A dynamic shear experiment based on Hopkinson
pressure bar
Niu Xiaoyan, Yu Yingjie, Ma Lianhua, Chen Cong
College of Civil Engineering and Architecture
HebeiUniversity,
Baoding, China
niu-xiaoyan2002@163.com
Abstract—Based on Hopkinson pressure bar, consulted
existing literature, this essay has designed a Hopkinson pressure-
shear device. This article introduces mainly components and
principles of experiment equipment, then formulates the next
stage of work.
Keywords—dynamic shear experiment; Hopkinson pressure bar;
principles of experiment.
I. INTRODUCTION
With the rapid development of society, Hopkinson
experimental technique is widely used in the fields of
engineering practice and scientific research, not only research
material extends from the original metal to polymers,
composite materials, rocks, concrete and soft materials, and
foam materials etc, also research fields extends to spallation,
dynamic fracture, impact compression shear and chemical
safety etc[1]. In these studies, material and structural loads are
usually not simple stretching or compression, often
accompanied by combined loading of normal stress and
shearing stress, thus study mechanical response of materials
under combined loading of dynamic pressure-shear is the need
of reality.
Recent years, studies on dynamic shear properties of the
material are gradually increased. In 2005, Cui yunxiao
developed split Hopkinson combined compression-shear
loading device modeling by the Oblique flyer shock
experiment, using the stress wave theory to analyze stress and
strain of the device, and using ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite
element analysis software to do analysis of design idea and
feasibility for the device[2]. In 2011, Zhao pengduo studied the
basic principle of loading about split Hopkinson pressure-shear
bar experiment technique and type and regularity of stress
wave propagated in the device, and analyzed the experimental
errors and further exploration of sample configurations have
been optimized, also do SHPSB test and dynamic friction
research on PBX explosive samples contained aluminium[3].
In 2012, Zheng wen et al presented a new combined
compression and shear device of Hopkinson bar, and analyzed
the basic data processing method of the experimental device,
the feasibility of this method was verified by using finite
element analysis, then used the device to conduct a series of
experiments on conventional metals[4]. The same year, chose
7050 and 2024 aluminum alloy for the study, Liu lei conducted
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combined compression and shear experiments under high strain
rate on the Gleeble-3500 experimental simulation machine
using a new geometric model of the sample, and used
DEFORM to make numerical simulation on thermal
deformation behavior of materials under compression-shear[5].
Refer to the extensive literature, this essay has designed a
dynamic compression and shear device based on Hopkinson
pressure bar, and introduces components and principles of
experiment equipment.
II. THEORY
A Apparatus principle of Hopkinson pressure bar
Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus is used commonly and
operates simply, and mechanical property parameters it
measured under high strain rate are more precise, so it can
provide parameter support to fit out the perfect material
constitutive model and provide data for the simulation analysis.
Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar installation was originally
proposed by Hopkinson in 1914, it was only used to measure
pulse waveform under impact loading initially, after
improvement by Kolsky in 1949, it became Hopkinson
pressure bar device. The strike bar strikes the incident bar
driven by drive mechanism, and stress wave generated in the
incident bar, which is the incidence wave, then it is partially
reflected to specimen to be the reflection wave, another part is
sent to the transmission bar through the specimen to be the
transmission wave, and stress wave signal of two bars is
gathered by strain gauges pasted on the bar.
According to one-dimensional stress wave theory, the
mean stress  (t ) , the mean strain  (t ) and the mean strain

rate  (t ) of the specimen:
A0
 (t )  E  T (t ) (1)
A
t
2C 0
 (t )  
L0 
0
R ( t ) dt (2)
 2C 0
 (t )    R (t ) (3)
L0
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 Through the above formulas, the stress-strain curve, the stress -
strain rate curve and the stress - temperature curve of the
specimen can be got.
B Device design resources
In 1995, using unique method of combined compression
and shear loading, Yang yeyuan etc had studied on
organizational changes about surface properties of materials,
and the experimental device is as shown in figure 1.
Figure 1 Diagram of combined compression and shear loading device
Form 45℃oblique collision with the planar specimen
through free-fall by the steel ball, so it can form a combined
compression and shear loading on the specimen surface.
