Infinite Impulse Response(IIR)

Filters

1
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Lecture 22
Cascade Form
Lecture delivered by: Vasanthavalli.S

2
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Objectives

At the end of this lecture, student will be able to:

• Describe Cascade realizations of IIR filters for a given system
function

3
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Topics

• Cascade Realization

4
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Cascade Realization
• The system function of an IIR filter is given by

B( z )  n
b z n
b0  b1 z 1    bM z  M
H ( z)   n 0
 1 N
; a0  1
A( z ) N
1  a1 z    a N z
 n
a z n

n 0

• The order of such an IIR filter is called N

• In cascade realization, the system function H(z) is broken into product
of transfer functions
• H(z)=H1(z) H2(z) H3(z)… Hk(z)

5
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Cascade Realization cont’d

• Cascade realization
H(z)

Y1(n) Y2(n) Y(n)

X(n)
H1(z) H2(z) ● ● ● Hk(z)
YK-1(n)

• Most common cascade realization each of the block expressed as

second order polynomial (numerator and denominator)

6
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Cascade Realization cont’d

• The system function H(z) is factored into smaller second-order

sections, called biquads.
• H(z) is then represented as a product of these biquads.
• Each biquad is implemented in a direct form, and
• The entire system function is implemented as a cascade of biquad
sections.

7
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Cascade Realization cont’d
• General form for cascade implementation
M1 M2

 1  f z  1  g z 1  g z 
k
1
k
1 
k
1

Hz   A k 1
N1
k 1
N2

 1  c z  1  d z 1  d z 
k 1
k
1

k 1
k
1 
k
1

• More practical form in 2nd order systems

M1
b0k  b1k z 1  b2k z 2
Hz    1
k 1 1  a1k z  a2k z 2

8
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Example:1

Hz 
1  2z 1  z 2

 
1  z 1 1  z 1 
1
1  0.75z  0.125z 2
 
1  0.5z 1 1  0.25z 1 

1  z 
1
1  z 
1

1  0.5z  1  0.25z 
1 1

• Cascade of Direct Form I subsections

• Cascade of Direct Form II subsections

9
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Example:2

10
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Example:2 cont’d

• Solution:
a) Set of difference equations

b) The system function

11
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Example:2 cont’d

12
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Example:3
• Consider the signal flow graph shown below
a) Draw the signal flow graph that results from applying the
transposition theorem to this signal flow graph
b) Confirm that the transposed signal flow graph that found in (a)
has the same system function H(z) as the original system in figure

13
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Example:3 cont’d

• Solution:
a) Reversing the arrow and input ,output

b) The original system is the cascaded form of two transposed

direct form II structures
The system function

14
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Example:3 cont’d

The transposed system is the cascaded form of two direct form II

structures
The system function

• This confirms that both systems have same system function

15
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Example:4

• Draw a signal flow graph implementing the system function

As a cascade of second order transposed direct form II sections with

real coefficients.

16
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Example:4 cont’d
• Solution:
– The transfer function can be rewritten as

– Which can be implemented as cascade of second order transposed

direct form II

17
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Summary

• In cascade realization, the system function H(z) is broken into product

of transfer functions
• Cascaded direct forms and their transposed forms have the same
system function or difference equation

18
Faculty of Engineering & Technology © Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences