dflyNnf] ;txdf 5l/Psf] lxdf]9
dWojtL{ lxdf]9 @ j6f lxdgbL ldNg] 7fpFdf b'O{ tkm{sf lsgf/L lxdf]9 hf]l8P/ ag]sf] lxdf]9 .
lsgf/L lxdf]9 lxdgbLsf] bfofFafofF lsgf/df y'lk|Psf] lxdf]9
lkFw lxdf]9 lxdgbLn] aufP/ NofPsf] lxdf]9 lxdgbLsf] lkFwdf hDdf x'g] lxdf]9 .
gf]6 M & j6f dxfb]zsf 7'nf lxdgbL cuf8L dxfb]z Topic df x]g'{xf]nf .
tfn÷lxdtfn
 rf/}lt/af6 hldgn] 3]l/Psf] kfgLsf] efunfO{ tfn (Lake) elgG5 .
 kfgLsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ tfnnfO{ @ k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= :jR5 kfgLsf] tfn @= g'lgnf] kfgLsf] tfn
 tfn gbLsf pb\ud :yn / ljno :Yfn b'j} x'g ;S5g\ .
 ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf a9L kftfn s'jf ci6]«lnofdf kfOG5 .
 @$^ ld6/ ulx/f] ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn Sofl:kog ;fu/ ?; / O/fgdf kb{5 . -?;df () k|ltzt
/ O/fgdf !) k|ltzt_
 ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf prfO{df /x]sf] tfnltlnrf] tfn xf] . h'g ;d'b| ;txb]lv $,(!( ld= prfO{df dgfª
lhNnfdf 5 . t/ lulgh a'sdf eg] k]?df kg{] #*!) ld prfOdf /x]sf l6l6sfsf tfnnfO /flvPsf]
kfOG5 . g]kfndf xfn dgfª lhNnfdf %@)) ld prfOdf s]lhg;f/f tfn e]l6Psf] 5 t/ cf}krfl/s eg]
3f]if0ff ePsf] 5}g .
 Sofl:kog ;fu/ / d[t;fu/ g'lgnf] kfgLsf] tfn x'g\ .
 bf]nvfsf] R5f]/f]Nkf tfn lxdgbLaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .
 g]kfnsf] /f/f, ltlnrf] tfn e"sDkaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf tfn x'g\ .
 ef/tsf] lrNsf tfn b'O{cf]6f lxdgbL cfk;df ldNg uO{ tL b'O{sf aLrdf kfgL y'lgP/ lgdf{0f ePsf]
tfn xf] .
 tfn nf]k x'g] sf/0fx¿df e"sDk, 3fd, df6f], gbL, lj¿jf, klx/f] tyf dfgj lqmofsnfk cflb kb{5g\ .
 jiff{sf] kfgL hDdf eO{ lgdf{0f ePsf] tfnnfO{ Pluvial tfn elgG5 .
lxdtfn b]z lxdtfn b]z
Valyavishki Bulgeria Ratigali Pakistan
Rila Bulgeria Saiful Malook Pakistan
Samodivski Bulgeria Katora Pakistan
Jokulsarlon Iceland Dudipastar Pakistan
Tasman Newzealand Kaniere Newzealand
ljZjsf ulx/f tfnx¿
!= a}+sfn tfn -;fOa]l/of_ !^$@ ld6/ -pNsflk08 v;]/ ag]sf] ljZjf; ul/G5_
@= tfGhflgsf !$&) ld=
#= Soflkog !)@% ld=
$= ef]:tf]s ()) ld=
%= lxo'ug *#^ ld=
dfgj lgld{t ljZjsf] 7"nf] tfn …cf]kg kmN; -o'ufG8f_
;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn Sofl:kog ;fu/ -?;_ -#,&!,))) ju{ ls=ld_
;a}eGbf prfO{df /x]sf] tfn ltlnrf] tfn -g]kfn_ -;d'b| ;txb]lv $,(!( ld=prfOdf_
 xfn s]lhg ;f/f
;kmf tfhf kfgLsf] tfn ;'k]l/o/ tfn -pQ/ cd]l/sf_ -If]qkmn *@,!)) ju{ ls=ld=_
;a}eGbf g'lgnf] tfn d[t;fu/
ljZjsf 7"nf tfnx¿
gfd b]z If]qkmn -ju{ ls=ld=_
Sof;lkog sfhls:tfg, ?;, t's{]d]g:tfg, ch/a}hfg / O/fg #,&!,)))
;'k]l/o/ Sofg8f / cd]l/sf *@,!))