Zhou zhiwei studied dynamic yield behavior of porous
aluminum alloy based on a dynamic combined compression
and shear device in 2013. The experimental apparatus is
shown in figure 2, whose main component is load generation
and transmission system, which contains bullet, incident bar,
transmission bar, a pair of inclined end pads whose material is
same as the pressure bar and sleeve. Compared with split
Hopkinson pressure bar device, it has modified sleeve,
inclined end pad and specimen.
Figure 2 Device Illustration
III. TEXT APPARATUS
Based on Hopkinson pressure bar, consulted existing
literature, the Hopkinson pressure-shear device this essay
developed is shown as figure 3.
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Figure 3 Dynamic compression - shear test apparatus
In this essay, the tips of incident bar and transmission bar have
a certain degree of tilt angle to ensure the specimen to have
both compression stress and shear stress. Parameters for the
bar and the specimen are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 .PARAMETERS FOR THE BAR AND THE SPECIMEN
Driven by the driven device, the strike bar strikes the
incident bar to form incident wave, and it is divided to two
parts at the specimen interface, after the sample is compressed
and sheared, one part reflects back to the incident bar, another
part passes to the transmission bar with a compression wave
and a shear wave. Under the symmetric collision, the reflected
compression wave and shear wave are coupled together due to
the geometric effect of the interfaces, after a period of time,
there will be a plane compression wave to spread.
On the basis of one-dimensional stress wave theory and
Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus principle, the compression
stress and the shear stress of specimen are shown as equations
below:
F (t )  t At
 (t )   （4）
As As
V (t )  t At
 (t )   （5）
As AS
In equations, F and V are the average pressure and the
average shear respectively, which load on the end of specimen;
 t and  t are respectively the axial compression stress and the
traverse shear stress of the transmission bar; At is the cross-
sectional area of the transmission bar; As is the cross-sectional
area of specimen. The compression strain and the shear strain
of specimen are like below:
t
v1 p  v 2 p
 (t )  
0
l
dt （6）
t
v1s  v2 s
 (t )  
0
l
dt （7）
v1 p、v2 p are the axial velocity of the particle about front face
and end face of specimen respectively; v1s、v2 s are respect-
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 ively the transverse velocity about the two faces of specimen;
l is the thickness of specimen.
Eliminate time parameters t through equations (4)-(7),
the compression stress-strain curve and the shear stress - strain
curve for specimen can be obtained.
IV. CONCLUSION AND PROSPECT
The dynamic compression and shear device designed in
this essay, which is based on Hopkinson pressure bar and the
extensive literature, has reliable theory basis, but it will still be
verified feasibility by further numerical simulation and
experiments. Thus, the work for next stage is to testify and
modify this apparatus.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study was supported by National Natural Science
Foundation of China (grant no. 11502065 and 11572109 ） ,
Key projects of science and technology research in Colleges
and Universities of Hebei Province (grant no. ZD2016146 ）
and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (grant
no. A2016201198), Innovative financing projects of graduate
students in Hebei Province (grant no. S2016021）.
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REFERENCES
[1] H Shisheng, W Lili, S Li et al, “Review of the development of
Hopkinson pressure bar technique in China”, Explosion and shock
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[2] C Yunxiao, “Research on combined planar compression-shear technique
by using split Hopkinson bars”, Graduate school of national university
of defense technology, 2005.
[3] Z Pengduo, “Study on split Hopkinson pressure shear bar technique and
its applications”, Graduate school of national university of defense
technology, 2011.
[4] Z Wen, X Songlin, C Chao et al, “A study of dynamic combined
compression-shear loading technique based on Hopkinson pressure bar”,
Chinese journal of theoretical and applied mechanics”, vol. 44, pp. 124-
131, 2012.
[5] L Lei, “Shear-compressed thermal deformation behaviors of high
strength aluminum alloys”, Yanshan university, 2012.
[6] L Zhao, “Numerical simulation of explode against reinforced masonry
wall using ANSYS/LS-DYNA”, Harbin institute of technology, 2007.
[7] Y Yeyuan, F Hongsheng, Z Yankang, “Organizational changes about
surface properties of materials under combined compression and shear
loading”, Science in China (Series A), vol. 25, pp. 327-330.
[8] Z Zhiwei, “Yield behavior of aluminum alloy foams and NOMEX
honeycombs”, Taiyuan university of technology, 2013.
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