leS6f]l/of o'ufG8f, s]Gof / tfGhflgof ^*,*&)
x'/f]g Sofg8f / cd]l/sf %(,^))
ldlrug cd]l/sf %*,)))
cGo hfgsf/L
!= ;+;f/d} ;aeGbf w]/} lrgL pTkfbg ug]{ d'n's a|flhn
@= ;+;f/d} ;aeGbf w]/} skf; pTkfbg ug]{ d'n's rLg
#= ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf a9L skf; lgof{t ug]{ b]z cd]l/sf
$= ljZjsf] ;aeGbf w]/} hg;+Vof ePsf] zx/ 6f]lsof] -hfkfg_
%= lrgLsf] srf}/f (Bowl of Sugar) So'[jf -7"nf] kl/df0fdf lrgL pTkfbg ug]{
;fgf] b]z ePsf]n]_
^= ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] h+un a|flhnsf] cd]hg If]q
&= 7'nf] sf]0fwf/L jg 6f]ouf÷6fOuf, ?;
*= ;+;f/d} ;a}eGbf w]/} tof/L kf];fs lgof{t ug]{ b]z rLg
(= rLgsf] b'Mv (Sorrow of China) Hwand Ho/Yellow River

!)= ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf a9L ;'g pTkfbg ug]{ /fi6« rLg -bf];|f] /fi6« ci6«]lnof / t];|f]
cd]l/sf_
!!= ljZjsf] ;jf{lws prfOsf] -/fª\u'nf_ /]ndfu{ rLg,
-bf];|f], k]?df lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5_
!@= nfdv'§] gkfOg] b]z k|mfG;
!#= ;k{ gkfOg] b]z cfO;Nof08
!$= Queen of the Hill ef/tsf] bflh{lnª
!%= Pl;ofafx]s clws dfqfdf lxGb'x¿sf] a;f]af; ePsf] df}l/;; / lkmhL
csf]{ 7fpF

ljZjsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf]

lrxfg M n]lggu|fb, ?;
r/f M ;'t'/d'u{
em08f M u|]6 cd]/sf
vf8L M d]lS;sf] vf8L
k+IfL M cl:6«r
dlGb/ M P8\s/ef6 -sDaf]l8of_
6fk' M lu|gNof08 -8]gdfs{_
6fk' ;d'bfo M OG8f]g]l;of
kvf{n M u]|6jfn ckm rfOgf
rnlrq :6'l8of] M o'lge;{n :6'l8of]
-PGhN;, cd]l/sf_
lk/fld8 M luhf, OlhK6
;d'Gb|L r/f M cNaf6«f];
aGb/ufx M ;fª\3fO
38L M lauj]g -nG8g_
k|folåk M c/]ljof
jfo';]jf M P/f]ˆnf]6 -?;_
7'nf] afFw – y|L u|h]h
dxfsfJo M dxfef/t
kfgLhxfh M SjgL Plnhfj]b
lrl8ofvfgf M ;fg l8Puf]
-cd]l/sf_
/]l8of] M /f]on, dSsf
u'Dah M uf]n
k'n M csNof08, cd]l/sf
d'vlåk M ;'Gb/ jg -ef/t_
jg M sf]0fwf/L jg -?;_
:yn hLj M xfQL
;d'b| M ;fpy rfOgf ;L
hgfj/ M gLnf] Xj]n df5f
gx/ M :j]h
/fli6«o lgs'~h M North east
Greenland -8]gdfs{_
 k|zf;lgs ejg M k]G6fug k':tsfno M nfOa|]/L ckm /+uzfnf M Rungrado :6]l8od
-cd]l/sf_ sfFu|]; -cd]l/sf_ -pQ/sf]l/of_ !,!$,))) dflg;
h'jf 3/ M l/hf]6;{ OG6/g];gn rr{ M ;]G6lk6;{sf] jfl;lnsf /fhb'tfjf; M ckmuflg:yfgdf
Sofl;gf] -P6nflG6s l;6L, cd]l/sf_ -Eofl6sg l;6L_ /x]sf] cd]l/sL
rnlrq ejg M /]l8of] l;6L Do'lhs lx/f M s'lngfg÷ sf]lxg'/ ljdfg:yn M 8flS;ª a]Olhª
xn -cd]l/sf_ (a]nfot)
;}lgs M u0ftGq rLgsf] d'lQm ;]gf t]n k|zf]wg s]Gb| M wfjg s]Gb| :s'n M ;fpy KjfOG6 xfO{ :s'n
-;fpbL c/a_ -sf]nsQf, ef/t_
t]n If]q M ua/ lkmN8 -;fpbL c/a_ hxfhL gx/ M XjfO6 dl:hb M dfnfljof -O/fs_
jflN6ggx/ -?;_
ljZjsf] ;aeGbf ;fgf]
dxflåk ci6]«lnof ;ªu|fxfno lelhl6ª sf8{
:jtGq /fHo Eofl6sg l;6L -)=$$ ju{ pku|x Leda -sl/a !% lsnf]ld6/ Jof; ePsf]_
ls=ld=_
r/f aL xlª\dj8{ So'aflt/ kfOg] l;Ssf hfjf d'b|f -hok|sfz dNnsf] kfnfdf
@=@$ OGr nfdf] ag]sf]_
?v 6'G8«f ?v -lu|gNof08_ afFb/ lkUdL dfdf]{;]6\; -blIf0f cd]l/sf_
k':ts hd{gLsf] k':tsfnodf /x]sf] ;k{ ad{ :g]s -cd]l/sf_
x'nfs l6s6 af]lnlaof la/fnf] 8«]Og Sof6 -l;+ufk'/_
ljZjdf ;aeGbf cUnf]
;a}eGbf cUnf] k'n Millau Viaduct !!)$ lkm6 k|mfG;
;aeGbf cUnf] ejg a'h{ vflnkmf, b'aO{ -!^) tnfd'Qm *@* ld6/ cyf{t\ @&!^
lkm6 prfO{ ePsf]_
;aeGbf cUnf] hgfj/ lh/fkm
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf Hjfnfd'vL cf]hf]; 8]n ;fnf]8 -^**&_ ld6/
;aeGbf cUnf] em/gf PGh]n -e]g]h'onf_ (&( ld6/
;aeGbf cUnf] 6fj/ 6f]/G6f] -Sofg8f_ sf] d]6«f] ;]Gb/df l:yt ;L=Pg=6fj/
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgaf6 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f ;u/dfyf -**$*=*^ ld6/_ af6 g]kfn, hfkfg, rLg ;+o'Qm
cleofg bnn] ;g\ !(** sf] dO{ % sf lbg ;j{k|yd
6]lnlehgåf/f ul/Psf] k|ToIf k|;f/0f
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] tfn ltlrnf] tfn $(!( -dgfª_ xfn s]lhg ;f/f %@)) ld
g]kfn
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] k7f/ kfld/ -%))) ld6/, ltAatsf] d}bfg_
kxf8sf] >]0fL lxdfno kj{t >]0fL
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] /fhwfgL nfkfh -a]lnleof, #^$) ld=_
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